Sunflower Insect Pest Management - Agricultural Research Service
Sunflower Insect PestManagementLarry CharletUSDA, ARS Northern Crop Science LabFargo, North Dakota
Outline of PresentationSunflower history & characteristicsPest complex & damageInsect pest management strategiesFuture for Sunflower IPM
Origin of SunflowerNative to North America51 species in genus HelianthusFood source for Native Americans &domesticated in central US before 3000 BCIntroduced to Spain in early 1500sSpread across Europe & adopted as crop inRussia in early 1800sReintroduced into US in 1880sSunflower production developed in Canada in1950s & US in 1970s
Possible Reasons for InsectProblems in SunflowerSunflower native to North AmericaPests specific to sunflowerChange in plant architectureMonoculturesBreeding for vigor, yield, uniformityoil content, etc.Ineffective natural enemies
Native & Cultivated Sunflower Plant architectureMultiple vs. single headBranched vs. single stemSmall vs. large seeds Growth phenologyVariable vs. discrete emergenceExtended vs. short flowering period Plant communityMixed vs. monocultureSmall patches vs. large acreagesLow vs. high density
Insects attacking the sunflower head & seedsSunflower mothLygus bugRed sunflowerseed weevilBanded sunflower mothSunflower midge
Insects attacking the sunflower leaves & stemSunflower beetleSunflower stem weevilPalestipedflea beetleSeedlings & roots attacked: wireworms, cutwormsSunflower stem girdleror long-horned beetle
Distribution of Sunflower Insect PestsSunflower beetleRed sunflower seed weevilSunflower midgeBanded sunflower mothLygus bugPalestriped flea beetleSunflower mothSunflower stem weevilSunflower long-hornedbeetle
adultSunflowerBeetleEggs laid on stem orunderside of leavesegglarvaeAdults feed on leaf margins during the day& larvae over leaf surface at nightOverwinteras adultsin soil
Stem Weevil BiologyEggsAdultOverwinteringchambersdeposited aroundcotyledon or lower stemLarvaefeed & developin sunflower stemweakens thestructure of thestalk which canresult in lodging
Sunflower Stem Weevil DamageLodgedfields inNorthDakotaLodging prior to harvest caused by larval overwinteringchambers (20-30 per stalk), stalk characteristics, & weatherSplit stalk withlarvaeX-sectionwith larvae
Palestriped Flea BeetleFeeding damage onseedling sunflowerAdult1/8-inch long
Sunflower Long-hornedBeetleStalkbrokenat soillevelAdultLarvaeLodged field in Texas 1980s
Lygus Plant BugsadultAdultsSmall, cryptically colored insectsDistinctive yellow triangle or “V”Pale green to reddish-brownImmatures (nymphs)Look like aphidsnymphBrown spoton confectionkernels
Red SunflowerSeed WeeviladultlarvaDrop into soil tooverwinterFemales require pollen to mature eggsOviposit during floweringHeads with 50% flowering preferredEggs laid inside seedLarvae in outer seed rowsKernel 1/3 consumedExit holes
Banded Sunflower MothAdultExit holesDamagedseedslarva
Sunflower MothAdultLarvaeAdults attracted to blooming headsEggs deposited on heads & hatchin 4-5 daysLarvae feed on pollen, disk flowers,& mature seedsMature larvae move to soil& spin cocoons to overwinterOverwinter in Texasadults migrate to central & northernPlains on southerly windsWebbing & frass may occur in areason head & Rhizopus head rot is oftenassociated with infestations
Sunflower MidgeAdultsNecrotic tissue underbracts caused by larvalfeeding; loss of rayflowersEggsLarvaeInfested budHeavily damagedheads: gnarled &cupped with fewseeds produced
CutwormsDingy cutwormMayRed-backed cutwormJuneEarly season pest on seedlingsLocalized, erratic infestations
WirewormsEarly season pest onseedlingsLocalized infestationsConcern – increasingpopulations due to moreno-till acreage, landcoming out of CRP
Sunflower Insect ManagementIdentification of pestKnowledge of pest biologyEconomic/treatment thresholdsField monitoring/samplingManagement tactics include:Plant resistance Cultural control Biological control Chemical control
Chemical ControlHas long been primary tactic for managing pestsEffective, but expensive & has nontarget impacts:resistance, secondary pests, pest resurgence,destruction of pollinators & natural enemies,environmental contaminationDestruction of pollinators can reduce fertilization &thus lower yield pest infestation alonePesticides should be used in combination with othertactics & only when pests exceed thresholdsBecause of ease of use & ability to quickly destroypests continues to be primary management focus forproducers
