Darwin And The Evolution ThEory
Darwin and the Evolution of a TheoryAn exhibition of rare books, manuscripts, images and scientific specmensdrawn from the collections of UC Berkeley’s libraries and museumsCreditsThe curators gratefully acknowledge the followingindividuals whose assistance made the exhibitionpossible.The Bancroft Library GalleryAugust 13–December 23, 2009Charles Faulhaber, Liz Gardner,Diana Vergil, Alison WannamakerBancroft AdministrationUC Berkeley has one of the most magnificent library collections, and the greatest natural history museums, of any university in the world. So it seemed only fitting to honor thegreatest biologist of all time, Charles Darwin, with an exhibition of rare books andimages from Bancroft and other UC libraries. These are complemented by a selection ofartifacts and natural history specimens from the Museum of Paleontology, the Museumof Vertebrate Zoology, the University and Jepson Herbaria, the Essig Museum of Ento mology, and the Hearst Museum of Anthropology.Lorna KirwanBancroft Public ServicesFrancis A. KeithBaylor UniversityBeth Weil and Randy WilsonBioscience and Natural Resources LibraryTim Herrlinger, Liza Ray, Tim WhiteDepartment of Integrative BiologyLin Salamo, Neda SalemMark Twain PapersThe occasion for honoring Darwin, of course, is the 200th anniversary of his birth onFebruary 12, 1809, and the 150th anniversary of his great work, On the Origin of Species byMeans of Natural Selection, published on November 24, 1859, in London by John Murray. Butthis exhibition is not just about the Origin. It also encompasses the books that influencedDarwin in developing his great ideas, including the narratives of great explorers, thenatural histories of Britain and elsewhere, and the treatises on geology and classifica tion. It also celebrates the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle not only with published accounts fromthe voyage, but with specimens of plants, animals, and fossils just like those that Darwincollected—topped off with a scale-model of the vessel herself.Rauri Bowie, Carla Cicero, Jim McGuire,Carol Spencer, Beth WommackMuseum of Vertebrate ZoologyThe following checklist includes the books, images, specimens and artifacts, and selectedexcerpts of the text that comprise the exhibition.Brian QuigleyEarth Sciences and Map LibraryCheryl Barr, Deanna Jackson, Vincent Resh, Kip WillEssig Museum of EntomologySusan FranciscoLibrary Facilities OfficePatricia Holroyd, David K. SmithMuseum of PaleontologyEXHIBITION CURATORSMadeleine Fang, Leslie Freund, Joan KnudsenPhoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of AnthropologyAnthony BlissCurator for Rare Books and Literary ManuscriptsKelly Agnew, Brent MishlerUniversity and Jepson HerbariaDavid FarrellCurator for History of Science and TechnologyIra Nowinski, Kwei UKevin PadianProfessor of PaleontologyExhibition DesignGordon Chun DesignEXHIBITION SPONSORThe Friends of The Bancroft Library23
The Complete Works of Charles DarwinThe exhibition features the University Libraries’ unique collection of Charles Darwin’spublished books, including an extremely rare copy of his first appearance in print andall titles that appeared in England and America during his lifetime. It is drawn primar ily from the Kofoid Collection in the Bioscience and Natural Resources Library, with additions from The Bancroft Library.On the origin of species by means of naturalselection, or The preservation of favoured races inthe struggle for life.On the origin of species by means of naturalselection; or the preservation of favoured races inthe struggle for life.New York, D. Appleton, 1860.London, John Murray, 1869.Bioscience LibraryFifth edition, with additions and corrections.Bioscience LibraryOn the origin of species by means of naturalselection, or, The preservation of favoured racesin the struggle for life.The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex.New York, D. Appleton and company, 1871.London, John Murray, 1860.Bancroft LibrarySecond English edition.All English and American Editionsand Printings of Darwin’s BooksPublished during his LifetimeOf Special Interest in the ExhibitionCharles Darwin (1809–1882)The foundations of The origin of species, a