Optical Theory Basics - 1 Radiative Transfer
Optical TheoryBasics - 1Radiative transferJose Moreno3 September 2007, Lecture D1Lb1
OPTICAL THEORY-FUNDAMENTALS (1) Radiation laws: definitions and nomenclatureSources of radiation in natural environment in the optical domainInteraction of radiation with matter in the optical domainIllumination and observation geometriesRadiative transfer in the optical domainGeneral solutions for the radiation transfer in the coupledearth-surface and through the atmosphereDerivation of surface reflectance from measured satellite radiancesSpectral information: signatures of natural objectsSpatial information: uniformity, textures and scalesTemporal information: land surface dynamics at multiple scalesInformation retrieval: from spectral indices to model inversionOverview of applications3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno2
OPTICAL SYSTEMSSpectral range:400 - 2500 nmOPTICAL SYSTEMSSpectral range:MultispectralSuperspectralPanchromatic / Broadband:4002500nmband l1 N 1010 N 100100 N 10001000 N ?Δλ 100 nmΔλ 50 nmΔλ 10 nmΔλ 1 nm3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno3
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imaging in multiplespectral bands3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno6
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Radiation laws:definitions andnomenclature3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno9
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RADIOMETRICDEFINITIONSsolid angleIn the particular case ofazimuthal symmetry:3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno11
Nomenclature and Radiometric UnitsTerm or quantityUnitEnergy contentradiant energyjoule (J)energy flow rateJ s-1 or watt (W)energy fluenceJ m-2energy fluence rateW m-2Photon contentnumber of photons (quanta)dimensionlessAvogadro's number of photons molphoton flow rates-1 or mol s-1photon fluencem-2 or mol m-2photon fluence ratem-2 s-1 or mol m-2 s-13 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno12
RADIANCELambertiancase3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno13
Sources of radiationin natural environmentin the optical domain3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno14
Planck’s Law3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno15
Available Signal2.070601.8Solar 1.0 Reflectance1.6Earth 300 K, 1.0 Emisivity501.41.2401.0300.80.6200.410Earth Radiance (µW/cm2/nm/sr)Solar Radiance 0120000.014000Wavelength (nm)3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno16
INPUTSOLARRADIATION- Sun is notjust a “point”- Sun varieswith time- Any error incomputingsolar radiationwill translateinto wrongcomputedsurfacereflectance3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno17
Sources of natural radiation in the optical domain:- Sun- MoonSun is not a“constant” source,but this is the usualapproximation- Stars / Galaxy- Cosmic backgroundplus the terrestrial sources:- Thermal emissions- Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, etc.- Special natural events / artificial sources3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno18
26002500240023002200Solar Irradiance (W m-2mμ ) 650.700.750.800.850.900.951.00wavelength ( μm)3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno19
22002000180016001400120010008000.43 September 20070.5D1Lb10.60.70.8Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer Basics0.9Jose Moreno120
Illumination andobservation geometries3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno21
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Solar and SatelliteOrbital GeometryComponents3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno23
CHRIS/PROBA satellite view angles3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno24
3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno25
Geostationary orbit3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno26
Interaction of radiationwith matterin the optical domain3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno27
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function, BRDF- Very difficult to measure experimentally- Basic tool in computer graphics3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno28
Conical ReflectanceHemispherical ReflectanceBidirectional Reflectance Factor3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno29
nine types of reflectance measurements3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno30
Re dNear-Infraredv iew zenit h angle40reflectance (%)reflectance (%)v iew zenith a ngle30201080706050LAI 4ϑ sun 35 ϕ s un 180 view azimut h angle3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer Basicsview azimut h angleJose Moreno31
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101LC10P10TM 6Imag (n)TM13245 7Re al (n)110010TM 60-110-21010101010L5P-310WATER SCATTERINGC7TM-4-543-6WATER ABSORPTION21-7-110-210-1100101102103λ (μm)104105106107-81 0 -210-110010110210310410510610710λ (μm)Optical properties of elementary constituents determinethe spectral reflectance of land elements3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno33
Radiative transferin the optical domain3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno34
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General 5D ([3 2]D) vector radiative transfer equation this is most timestoo complex to be usedin practice 3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno36
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General solutions for theradiation transfer in thecoupled systemearth surfaceand atmosphere3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno39
TOA IrradianceSensorEnvironment3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsTargetJose Moreno40
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This approximate solution is very useful in practice !!!3 September 2007D1Lb1Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer BasicsJose Moreno43
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3 September 2007 D1Lb1 Optical Theory - Radiative Transfer Basics Jose Moreno 2 OPTICAL THEORY-FUNDAMENTALS (1) Radiation laws: definitions and nomenclature Sources of radiation in natural environment in the optical domain Interaction of radiation with matter in the optical domain Illumination and observation geometries
To address the radiative transfer process in discontinuous canopies, the Geometric Optical Radiative Transfer (GORT) model conceptually combines geometric optical principles for canopy structure and radiative transfer theory for vol-umetric scattering within canopy crowns (Li et al., 1995). The geometric optical method is used to characterize .
Enhanced ionization of winds by the WCR reduces radiative driving - can greatly increase the range of separations where wind-star collisions occur (also may make radiative braking less effective) Radiative inhibition (Stevens & Pollock 1994) Pre-shock velocities decrease Mdot may decrease or increase Radiative braking (Owocki & Gayley 1997)
Radiative transfer theory provides the theoretical framework for understanding light propagation in the ocean, just as hydrodynamics provides the framework for physical oceanography. The article begins with an overview of the deRnitions and terminology of radiative transfer as used in oceano-graphy. Various ways of quantifying the optical
Radiative transfer – background Input for radiative transfer – optical properties Cloud particles and trace gases Single scattering properties (SSP) of cloud particles: hKpi, hapi, hZpi Computation methods/theories for SSP: I Rayleigh scattering (particle size (r) wavelength ( )) I Lorentz-Mie theory (spherical particles) I T-matrix method (r ˇ , aspherical, rotationally symmetric .
The aim of radiative transfer theory is therefore to calculate radiance as a function of location and direction. The interaction of radiation with matter is described by the radiative transfer equation: dL kext ·ds . the optical properties of the atmosphere. B Planck (T ) .
x Contents I .4 1.5 1.6 1.7 I .8 Radiative Transfer 8 Emission 9 Absorption 9 The Radiative Transfer Equation 11 Optical Depth and Source Function Mean Free Path 14 Radiation Force 15 Thermal Radiation 15 Blackbody Radiation 15 Kirchhofys Law for Thermal Emission
The optical depth is a convenient variable to study radiative transfer phenomena We reformulate the radiative transfer equation. For a given direction The problem of knowing the emergent intensity is solved if we know S ν(τ ν) µ dI ν dx η ν χ v I ν with dτ ν χ ν dx we have µ dI ν dτ ν I ν η ν χ ν µ dI .
literary techniques, such as the writer’s handling of plot, setting, and character. Today the concept of literary interpretation frequently includes questions about social issues as well.Both kinds of questions are included in the chart that begins at the bottom of the page. Often you will find yourself writing about both technique and social issues. For example, Margaret Peel, a student who .
