CHAPTER 1787–PRESENT Citizenship And The Constitution
CHAPTER51787–PRESENTCitizenship andthe ConstitutionCalifornia StandardsHistory–Social Science8.2 Students analyze the political principles underlying the U.S.Constitution and compare the enumerated and implied powers ofthe federal government.8.3 Students understand the foundation of the American politicalsystem and the ways in which citizens participate in it.Analysis SkillsHR 5 Determining the content of statementsEnglish–Language ArtsWriting 2.5.a Present information purposefully and succinctlyand meet the needs of the intended audience.Reading 8.2.4 Compare the original text to a summary to determinewhether the summary accurately captures the main ideas, includescritical details, and conveys the underlying meaning.FOCUS ON WRITINGA Pamphlet Everyone in the United States benefits from ourConstitution. However, many people don’t know the Constitution as well as they should. In this chapter you will read aboutthe Constitution and the rights and responsibilities it grants tocitizens. Then you’ll create a four-page pamphlet to share thisinformation with your fellow citizens.1788The Constitution goesinto effect after NewHampshire becomes theninth state to ratify it.178718001791 The Bill ofRights becomes partof the Constitution onDecember 15.140CHAPTER 5
HOLTHistory’s Impact video seriesWatch the video to understand the impact of theBill of Rights.What You Will Learn In this chapter you will learn about the U.S.Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and what itmeans to be an American citizen. Young citizenslike the ones pictured here must be informed inorder to fulfill the rights and responsibilitiesof citizenship.192019421971The NineteenthAmendment gives allAmerican women theright to vote.The Fair Employment Act bansdiscrimination inthe workplace.The Twenty-sixth Amendment is ratified, giving theright to vote to all U.S.citizens 18 years or older.1930195019701954 In Brown v. Board ofEducation, the Supreme Courtdeclares segregation in publicschools to be unconstitutional.19901990The Americanswith DisabilitiesAct is passed.CITIZENSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTION141
Reading Social StudiesEconomicsGeographyPoliticsFocus on Themes In this chapter, you willread about the three branches of government,the Bill of Rights, and the duties and responsibilitiesof a United States citizen. As you read abouteach of these topics, you will see the AmericanReligionSocietyand CultureScience andTechnologypolitical system at work—not only in the Bill ofRights, but through the responsibilities U.S. citizenshave as they vote for leaders and work to helptheir communities and nation.Summarizing Historical TextsFocus on ReadingHistory books are full of information.Sometimes the sheer amount of information they contain can makeprocessing what you read difficult. In those cases, in may be helpful tostop for a moment and summarize what you’ve read.Additional readingsupport can befound in theWriting a Summary A summary is a short restatement of the mostimportant ideas in a text. The example below shows three steps used inwriting a summary. First underline important details. Then write a shortsummary of each paragraph. Finally, combine these paragraph summaries into a short summary of the whole passage.The ConstitutionArticle II, Section 11. The executive Power shall be vested in aPresident of the United States of America.He shall hold his Office during the Termof four Years, and, together with the VicePresident, chosen for the same Term, beelected, as follows:2. Each State shall appoint, in such Manner asthe Legislature thereof may direct, a Numberof Electors, equal to the whole Number ofSenators and Representatives to which theState may be entitled in the Congress; but noSenator or Representative, or Person holdingan Office of Trust or Profit under the UnitedStates, shall be appointed an Elector.142CHAPTER 500Summary of Paragraph 1The executive branch is headed by apresident and vice president, each electedfor four-year terms.Summary of Paragraph 2The electors who choose the president andvice president are appointed. Each state hasthe same number of electors as it has members of Congress.Combined SummaryThe president and vice president who runthe executive branch are elected every fouryears by state-appointed electors.