sketchwritten in 1842. Edited by Francis Darwin.The structure and distribution of coral reefs;being the first part of the geology of the voyage ofthe Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy,R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836.Cambridge, Printed at the University Press, 1909.First printing of the original abstractcontaining the ideas Darwin more fullydeveloped in The Origin of Species.London, Smith, Elder and Co., 1842.Bioscience LibraryBioscience LibraryCharles Darwin (1809–1882) and AlfredRussel Wallace (1823–1913)A monograph on the fossil Lepadidae, or,pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain; togetherwith A monograph on the Fossil Balanidae andVerrucidae of Great Britain.On the tendency of species to form varieties; andon the perpetuation of varieties and species bynatural means of selection. . . . Communicated bySir Charles Lyell and J. D. Hooker.London, Printed for the PalaeontographicalSociety, 1851, 1854.London, Longman, Brown, 1858.Bioscience LibraryDarwin had been working on his theory ofevolution by natural selection for years whenhe discovered that Wallace had recentlydeveloped similar ideas, which they copublished here for the first time.On the origin of species by means of naturalselection, or, The preservation of favoured racesin the struggle for life.London, John Murray, 1859.First English edition. The entire edition of1250 copies sold out the day of publication,and Darwin immediately began preparing arevised edition, which appeared first inAmerica.Bioscience LibraryOrder of the Proceedings at the DarwinCelebration held at Cambridge June 22–June 24,1909, with a sketch of Darwin’s life.Bancroft LibraryCambridge, Printed at the University press, 1909.Official program of the Darwin centennial inCambridge, England.On the origin of species by means of naturalselection, or the preservation of favoured races inthe struggle for life.Bioscience LibraryNew York, D. Appleton, 1860.First American edition. First appearance ofthe revision of the first English edition;similar to, if not quite the same as the secondEnglish edition, which appeared in the sameyear.Bioscience LibraryOn the origin of species by means of naturalselection, or The preservation of favored races inthe struggle for life.Bioscience LibraryOn the origin of species by means of naturalselection, or The preservation of favoured races inthe struggle for life.New York, D. Appleton, 1871.Fifth edition, with additions and correctionsNew York, D. Appleton and Company, 1860.Bioscience LibrarySecond American edition.Bioscience LibraryThe expression of the emotions in man andanimals.On the origin of species by means of naturalselection; or, The preservation of favoured racesin the struggle for life.London, John Murray, 1872.Bioscience LibraryNew York, D. Appleton and Company, 1861.A new edition, revised and augmented by theauthor.On the origin of species by means of naturalselection, or, The preservation of favoured races inthe struggle for life.Bioscience LibraryLondon, John Murray, 1872.Sixth edition, with additions and correctionsOn the origin of species by means of naturalselection, or The preservation of favoured races inthe struggle for life.Bioscience LibraryThird edition, with additions and corrections.On the origin of species by means of naturalselection, or, The preservation of favored races inthe struggle for life.Bioscience LibraryNew York, Appleton, 1872London, John Murray, 1861.Fifth edition, with additions and correctionsOn the origin of species by means of naturalselection, or The preservation of favoured races inthe struggle for life.Bioscience LibraryThe origin of species by means of natural selection,or, The preservation of favoured races in thestruggle for life.London, John Murray, 1866.Fourth edition, with additions andcorrectionsLondon, John Murray, 1873.Bioscience LibrarySixth edition, with additions and corrections.The movements and habits of climbing plants.First appearance of the variant title.Presentation Copy: John Price / From the authorLondon, Academic Press for the Linnean Society,1867.Bioscience LibraryBioscience LibraryInsectivorous plants.London, John Murray, 1875.The variation of animals and plants underdomestication.Bioscience LibraryLondon, John Murray, 1868.Bioscience Library45
