FREE EXPRESSION ON CAMPUS: WHAT COLLEGE STUDENTS THINK .
FREE EXPRESSIONON CAMPUS:WHAT COLLEGESTUDENTS THINKABOUT FIRSTAMENDMENTISSUESA GALLUP/KNIGHTFOUNDATION SURVEYWITH SUPPORT FROM:
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FREE EXPRESSION ON CAMPUS:WHAT COLLEGE STUDENTS THINKABOUT FIRST AMENDMENT ISSUESTABLE OF CONTENTS1Introduction3Detailed Findings3College Students’ Views of First Amendment Rights7Tensions Between Free Expression and Inclusion15Campus Climate and Its Effect on Expression21Role of Social Media on Campus26Students’ Views of Actions to Limit Speech34Conclusion35Methodology38About Gallup39About the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation40About the American Council on Education41About the Charles Koch Foundation42About the Stanton Foundation
Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think About First Amendment IssuesA GALLUP/KNIGHT FOUNDATION SURVEYINTRODUCTIONFirst Amendment freedoms continue to be tested on U.S.college campuses as higher education institutions striveto achieve goals that can occasionally come into conflict.These include encouraging the open discussion of ideasand exposing students to people of different backgroundsand viewpoints while making all students feel included andrespected on campus.In 2016, Gallup, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and the Newseum Instituteconducted a landmark, nationally representative study of college students. The surveyfound that students believed First Amendment freedoms were secure, and they generallypreferred that campuses be open environments that encourage a wide range ofexpression. However, students supported restrictions on certain types of speech, such ashate speech, and many were sympathetic to students’ attempts to deny the press accessto campus protests, such as those that occurred over race-related issues in the 2015-16school year.The past year and a half saw tensions over free expression and inclusivenessescalate amid the contentious 2016 presidential election, student objections to invitedcommencement speakers, and a series of violent confrontations on college campuseswhen controversial speakers or groups expressed their views on campus.In 2017, Gallup and the Knight Foundation partnered with the American Council onEducation, the Charles Koch Foundation and the Stanton Foundation to update key trendsfrom the 2016 survey and ask about new developments in First Amendment issues. Thenew survey probed whether college students ever consider violence or shouting downspeakers acceptable, whether they believe certain groups of students can freely expresstheir views on campus, and whether social media has displaced public areas of campusas the venue for discussing political and social issues.The survey of 3,014 U.S. college students, including an oversample of 216 students athistorically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), was conducted Nov. 1-Dec. 10, 2017.11See the methodology section at the end of the report for more details on the student sample and its characteristics.Copyright 2018 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.1
Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think About First Amendment IssuesSome of the key findings of the study include:Students value both free expression andinclusion, though their commitment to freeexpression may be stronger in the abstractthan in reality.Extreme actions to prevent speakers fromspeaking are largely, but not universally,condemned.Ninety percent of college students say it is never acceptableto use violence to prevent someone from speaking, but10% say is acceptable sometimes. Thirty-seven percent ofMajorities of students say protecting free speech rightscollege students also believe shouting down speakers is(56%) and promoting a diverse and inclusive society (52%)acceptable at least sometimes.are extremely important to democracy. Students continueto prefer — though not as widely as they did in 2016 — thatcampuses be open learning environments that allow for awide range of views to be heard rather than environmentsthat prohibit certain types of potentially harmful speech.College students continue to view FirstAmendment rights as secure rather thanthreatened but are less likely than in 2016 tosay each right is secure.When asked whether protecting citizens’ free speech rightsSixty-four percent of college students say freedom of speechor promoting an inclusive society that welcomes diverseis secure in this country, down from 73% in the 2016 survey.groups is more important, students tilt toward inclusion,Sixty percent, down from 81%, say freedom of the press53% to 46%. Students are as likely to favor campusis secure. College students continue to believe freedom ofspeech codes (49%) as to oppose them (51%), and theyassembly is the least secure First Amendment freedom, withoverwhelmingly favor free speech zones on campus. Nearly57% (down from 66%) saying that right is secure.two-thirds of students do not believe the U.S. Constitutionshould protect hate speech, and they continue to supportcampus policies that restrict both hate speech and wearingThese findings make clear that college students see thelandscape for the First Amendment as continuing to evolve.stereotypical costumes.And as those changes occur, college students, like theStudents have become more likely to think theclimate on their campus prevents people fromspeaking their mind.to reconcile the tensions that can occur between respectingMore students now (61%) than in 2016 (54%) agree thatthe climate on their campus prevents some students fromexpressing their views because others might take offense.Although a majority of college students, 69%, believepolitical conservatives on campus are able to freely andopenly express their views, many more believe politicalliberals (92%) and other campus groups are able to sharetheir opinions freely.College students say campus expression hasshifted online.More students say discussion of social and political issuesmostly takes place on social media (57%) rather thanin public areas of campus (43%). At the same time, anincreasing percentage of college students agree that socialmedia can stifle free expression because people fear beingattacked or blocked by those who disagree with their views.Also, eight in 10 students agree that the internet has beenresponsible for a significant increase in hate speech.2Copyright 2018 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.officials who oversee their campuses, sometimes struggleindividual freedoms and respecting individual differences.
Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think About First Amendment IssuesDETAILED FINDINGSCOLLEGE STUDENTS’ VIEWS OF FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTSCOLLEGE STUDENTS ARE LESS LIKELY TO SEE FIRSTAMENDMENT RIGHTS AS SECUREAs colleges across the country continue to grapple with the issue of free speech on campus,majorities of U.S. college students still feel the five freedoms guaranteed by the FirstAmendment to the U.S. Constitution are secure in this country. However, they are less likelynow than they were in 2016 to say each right is secure.Compared with the 2016 survey, students now perceive the five freedoms as significantlyless secure. This includes a 21-percentage-point decline in perceptions that freedom of thepress is secure and nine-point declines for free speech, freedom of assembly and freedom topetition the government. Freedom of the press was viewed as the most secure right in 2016,but now it ranks only above freedom of assembly.Students Believe All Five First Amendment Rights Are Less SecureDo you think each of the following rights is very secure, secure, threatened or verythreatened in the country today?% Very secure/Secure2016FREEDOM OF SPEECH73FREEDOM OF RELIGION68FREEDOM OF THE PRESS81FREEDOM FOR PEOPLE TOASSEMBLE PEACEFULLY66FREEDOM TO PETITIONTHE GOVERNMENT7620176464605767Copyright 2018 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.3
Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think About First Amendment IssuesThese changes in perceptions appear to be influenced byThe largest shift since 2016 among Democratic students isthe way Democratic and Republican college students viewin their view of freedom of the press. It tumbled 35 pointsthe First Amendment guarantees. In 2016, when Barackto 48% in one year’s time, while Republican students’ viewsObama was president, Democrats and Republicans mostlyremained fairly steady at 79%. Independents are alsoheld similar views about the security of First Amendmentsignificantly less likely than they were in 2016 to believefreedoms. Now, with Donald Trump in the Oval Office,freedom of the press is secure.Democratic students are much less likely than theirRepublican counterparts to believe that all five freedomsare secure. Independents also tend to see the freedomsas less secure than they did in 2016 — and less secure thanRepublicans currently do.The percentages of Democratic college students whobelieve freedom of speech, freedom of assembly andfreedom to petition the government are secure have fallenmore than 10 points. Republican students’ opinions aboutthe five freedoms have generally not changed, althoughChanges in College Students’ Perceived Securityof First Amendment Rights, by Political Partythey are slightly more likely now than in 2016 to say freedomDo you think each of the following rights is very secure,The percentage of students at HBCUs who believe freesecure, threatened or very threatened in the country today?speech rights are secure in this country has fallen below theof speech and freedom of religion are secure.majority level. Currently, 49% of HBCU students, down from% Very secure/Secure, 201660% in 2016, view freedom of speech as secure. Less than% Very secure/Secure, 2017a majority of HBCU students, 43%, believe the freedom toassemble peacefully is secure, compared with 40% in 2016.FREEDOM OF SPEECH7459Democrats74Gender gaps in views of First Amendment rights have66Independents6671Republicansexpanded, or emerged, since the last survey wasconducted. While male/female differences on freedomof assembly and freedom of religion were apparent in2016, male and female students did not differ in theirperceived security of speech, the press