Key Termsand PeopleELA Reading 8.2.4 Compare the original text to a summary.You Try It!Chapter 5The following passage is from the U.S. Constitution. As you read it,decide which facts you would include in a summary of the passage.federal system (p. 144)impeach (p. 146)veto (p. 146)executive orders (p. 147)pardons (p. 147)Thurgood Marshall (p. 148)Sandra Day O’Connor (p. 148)The ConstitutionArticle I, Section 21. The House of Representatives shall be composed ofMembers chosen every second Year by the People ofthe several States, and the Electors in each State shallhave the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the mostnumerous branch of the State Legislature.2. No person shall be a Representative who shall nothave attained to the Age of twenty five years, and beenseven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shallnot, when elected, be an Inhabitant of the State in whichhe shall be chosen.Section 1Section 2James Madison (p. 178)majority rule (p. 178)petition (p. 179)search warrant (p. 180)due process (p. 180)indict (p. 180)double jeopardy (p. 180)eminent domain (p. 180)Section 3naturalized citizens (p. 184)deport (p. 184)draft (p. 185)political action committeesAfter you read the passage, answer the following questions.1. Which of the following statements best summarizes the firstparagraph of this passage?(p. 186)a. Congress has a House of Representatives.interest groups (p. 186)b. Members of the House of Representatives are elected everytwo years by state electors.2. Using the steps described on the previous page, write a summaryof the second paragraph of this passage.3. Combine the summary statement you chose in Question 1 withthe summary statement you wrote in Question 2 to create asingle summary of this entire passage.Academic VocabularySuccess in school is related toknowing academic vocabulary—the words that are frequently usedin school as-signments and discussions. In this chapter, you will learnthe following academic words:distinct (p. 145)influence (p. 186)As you read Chapter 5, think about whatdetails you would include in a summaryof each paragraph.CITIZENSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTIONSECTION TITLE143
SECTION1What You Will Learn Main Ideas1. The framers of the Constitution devised the federalsystem.2. The legislative branch makesthe nation’s laws.3. The executive branch enforces the nation’s laws.4. The judicial branch determines whether or not lawsare constitutional.Understandingthe ConstitutionIf YOU were there.You have just been elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.You know that committees do much of the work in Congress. Theydeal with many different fields such as foreign policy, agriculture,national security, science, and education. You would like to ask for aspot on a committee whose work interests you.Which committee would you ask to serve on?BUILDING BACKGROUND When the framers of the ConstitutionThe Big IdeaThe U.S. Constitution balancesthe powers of the federal government among the legislative,executive, and judicial branches.Key Terms and Peoplefederal system, p. 144impeach, p. 146veto, p. 146executive orders, p. 147pardons, p. 147Thurgood Marshall, p. 148Sandra Day O’Connor, p. 148HSS 8.2.6 Enumerate the powers ofgovernment set forth in the Constitutionand the fundamental liberties ensuredby the Bill of Rights.144CHAPTER 5met in Philadelphia in 1787, they created a national government withthree branches that balance one another’s powers.The Federal SystemThe framers of the Constitution wanted to create a governmentpowerful enough to protect the rights of citizens and defend thecountry against its enemies. To do so, they set up a federal systemof government, a system that divided powers between the statesand the federal government.The Constitution assigns certain powers to the national government. These are called delegated powers. Among them are the rightsto coin money and to regulate trade. Reserved powers are those keptby the states. These powers include creating local governments andholding elections. Concurrent powers are those shared by the federaland state governments. They include taxing, borrowing money, andenforcing laws.Sometimes, Congress has had to stretch its delegated powers todeal with new or unexpected issues. A clause in the Constitutionstates that Congress may “make all Laws which shall be necessaryand proper” for carrying out its duties. This clause, called the elasticclause—because it can be stretched (like elastic)—provides flexibilityfor the government.READING CHECK Summarizing How is power divided between thefederal and state governments?
Separation of PowersU.S. ConstitutionLegislative Branch(Congress) Writes the laws Confirms presidentialappointments Approves treaties Grants money Declares warExecutive Branch(President) Proposes lawsAdministers the lawsCommands armed forcesAppoints ambassadorsand other officials Conducts foreign policy Makes treatiesLegislative BranchThe federal government has three branches,each with distinct responsibilities and powers.This separation balances the branches andkeeps any one of them from growing toopowerful. The first branch of government isthe legislative branch, or Congress. It makesthe nation’s laws. Article I of the Constitutiondivides Congress into the House of Representatives and the Senate.With 435 members, the House of Representatives is the larger congressional house.The U.S. Census, a population count madeevery 10 years, determines how many members represent each state. A system calledapportionment keeps total membership at435. If one state gains a member, anotherstate loses one. Members must be at least 25years old, live in the state where they wereelected, and have been U.S. citizens for sevenyears. They serve two-year terms.The Senate has two members, or senators,per state. Senators represent the interests ofthe whole state, not just a district. They mustbe at least 30 years old, have been U.S. citizensfor nine years, and live in the state they represent. They serve six-year terms. The seniorsenator of a state is the one who has servedJudicial Branch(Supreme Court) Interprets the Constitutionand other laws Reviews lower-court decisionsthe longer of the two. Members of Congresscan serve an unlimited number of terms.The