The movements and habits of climbing plants.The origin of species by means of naturalselection, or, The preservation of favoured racesin the struggle for life.London, John Murray, 1875.Bioscience LibraryLondon, John Murray, 1880Sixth edition, with additions and correctionsto 1872The origin of species by means of naturalselection, or The preservation of favoured races inthe struggle for life.Bioscience LibraryLondon, John Murray, 1875.Sixth edition, with additions and correctionsThe power of movement in plants. Assisted byFrancis Darwin.Bioscience LibraryLondon, John Murray, 1880.The effects of cross and self fertilisation in thevegetable kingdom.Presentation copy to Mr. Rattan, to whomreference is made in the text:London, John Murray, 1876.From the author with best compliments.Bioscience LibraryBancroft LibraryThe origin of species by means of naturalselection, or, The preservation of favoured racesin the struggle for life.The formation of vegetable mould, through theaction of worms, with observations on theirhabits.London, John Murray, 1876.London, John Murray, 1881.Sixth edition, with additions and correctionsto 1872Bioscience LibraryOn the origin of species by means of naturalselection or, The preservation of favoured races inthe struggle for life.Bioscience LibraryThe different forms of flowers on plants of thesame species.London, John Murray, 1877.Bioscience LibraryThe Voyage of H.M.S. BeagleThe Beagle was used by the Royal Navyfor three scientific voyages. The mostimportant of these—and one of the mostfamous voyages in history—was thesecond, an around-the-world expeditionfrom December 1831 to October 1836.The Beagle was commanded by CaptainRobert FitzRoy and included CharlesDarwin, a 22-year-old amateur scientist.His collection of scientific specimensand recorded observations from thevoyage formed the basis for his theoryof evolution.Model of H.M.S. BeagleSixth edition, with additions and correctionsto 1872.FitzRoy’s Map of the Voyage, 1831–1836London, John Murray, 1878.Captain Robert FitzRoy (1805–1865) of theBeagle is often portrayed as an unstablearchconservative religious bigot, but thetruth is far more complex. At 26 he hadalready commanded several voyages, andhe commanded the Beagle on the SouthAmerican station from 1828 to 1846.Waterline model based on drawings in theNational Maritime Museum of England and apainting by John Russell Chancellor (1925– ).Courtesy of a Private Collector (Class of 1965)The origin of species by means of naturalselection, or, The preservation of favoured racesin the struggle for life.The Captain as ScientistBuilt by Lloyd McCaffery, 1995.9 in. 5 in. ¾ in.; constructed of basswood, holly,degama, apple, and boxwood.London, John Murray, 1882.Bioscience LibraryRobert FitzRoyThe map appeared in the Appendix toFitzRoy’s Narrative of the Surveying Voyages . . .London, 1839. Original approximately18 in. 7 in.FitzRoy intended for the expeditionto excel in the collection of data andspecimens. He was a first-rate scientisthimself, a pioneer of meteorology inEurope, and he wrote much of thescientific reporting from the voyage.Charles Darwin, 1809–1882Sixth edition, with additions and correctionsto 1872.[Extracts from letters addressed toProfessor Henslow . . . ].Cambridge, Printed for the CambridgePhilosophical Society, 1835.Bioscience LibraryProfessor of Zoology at UC Berkeley formore than twenty-five years and member ofthe National Academy of Sciences, Kofoid(1865–1947) amassed a prodigious librarywhich he gave to the University in 1947. Manylanguages and subjects are represented, withspecial strength in the history of science andmedicine. The Darwin collection, numbering530 volumes and housed in the Bioscience andNatural Resources Library, is featured in theexhibition.Narrative of the surveying voyages of HisMajesty’s ships Adventure and Beagle, betweenthe years 1826 and 1836, describing theirexamination of the southern shores of SouthAmerica, and the Beagle’s circumnavigation ofthe globe.London, Henry Colburn, 1839–1840.Bioscience LibraryVolume I: Proceedings of the First Expedition,Charles Darwin, 1809–18821826–1830, under the command of CaptainP. Parker KingThe Journal