Plant ResistanceUses plant’s own defense(antibiosis, antixenosis, tolerance)Developed through plant screening & breedingCost effective & environmentally safeUsually compatible with other approaches(evaluate for impact on natural enemies)
Challenges Evaluating Sunflowerfor Insect ResistanceVariable insect population pressure Year to year densities often unpredictable Coordination of insect presence/attack & plantphenologyEnvironmental & biotic limitations Drought or excessive moisture & wind Birds Plant diseaseLabor (time & costs) in determination ofinsect damagePost-harvest evaluation
Cultural ControlInclude: planting date, tillage, trap crops,rotation, crop spacing/population,intercropping, sanitationAdvantage of no additional equipment,usually no side-effects, simple, inexpensiveNeed advance planning, control not complete,detailed knowledge of pest required
Biological ControlImportation & establishmentof exotic speciesAugmentationConservation – manipulateenvironment to reduce nontargeteffects from pesticides & otheradverse factorsPredators, parasitoids & pathogensStudy natural enemies & howto protect & utilize them in managing pests
Biological Control of Sunflower InsectPestsMany natural enemies have made the transitionalong with their hosts from native to cultivatedsunflowerMany potential pests held in check by beneficialsNatural enemies known for major pest species predators & parasitoids have been studied little known about pathogensResearch has revealed regional differences inparasitoid species richnessStudies also show some parasitoids attackingpest species in native sunflowers not present inagroecosystem
Sunflower Insect Natural EnemiesBanded sunflower mothRed sunflowerparasitoidseed weevilparasitoidSunflowerbeetle predatorsSunflower stem weevilparasitoid
Current IPM Practices forSunflower Insect PestsKnowledge of pest biology & damageEconomic thresholds developed for all except –sunflower midgeScouting methods have been developed, but areinadequate for some species & need to be refinedManagement strategies: Chemical control most frequently usedPyrethroids Cultural controlPlanting date effective for:banded sunflower moth, sunflower stem weevil, sunflowermoth, sunflower beetle & red sunflower seed weevil
Future for Sunflower IPMCompared to most row crops sunflower isrelatively new Research dates only to late 1960s (Texas & NorthDakota)Potential sources of germplasm for resistance: 51 native species of sunflower USDA Plant Introduction Station 1600 cultivated accessions 2000 wild accessionsImprove biological control through conservation,augmentation, or search for new beneficialsRefine EIL, sampling, cultural control strategies(trap cropping), reduce pesticide use, & integratemethods to lower production costs
Biological Control of Sunflower Insect Pests Many natural enemies have made the transition along with their hosts from native to cultivated sunflower Many potential pests held in check by beneficials Natural enemies known for major pest species predators & parasitoids have been studied little known about pathogens
IP-13 IPM for Home Gardens—Insect ID and Control CTAHR — July 2003 . Insect identification . If you have an insect problem, you need to know what insect pest you are dealing with and what stage of the insect’s life cycle is the most likely to cause damage, as well as the stage most susceptible to control measures. General insect information
insect infestations, and notify management when dead rodents and or birds are found. b) Management should immediately contact the pest management provider for assistance. 1.3.1. Pest Sighting Log a) Maintain a Pest Sightings Log which informs the pest control service technician of pest sightings or pest activity in the facility.
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pest from causing more damage than is reasonable to accept. Even though a pest is present, it may not do very much harm. It could cost more to control the pest than would be lost because of the pest's damage. The three main objectives of pest control are: prevention—keeping a pest from becoming a problem, suppression—reducing pest
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2020 Cornell Pest Management Guide for Commercial Production and Maintenance of Trees and Shrubs Authors Elizabeth Lamb (New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Ithaca, NY; Editor) Paul D. Curtis (Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; vertebrate pest management) Daniel O. Gilrein (Cornell Cooperative Extension - Suffolk County, Riverhead, NY; insect pest .
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