INTEGRATION OF SUNFLOWER Helianthus AnnuusRESIDUES WITH A .
Integration of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) residues with .849INTEGRATION OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus) RESIDUES WITH APRE-PLANT HERBICIDE ENHANCES WEED SUPPRESSION IN BROAD BEAN(Vicia faba)1Integração de Resíduos de Girassol (Helianthus annuus) com Herbicida Pré-Emergente naSupressão de Plantas Daninhas na Cultura da Fava (Vicia faba)ALSAADAWI, I.S.2, KHALIQ, A.3, AL-TEMIMI, A.A.2 and MATLOOB, A.3ABSTRACT - Field trial was conducted with the aim of utilizing allelopathic crop residues toreduce the use of synthetic herbicides in broad bean (Vicia faba) fields. Sunflower residue at600 and 1,400 g m-2 and Treflan (trifluralin) at 50, 75 and 100% of recommended dose wereincorporated into the soil alone or in combination with each other. Untreated plots weremaintained as a control. Herbicide application in plots amended with sunflower residuehad the least total weed count and biomass, which was even better than herbicide usedalone. Integration of recommended dose of Treflan with sunflower residue at 1,400 g m-2produced maximum (987.5 g m-2) aboveground biomass of broad bean, which was 74 and36% higher than control and recommended herbicide dose applied alone, respectively.Combination of herbicide and sunflower residue appeared to better enhance pod numberand yield per unit area than herbicide alone. Application of 50% dose of Treflan in plotsamended with sunflower residue resulted in similar yield advantage as was noticed with100% herbicide dose. Chromatographic analysis of residue-infested field soil indicated thepresence of several phytotoxic compounds of phenolic nature. Periodic data revealed thatmaximum suppression in weed density and dry weight synchronized with peak values ofphytotoxins observed 4 weeks after incorporation of sunflower residues. Integration ofsunflower residues with lower herbicide rates can produce effective weed suppressionwithout compromising yield as a feasible and environmentally sound approach in broadbean fields.Keywords: Allelopathy, sunflower residues, herbicide, phytotoxins, weeds, broad bean.RESUMO - O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de utilizar resíduos agrícolas com potencialalelopático para reduzir o uso de herbicidas sintéticos em fava (Vicia faba). Resíduos de girassol(600 e 1,400 g m-2) e Treflan (50, 75 e 100% da dose recomendada) foram incorporados ao soloisoladamente ou em combinação uns com os outros. Parcelas não tratadas foram mantidas comocontrole. A aplicação de herbicidas nas parcelas com resíduo de girassol, foi melhor do que oherbicida usado sozinho. A integração da dose recomendada de Treflan com resíduo de girassolem 1,400 g m-2, para a produção de biomassa aérea da fava, foi 74 e 36% maior que o controle e adose recomendada do herbicida aplicado isoladamente, respectivamente. Combinação de herbicidae resíduos de girassol são superiores no aumento do número de vagens e produtividade de fava,quando comparado ao herbicida isolado. Aplicação de 50% da dose Treflan em parcelas com resíduode girassol resultou em maior rendimento de grãos, semelhantemente a dose% de herbicida. Análisecromatográfica do solo com o residuo de girassol indicou a presença de diversos compostos fitotóxicosde natureza fenólica. A supressão máxima da densidade e massa seca das plantas daninhas foramsincronizados com os valores de pico de fitotoxinas observados 4 semanas após a incorporaçãodos resíduos de girassol. A integração de resíduos de girassol com menores taxas de herbicidaTreflan, pode suprimir plantas daninhas de forma mais eficaz, sem comprometer o rendimento dacultura da fava, como uma abordagem viável e ambientalmente racional.Palavras-chave: alelopatia, resíduos de girassol, herbicida, fitotoxinas, plantas daninhas, fava.1Recebido para publicação em 15.3.2011 e aprovado em 17.6.2011.Department of Biology, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq; 3 Department of Agronomy, University ofAgriculture, Faisalabad–38040, Pakistan, khaliquaf@gmail.com .2Planta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, v. 29, n. 4, p. 849-859, 2011