of a Voyage in H.M.S. Beagle.Photograph by Hegel, 19466Robert FitzRoy, 1805–1865, et al.Darwin’s very rare first appearance in print,distributed by J. S. Henslow (1796–1861),Darwin’s botany professor at Cambridge,to his colleagues in the CambridgePhilosophical Society. This copy belongedto Thomas Webster (1810–1875), Cambridgephysicist and a Fellow of the Society.Charles Atwood Kofoid[Guilford, Eng.], Genesis Publications inassociation with Australia & New Zealand BookCo., Ltd., 1979.Volume II: Proceedings of the Second Expedition,1831–1836, under the command of Captain RobertFitz-RoyFacsimile of Darwin’s original manuscriptjournal.Appendix to Volume IIBioscience LibraryBioscience Library7
Gaucho Gear from the Pampas andPatagonia, ArgentinaHydrophilidae, water scavenger beetle,Costa RicaThese modern objects (all collected in the1920’s) are similar to items Darwin wouldhave seen in use by the gauchos of SouthAmerica during his extensive shoreexcursions.Cicadidae, cicada, Costa RicaCharles Darwin caricature by “Coide”(James Tissot, 1836–1902)Gryllidae, cricket, MexicoLondon, Vanity Fair, September 30, 1871Chrysomelidae, leaf beetles, BrazilTobacco pouch, ostrich neck skinSpurs, silver, Chilean manufacture but usedin ArgentinaBola, used for hunting and managing cattleand horses in drivesDrinking cup, cow horn engraved with floraland circular designs; perforated at each endLampyridae, fireflies, Colombia, ChileA Great Med’cine-Man among the Inqui-ringRedskinsCerambycidae, long-horned beetle, HawaiiThomas Henry Huxley caricature by “Ape”(Carlo Pellegrini, 1839–1889)Agrias beatifica, agrias amydon, morphoMenelaus, doxocopa seraphina, butterflies,South America (chiefly Brazil)London, Vanity Fair, January 28, 1871Morpho caternarius, morpho melenaus,butterflies, South America (chiefly Brazil)Courtesy of the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museumof AnthropologyNatural SelectionThe Galapagos IslandsThe Islas Galápagos (Islands of theTortoises) form the Galápagos Provinceof Ecuador, located about 600 miles offthe west coast of South America. Darwinarrived aboard the Beagle September 15,1835, and visited Chatham, Charles,Albemarle, and James islands beforedeparting a little more than a month lateron October 20. Later, Darwin realizedthat the discovery of the distribution ofbirds and tortoises on the islands would“undermine the stability of Species.”Huxley (1825–1895) was a pre-eminent Victor ian anatomist, biologist, and paleon tologistand such a strong supporter of Darwin thathe gained the title of “Darwin’s bulldog.”Papilionidae, swallowtail butterflies, AsiaColias Eurydice (Pieridae), dogface butterfly,California state insectCharles Darwin, 1809–1882Journal of researches into the geology and naturalhistory of the various countries visited by H.M. S. Beagle, under the command of CaptainFitzRoy, R. N., from 1832 to 1836.Courtesy of the Essig Museum of EntomologyLondon, H. Colburn, 1839.These fossil mammals collected in SouthAmerica by crews from the UC Museum ofPaleontology are of the same kinds ofanimals and from the same regions thatDarwin visited.Not a BrawlerDavid Porter, 1780–1843Samuel Wilberforce caricature by “Ape”(Carlo Pellegrini, 1839–1889)A Voyage in the South Seas in the years 1812, 1813,and 1814, with particular details of the Gallipagosand Washington IslandsLondon, Vanity Fair, July 24, 1869Fossil SpecimensOfficial title of Darwin’s diary from thevoyage.Bioscience LibraryMylodon, giant ground sloth femur,Colombia, Lujanian (3 to 1.2 million yearsold), 1951Insect Specimens from South AmericaThese modern specimens collected in diverselocalities are closely related to those Darwinhimself observed and described.Huilatherium (Toxodon), partial jaw,Colombia, Friasian (16.3 to 15.5 million yearsold), 1945Acrididae, large grasshopper, EcuadorGlyptodontidae, partial carapace or tessellatedarmor of the tail, Colombia, Friasian (16.3 to15.5 million years old), 1950Hippoboscidae, fly, LouisianaReduvius, assassin bug, ChileStaphylinidae, rove beetles, California andChileCourtesy of the Museum of PaleontologyTabanidae, horse flies, Florida, Costa Rica,ChileCharles Darwin, 1809–1882, ed.The Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle,under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N.,during