and petitioning theFREEDOM OF RELIGIONgovernment at that n a relative basis, college students are most likely tobelieve the freedom to petition the government is secure,with 67% holding this view. Slightly fewer say freedom ofFREEDOM OF THE PRESS8348Democrats7865Independentsspeech (64%) and freedom of religion (64%) are secure. sthe same about freedom of assembly.Republicans are far more likely than Democrats to viewthe five First Amendment rights as secure. They differTO PETITIONTHEFREEDOM FORPEOPLE TOGOVERNMENTASSEMBLEPEACEFULLY7560in 10 believe freedom of the press is secure, and 57% saymost on freedom of the press and freedom of assembly,78768074Republicanswith less than half of Democrats, and more than sevenin 10 Republicans, believing those rights are secure.Independents generally fall in between Republicans andDemocrats but hold similar views to Republicans about thesecurity of freedom of speech and freedom of religion.FREEDOM TO PETITIONTHE icansCopyright 2018 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.
Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think About First Amendment IssuesCollege Students’ Views of the Security of the First Amendment Rights in the U.S.Figures are the percentages who say each right is very secure or dents6668655870Republicans7171797480HBCU students4960574351Non-Hispanic black students believe all of the First Amendment freedoms are less secure than white students do, with theexception of freedom of the press, for which they hold similar views. White (58%) and black (40%) students differ most aboutwhether assembly rights are secure.HBCU students perceive that two First Amendment rights are threatened rather than secure — freedom of assembly (43%secure, 58% threatened) and freedom of speech (49% secure, 52% threatened). They are most positive about freedom ofreligion, with 60% believing that right is secure.Women tend to be less likely than men to perceive all First Amendment guarantees as secure, especially freedom of assembly(47% to 68%) and freedom of religion (56% to 75%).Campus events or policies that have implications for free speech, such as instituting speech codes or disinviting speakers,appear to matter little in how students view the security of free speech rights in this country. Students’ opinions about howsecure free speech is do not differ based on whether their college has a speech code or has disinvited a speaker.Copyright 2018 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.5
Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think About First Amendment IssuesSTUDENT TRUST IN NEWS MEDIA INCREASESOngoing tensions between Trump and the news media could be a factor in the changes in Democratic students’ worseningview of the security of freedom of the press. As has occurred more generally among U.S. adults, 2 Democratic students expresssignificantly more trust in the news media now (64%) than in 2016 (44%), while Republicans’ trust remains low and unchanged.Currently, 50% of all college students say they have “a great deal” or “a fair amount” of trust in the news media. That is up from42% in 2016 and reflects the trend of increased media trust seen among national adults over the same time period.College Students’ Trust in the News Media3Next, turning to the news media, meaning reporters and journalists who cover the news, how much do you trust the news mediato report the news accurately and fairly — a great deal, a fair amount, not much or not at all?% A GREAT DEAL% A FAIR AMOUNT% NOT MUCH% NOT AT licans2324718HBCU 6.aspx3No opinion percentages are excluded from tables. As a result, percentages may not add to 100%.6Copyright 2018 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.
Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think About First Amendment IssuesDETAILED FINDINGSTENSIONS BETWEEN FREE EXPRESSION AND INCLUSIONMAJORITIES OF STUDENTS CONSIDER BOTH SPEECHAND INCLUSION TO BE IMPORTANT TO DEMOCRACYFor a democracy to thrive, citizens must be able to express their views on important issuesto inform their elected leaders about what they want them to do. But all citizens, regardlessof their background, should have the same opportunity to express their views — somethingthat has not always been the reality in democratic societies, including the U.S. Studentsplace a high value on protecting free speech rights in a democracy: 56% say it is “extremelyimportant” to do so, and 33% say it is “very important.” Nearly as many say promoting aninclusive society that welcomes diverse groups is extremely (52%) or very (31%) importantto democracy.College Students Say Both Free Speech Rights, Inclusive Society AreHighly Important to DemocracyHow important do you consider each of the following to be in our democracy?% Extremely important% Very important% Moderately important% Not that importantPROTECTING CITIZENS'FREE SPEECH RIGHTSPROMOTING ANINCLUSIVE SOCIETYTHAT IS WELCOMINGOF DIVERSE GROUPS56523331101412While Democratic and Republican students are about equally likely to regard protectingfree speech rights as important, Democrats are much more likely than Republicansare to say promoting an inclusive society is important. Only modest racial and genderdifferences exist for the perceived importance of an inclusive society that welcomesdiverse groups.Copyright 2018 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.7
Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think About First Amendment IssuesImportance of Free Speech and Inclusion to DemocracyHow important do you consider each of the following to be in ourdemocracy — extremely important, very important, moderately importantor not that important?%%EXTREMELYVERY%%MODERATELY NOT THATIMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANTPROTECTING CITIZENS’ FREE SPEECH publicans543781HBCU students5830111PROMOTING AN INCLUSIVE SOCIETY THAT IS WELCOMING TODIVERSE publicans3732265HBCU students62241318Copyright 2018 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.COLLEGESTUDENTSSEE BOTHPROTECTINGCITIZENS’FREE SPEECHRIGHTS ANDPROMOTINGAN INCLUSIVESOCIETYAS VERYIMPORTANTFOR ADEMOCRACY.WHEN ASKEDTO CHOOSEWHICH IS MOREIMPORTANT,MORE SAYINCLUSIONTHAN FREESPEECH.
Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think About First Amendment IssuesWhen asked to choose which objective is more importantin a democracy, college students prioritize promoting aninclusive society that is welcoming of diverse groups overone that protects citizens’ free speech rights, 53% to 46%.Women, blacks and Democrats are more likely than theircounterparts to choose inclusion over free speech.Diversity and Inclusion vs. Free SpeechIf you had to choose, which do you think is more important?COLLEGE STUDENTS STILL WIDELYFAVOR AN OPEN LEARNINGENVIRONMENT ON CAMPUS THATALLOWS ALL TYPES OF SPEECHRecent debates on college campuses have centeredon the trade-offs between promoting an open learningenvironment where students are exposed to all typesof speech and ensuring that all students feel safe andrespected. Achieving the latter objective could involve% Diverse and inclusive societycurtailing speech. Asked to choose, students — by an% Protecting free speech rightsoverwhelming 70% to 29% margin — favor an openenvironment over a positive one that puts limits on offensiveALLMENWOMENDEMOCRATSHBCU STUDENTSCollege Students’ Preferred Type of CampusEnvironment, 2016 vs. 201739612016642017% POSITIVEENVIRONMENT/PROHIBITCERTAIN SPEECH35477322732952% OPEN LEARNINGENVIRONMENT/ALLOW NSenvironment since 2016 when the margin was 78% to 22%.446WHITESBLACKSspeech. Opinions shifted slightly away from favoring an open5350306953464An alternate version of the question, asked for the first time in 2017in an attempt to shorten and simplify the original question, found aneven stronger tilt toward campuses allowing all types of speech, evenif offensive, rather than protecting students by prohibiting certainspeech — 82% to 18%. Full results and breakdowns for all questions inthe survey are available for download or on request. The two versionsof the open environmen
Sixty-four percent of college students say freedom of speech is secure in this country, down from 73% in the 2016 survey. Sixty percent, down from 81%, say freedom of the press is secure. College students continue to believe freedom of assembly is the least secure First Amendment freedom, with 57% (down from 66%) saying that right is secure.
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In 2016, the Goldwater Institute helped design a policy protecting free-speech on Arizona campus-es.3 Under HB 2615, community colleges and universities cannot create "free speech zones" that rele-gate free expression to narrow areas of campus. Rather, there is a presumption in favor of free speech