850INTRODUCTIONWeed infestation in field crops is a keyissue contributing to direct loss in quality andquantity of produce, and weeds are identified asthe most omnipresent class of pests interferingwith crop plants through competition andallelopathy. Chemical control is an efficientmethod to control weeds and accounts for twothirds of total pesticide usage in the world.However, increasing thrust for organicallyproduced commodities, public awareness abouthealth and environmental concerns, and manyother issues associated with indiscriminateuse of herbicides demand something new thatis less pesticide-dependent than existingfarming systems (Uremis et al., 2009).Integrating weed control practices withcultural measures can have a broaderimpact on weeds and should be synchronizedwith other crop production practices thatinfluence agro-ecosystems. Such measuresare comprised of planting time, (surface orincorporated) mulching, intercropping, rowspacing and seeding densities, just to name afew. Residues of many crops are allelopathicand exhibit toxicity on decay (Chou, 1999).Soil incorporation or surface application asmulch of allelopathic crop residues affectsweed dynamics by reducing/delaying seedgermination and establishment, andsuppressing individual plant growth hencecontributing to overall decline in the densityand vigor of the weed community (Gallandtet al., 1999). These residues can be exploitedfor weed suppression, and thus be helpful inreducing reliance on herbicides (Weston,1996). Such an approach can help bring aboutthe deleterious effects of current agriculturalpractices and cost of high energy inputs in agroecosystems (Singh et al., 2003).Herbicides applied along with allelopathicproducts could have supportive action(Bhowmik & Inderjit, 2003). Cheema et al.(2005) while working on a number of field cropsas wheat, cotton, maize, rice and mung beanin Pakistan showed fair degree of success inreducing herbicide doses through tank mixingwith allelopathic water extracts of sorghum andsunflower. Such water extracts were preparedby using crop residues of these crops (Cheema& Khaliq, 2000). It is hypothesized that thePlanta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, v. 29, n. 4, p. 849-859, 2011ALSAADAWI, I.S. et al.same fact can be true if such residues aredirectly applied to the field in a suitableway and dose. Little is known about thesuspected complementary interaction betweenallelopathic crop residues and reducedherbicide rates. Allelopathic interactions arespecies specific, and concentration-dependent,and the suppression magnitude obtained isproportional to the applied dose (Khanh et al.,2005). Sunflower is a potent allelopathic cropand adversely affects weeds (Leather, 1983;Anjum & Bajwa, 2007).The present work aims to use allelopathiccrop residues to reduce use of syntheticherbicides in broad bean (Vicia faba).MATERIAL AND METHODSSources of seeds and herbicidesSeeds of sunflower cv. Coupan and broadbean cv. Kubrisi were obtained from theDepartment of Crop Production, College ofAgriculture, Baghdad University. Treflan waspurchased from the local market.Preparation of sunflower residuesTo prepare residues of plants of sunflowercv. Coupan, seeds were manually sown in50 cm wide rows by maintaining 25 cmdistance between seeds during the firstfortnight of February, 2009. Fertilizers usedwere nitrogen as urea (46% N) at 240 kg ha-1and phosphorus as triple super phosphate(46% P 2 O 5 ) at 240 kg ha -1 . The wholephosphorus and half of the nitrogen wereapplied at planting while the remaining halfof the nitrogen was applied after two weeks.At physiological maturity, heads wereremoved and the plants were harvested, airdried for several days under sun light andchopped into 2-3 cm pieces. Chopped materialwas kept under room condition until use.Efficacy of sunflower residues incombination with different rates ofherbicides on weeds and broad beanThe experiment was conducted in a field180 km south of Baghdad, Iraq. The soil wascalcareous clay loam with values of pH, Ec,