the years 1832 to 1836. Published withthe approval of the Lords Commissioners ofHer Majesty’s Treasury.Scarabeoidae, stag beetles, India, Arizona,ChileCarabidae, ground beetles, Texas, MexicoHarpalinae, ground beetle, OklahomaLondon, Published by Smith, Elder and Co.,1839–1843.Carabidae, tiger beetles, New Mexico,MississippiVolume I : Mammals by Richard OwenBioscience LibraryCarabidae, 12 colorful ground beetles, ChileWilberforce (1805–1873), Bishop of Oxford,was strongly opposed to Darwin’s ideas.In 1860 Huxley and Wilberforce debatedDarwin’s newly published On the Origin ofSpecies at the British Association for theAdvancement of Science meeting at Oxford.Wilberforce was coached by Richard Owen;Huxley represented the ideas of Darwin, whotypically declined to attend.London, Sir R. Phillips, 1823.Courtesy of a Private IndividualThe adult and juvenile carapaces (shells) andplastrons (breastplates) of two Galapagostortoises. Galapagos tortoises are the largestturtles on earth today, though not of all time.Illustration: Map of the Gallapagos Islands,ca. 1823Bancroft LibraryCarapaces and Plastrons of the Galapagostortoise, Geochelone elephantopus, Isla SantaCruz, 1965Richard OwenOwen (1804–1892), Britain’s pre-eminentpaleontologist of the day, is best rememberedfor his outspoken opposition to Darwin’stheory of evolution. He was also the drivingforce behind the establishment of the BritishMuseum of Natural History in 1881.Courtesy of the Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyGalapagos TortoisesMale tortoise, Espanola Island, 2002Photographs by Ira NowinskiCourtesy of the PhotographerCourtesy of a Private IndividualPlant SpecimensChaetomorpha darwinii, seaweed, NewZealand, 1894Solanum tuberosum, wild potato, Chile, 1975Fuchsia magellanica Lam, fuchsia, Chile, 1980Ulex europaeus, gorse, South Australia, 1957Gunneraceae, gunnera (“giant rhubarb”), BrazilGunneraceae chilensis, gunnera, ChileMacrocystis pyrifera, bladder kelp, CaliforniaCourtesy University and Jepson Herbaria89
Galapagos Finches and Mocking BirdsThe Romance of Travel:Inspiration from Natural HistoryThe Most Influential Book inBritainCamarhynchus crassirostris, Vegetarian finchThe books and journals of explorers notonly satisfied vicariously their readers’wanderlust, they also communicated atreasure trove of natural history lore.Darwin, like other young naturalists,was an avid reader of this literature, andhis well-born circumstances gave himunusually good access to it.T.R. Malthus’s Essay on Population, as itis popularly called, used social theoryand demographic projections to argueagainst excessive charity to the poor. Hiswork was also key to the developmentof ideas about horticulture, timber, andanimal husbandry—and eventually tothe theory of natural selection.Nesomimus trifasciatus melanotis,San Cristobal mockingbirdJohn James Audubon, 1785–1851.Thomas Malthus, 1766–1834Nesomimus trifasciatus macdonaldi, HoodmockingbirdThe viviparous quadrupeds of North America,Vol. III, with book of plates.Essay on the Principle of Population.Not the most distinctive of the Islands’ birds,finches are the most famous. Differentspecies came from different islands
charles Darwin (1809–1882) The foundations of The origin of species, a sketch written in 1842. Edited by Francis Darwin. Cambridge, Printed at the University Press, 1909. First printing of the original abstract containing the ideas Darwin more fully developed in The Origin of Species. BIoSCIENCE LIBRARy charles Darwin (1809–1882) and alfred
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Evolution is a THEORY A theory is a well-supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world, like the theory of gravitational attraction, cell theory, or atomic theory. Keys to Darwin’s Theory Genetic variation is found naturally in all populations. Keys to Darwin’s Theory
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 449 INSIDE: 16.1 Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 16.2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking 16.3 Darwin Presents His Case 16.4 Evidence of Evolution 0001_Bio10_se_Ch16_CO.indd 449 6/10/09 12:52:58 PM Chapter 16 Big Idea: Evolution