Integration of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) residues with .Organic carbon, NO3-N, NH4-N, K and P equalto 7.9, 3.3 dS m-1, 0.4%, 58 ppm, 450 ppm,0.52% and 19% respectively.Field plots (100 x 100 cm) were selectedrandomLy in field where previous field historyshowed heavy weed infestation. These plotswere plowed by a spade to a depth of 30 cm.Nitrogen as urea (46% N) at 200 kg ha-1 andphosphorus as triple super phosphate (46%P2O5) at 200 kg ha-1 were applied to the plots.All phosphorus and half of the nitrogen wereapplied at planting during seed bed preparation.while remaining nitrogen was applied after twoweeks. Treatments were comprised ofsunflower residue incorporated at differentrates (600 and 1,400 g m-2) and different doses(100, 75 and 50%) of Treflan applied at 750,652.5 and 375 mL ha -1 . These were usedeither alone or in combination with eachother. A control without sunflower residue andherbicide application was maintained forcomparison. The experiment was conducted inrandomized complete block design under splitplot arrangement with four replications. Theherbicide rates were kept in the main plotswhile sunflower residue rates were assignedto subplots.Sunflower residues were incorporated atsowing in the respective plots as per treatment.Treflan was also applied as pre plant soilincorporation. Volume of spray (300 L ha-I) wascalibrated using water. Different doses ofTreflan were applied using a Knapsack handsprayer fitted with T-Jet nozzle at a pressureof 207 k Pa. Seeds of broad bean cv. Kubrisiwere manually sown in all plots in 25 cm spacedrows keeping 20 cm distance between plants(20 plants per plot) All plots received equalirrigated water during the entire course ofstudy.At physiological crop maturity (150 daysafter sowing),individual weed counts per plotwere made. Weeds were clipped from groundsurface, and dried in an oven at 70 ºC for 72 h;the dry weight of individual weed was recorded.Data regarding broad bean crop, plantheight (cm), oven-dried biomass (g m -2 ),Concentration (ppm) 851number of branches per plant, number of pods(m-2), number of seeds per pod and weight of100-seeds (g) were recorded using standardprocedures.The data were analyzed using analysis ofvariance (ANOVA), the mean values wereseparated using least significant difference(LSD) at P 0.05 (Steel et al., 1997).Isolation, identification and quantificationof phytotoxins in the decomposingsunflower residues in soilSoil samples minus litter were taken fromdifferent sites of broad bean field. The soilsamples were mixed thoroughly and air dried.Air dried sunflower plant materials werechopped into pieces of 2-3 cm length andincorporated into the soil at a rate of 7 g kg-1soil. The mixture was packed in a plastic potof 10 kg capacity, irrigated with water to fieldcapacity, covered with perforated plastic coverto avoid evaporation and placed in the field atthe beginning of the growing season of broadbean. Biweekly, soil samples were taken fromthe pot using metal soil borer, mixedthoroughly and stored in deep freeze until use.As extraction procedure, 1g of soil samplewas extracted with 100 mL of distilled waterusing the method of Harborne (1973). Thewater extract was acidified with 1 mL of aceticacid. The mixture was heated gently, mixedthoroughly by ultrasonic apparatus to excludeair bubbles from the residues and allowed tostand for 4 h. The mixture of each sample wasfiltered by filter paper under vacuum conditionand kept in a refrigerator until use.For identification purposes, 50 µL of theextract was injected in Reversed Phase LiquidChromatogram (RVLC Shimadzu-C-6A) usingthe procedure outlined by Hartley and Buchan(1979). The conditions of separation are listedin Table 1. The peaks were detected by a UVdetector. Standards of suspected phytotoxinswere run similarly for identification andquantification. Concentration of each isolatedcompound was determined by the followingequation:Area of the sample Concentration of the standard Dilution factorArea of the standardPlanta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, v. 29, n. 4, p. 849-859, 2011
852ALSAADAWI, I.S. et al.Table 1 - Separation conditions for determination of phytotoxins in decomposing sunflower residuesParameterColumn dimensionsDiatomiteAttenuationRate of recorderDetectorVolume injection sampleType of ColumnMobile phaseTemperatureRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONEffect of various treatments on weedsgrown in broad bean fieldWeed flora of the experimental site wascomprised mainly of Avena fatua, Melilotusindicus, Beta vulgaris and Centaurea bruguierana.Both herbicide rates and residue applicationposed significant suppressive effects on thenumber of these weeds (Table 2). Significantinteraction was observed for herbicide doseand residues rates regarding A. fatua andM. indicus. Residue incorporation at 600 and1,400 g m-2 resulted in 37 and 63% control ofA. fatua, 37 and 50% control of M. indicus, 56and 67% control of B. vulgaris cicla, and 33 and67% control of that of C. bruguierana. Pre plantsoil incorporation of Treflan caused linearreduction in weed number per unit area withincreasing application rates. However, weeddensity was suppressed to an even greaterextent when herbicide was applied in plotswhere sunflower residue had been incorporated.Herbicide and residue showed complementaryinteraction and recorded 22-37% moresuppression of A. fatua than the recommendeddose. Similarly, 29-67% more suppression ofM. indicus was noticed due to integration ofherbicide with sunflower residues. Reducedherbicide doses (50 and 75%) in combinationwith sunflower residue scored greater weedsuppression than that realized with therecommended dose used alone.The recommended dose of herbicide whenapplied to plots incorporated with sunflowerresidues at 1,400 g m-2 scored 53, 49 and 100%Planta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, v. 29, n. 4, p. 849-859, 2011Characteristic50 length x 2.6 mm i.dSupleco wax 100.01 ppm10 mm min-1SPD-2010 spectrophotometer at 254 nm50 mLNS-C181% acetic acid in H2O: acetonitrite 30:7 (v/v)35 oCmore biomass suppression of A. fatua,M. indicus, B. vulgaris cicla and C. bruguierana,respectively, than the herbicide dose used alone(Table 3). Reduced herbicides rates used inplots where sunflower residues had beenapplied resulted in even higher reduction inweed dry matter accumulation as comparedwith plots where such doses were used alone.The use of 75% of the recommended dose ofherbicide coupled with 600 g m-2 sunflowerresidue scored statistically similar suppressionof biomass of all four weeds compared to thatachieved with the same herbicide dose appliedalone. Significant herbicide dose x residuerate interaction was also obvious for total weedcount and biomass in broad bean field(Tables 4 and 5). Herbicide application in plotswith sunflower residue (600 and 1,400 g m-2)reduced total weed count and biomass by24-62% and 26-59% as compared to herbicideused alone. The reduction over control for thesame treatments amounted to 75-87% and 8692%. Interestingly, a worthwhile suppressionthat was greater even than the recommendedherbicide dose was also delivered by 75%herbicide dose sunflower residues appliedat 1,400 g m-2. Herbicide doses (75 and 50%)along with 600 and 1,400 g m -2 sunflowerresidues produced as good weed suppressionas was observed under sole application of therecommended herbicide dose.Results suggest that all treatmentssuppressed weed count as well as biomass overcontrol. Incorporation of sunflower residuesinto the soil accounted for substantial weedsuppression. Reduced weed count and biomasswas reflective of the inhibitory effects of
Integration of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) residues with .853Table 2 - Effects of different rates of herbicides and sunflower residues cv. Coupan on number of weeds grown in broad bean fieldHerbicide doseResidue rates (g m-2)06000% (Control)50%75%100%AverageLSD 0.05305.0142.0109.594.0162.6Herbicide dose 11.71Avena fatua192.594.588.573.5112.3Residue rates 372.0Herbicide dose Residue rates 19.110% (Control)50%75%100%AverageLSD 0.0572.036.034.031.543.8Herbicide dose 4.1Melilotus indicus45.535.026.022.532.3Residue rates 2.9536.051.231.034.014.024.710.521.522.9Herbicide dose Residue rates 6.570% (Control)50%75%100%AverageLSD 0.054.52.01.00.52.0Herbicide dose 0.57Beta vulgaris cicla2.01.00.50.51.0Residue rates 0.471.52.70.51.20.50.60.00.30.6Herbicide dose Residue rates NS0% (Control)50%75%100%AverageLSD 0.056.04.02.01.03.3Herbicide dose 0.96Centaurea bruguierana4.03.02.00.52.8Residue rates 0.952.04.00.52.50.01.30.00.50.6Herbicide dose Residue rates NSTreflan applied at a rate of 750 mL ha-1. Each number is an average of 4 replicates.sunflower residue incorporation mediated bythe presence of phytotoxic allelochemicals inthese residues, which were released bydecomposition in their immediate vicinity(Birkett et al., 2001). Sunflower is reported tocontain several allelochemicals responsible forbiological activity, viz, chlorogenic acid,isochlorogenic acid, á-naphthol, scopolin, andannuionones (Macias et al., 2002; Anjum &Bajwa, 2005). Inhibitory activity of sunflowerallelochemicals against broad-leaved weedshas been reported by Leather (1983) and Anjum& Bajwa (2007), and described as selective innature (Khanh et al., 2005). Most of theseallelochemicals are water soluble and whenimbibed by the germinating weed seeds,hampered their germination and subsequentseedling growth, thus contributing to overalldecline in the density, vigor and standestablishment of the weed community(Gallandt et al., 1999). Greater weed inhibitionwas observed at higher residue incorporationrates. Khanh et al. (2005) pointed thatsuppression magnitude in allelopathicinteractions is directly proportional to theapplied dose.Treflan belongs to the dinitroanilineherbicide group that acts as mitotic inhibitorby disrupting cell division through interferencePlanta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, v. 29, n. 4, p. 849-859, 2011
854ALSAADAWI, I.S. et al.Table 3 - Effects of different rates of herbicides and sunflower residues cv. Coupan on biomass of weeds grown in broad bean fieldResidue rates (g m-2)Herbicide dose06001,400AverageAvena fatua0% age511.9384.8223.9LSD 0.05Herbicide dose 9.97Residue rates 10.13Herbicide dose Residue rates 17.07Melilotus indicus0% 73.065.539.059.2100%69.560.535.555.2AverageLSD 0.05142.482.5Herbicide dose 4.94Residue rates 2.8756.8Herbicide dose Residue rates 7.74Beta vulgaris0% 7Herbicide dose 22.83Residue rates 25.40LSD 0.05Herbicide dose Residue rates 40.09Centaurea bruguierana0% rageLSD 0.05Herbicide dose 44.83Residue rates 32.09Herbicide dose Residue rates 60-1Treflan applied at a rate of 750 mL ha . Each number is an average of 4 replicates.Table 4 - Effects of different rates of herbicides and sunflower residues cv. Coupan on total weed number in broad bean fieldHerbicide dose0% (Control)50%75%100%AverageLSD 0.05Residue rates (g m-2)0600378.5184.0146.5127.0209.0Herbicide dose 11.17244.5133.5117.096.5147.9Residue rates 10.50Treflan applied at a rate of 750 mL ha-1. Each number is an average of 4 replicates.Planta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, v. 29, n. 4, p. 849-859, 0.596.0Herbicide dose Residue rates 18.78
Integration of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) residues with .855Table 5 - Effects of different rates of herbicides and sunflower residues cv. Coupan on total weed biomass in broad bean fieldHerbicide dose0% (Control)50%75%100%AverageLSD 0.05Residue rates (g m-2)1,40006001,
maintained as a control. Herbicide application in plots amended with sunflower residue had the least total weed count and biomass, which was even better than herbicide used alone. Integration of recommended dose of Treflan with sunflower residue at 1,400 g m-2 produced maximum (987.5 g m-2) aboveground biomass of broad bean, which was 74 and
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