political party with more membersin each house is the majority party. The onewith fewer members is the minority party.The leader of the House of Representatives,or Speaker of the House, is elected by Housemembers from the majority party.The U.S. vice president serves as president of the Senate. He takes no part in Senate debates but can vote to break ties. If he isabsent, the president pro tempore (pro temfor short) leads the Senate. There is no lawfor how the Senate must choose this position,but it traditionally goes to the majority party’s senator who has served the longest.Congress begins sessions, or meetings,each year in the first week of January. Bothhouses do most of their work in committees. Each committee studies certain types ofbills, or suggested laws. For example, all billsabout taxes begin in the House Ways andMeans G CHECK Comparing and ContrastingWhat are the similarities in requirements formembers of the House of Representatives and theSenate? What are the differences?CITIZENSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTION145
Checks and BalancesExecutive Branch (President)Legislative Branch (Congress)Checks on:Executive Branch May reject appointments May reject treaties May withhold funding for presidential initiatives May impeach president May override a vetoJudicial Branch May propose constitutional amendmentsto overrule judicial decisions May impeach Supreme Court justicesChecks on:Legislative Branch May adjourn Congress in certain situations May veto billsJudicial Branch Appoints judgesExecutive BranchArticle II of the Constitution lists the powersof the executive branch. This branch enforcesthe laws passed by Congress.President and Vice PresidentAs head of the executive branch, the president is the most powerful elected leader in theUnited States. To qualify for the presidencyor vice presidency, one must be a native-bornU.S. citizen at least 35 years old. The president must also have been a U.S. resident for14 years.Americans elect a president and vice president every four years. Franklin D. Roosevelt,who won four times, was the only presidentto serve more than two terms. Now, theTwenty-second Amendment limits presidentsto two terms. If a president dies, resigns, oris removed from office, the vice presidentbecomes president for the rest of the term.146CHAPTER 5Judicial Branch (Supreme Court)Checks on:Executive Branch May declare executive actions unconstitutionalLegislative Branch May declare laws unconstitutionalThe House of Representatives canimpeach, or vote to bring charges of seriouscrimes against, a president. Impeachmentcases are tried in the Senate. If a presidentis found guilty, Congress can remove himfrom office. In 1868 Andrew Johnsonwas the first president to be impeached.President Bill Clinton was impeached in1998. However, the Senate found each mannot guilty.Working with CongressThe president and Congress are often on different sides of an issue. However, they muststill work together.Congress passes laws. The president,however, can ask Congress to pass or rejectcancel,bills. The president also can veto, or cancellaws Congress has passed. Congress can tryto override, or undo, the veto. However,this is difficult since it takes a two-thirds
majority vote. To carry out laws affectingthe Constitution, treaties, and statutes, thepresident issues executive orders. Thesecommands have the power of law. Thepresident also may grant pardons , or freedom from punishment, to persons convictedof federal crimes or facing criminal charges.The president also commands the armedforces. In emergencies, the president can callon U.S. troops. Only Congress, however, candeclare war. Other executive duties includeconducting foreign relations and creatingtreaties. Executive departments do most ofthe executive branch work. As of 2004 therewere 15 such departments. The presidentchooses department heads, who are calledsecretaries, and the Senate approves them.The heads make up the cabinet, whichadvises the president.READING CHECK Drawing ConclusionsWhat is the president’s most important power?Judicial BranchThe third branch of government, the judicial branch, is made up of a system of federalcourts headed by the U.S. Supreme Court.The Constitution created the Supreme Court,but the Judiciary Act of 1789 created the system of lower district and circuit courts.Article III generally outlines the courts’duties. Federal courts can strike down a stateor federal law if the court finds a law unconstitutional. Congress can then try to revisethe law to make it constitutional.District CourtsThe president makes appointments to federalcourts. In an effort to keep federal judges freeof party influence, the judges are given lifeappointments. The lower federal courts aredivided according to cases over which theyhave jurisdiction, or authority. Each state hasat least one of the 94 district courts.Circuit RidingBackground of the CourtThe rest of the Supreme CourtDecisions you see in this book willhighlight important cases of theCourt. But in this first one, we’lldiscuss the history of the Court.The first Supreme Court met in1790 at the Royal Exchange in NewYork City. The ground floor of thisbuilding was an open-air market.When the national governmentmoved to Philadelphia, the Courtmet in basement rooms in Independence Hall. Once in Washington, the Court heard cases in theCapitol building until the presentSupreme Court building was completed in 1932.THE IMPACTToday the Supreme Court holds courtonly in Washington, D.C. In the past,however, the justices had to travelthrough assigned circuits, hearing casestogether with a district judge in a practice known as riding circuit.The justices complained bitterlyabout the inconvenience of travel, whichwas often over unpaved roads and inbad weather. This system was not justinconvenient to the justices, however.Some people worried about the fairnessof a system that required justices whohad heard cases at trial to rule on themagain on appeal. Other people, however,thought that the practice helped keepthe justices in touch with the needs andfeelings of the average citizen. Eventually,TODAYIn 2002 the newDepartment ofHomelandSecurity wasgiven cabinetlevel status toprotect againstterrorism.circuit riding interfered so much withthe increased amount of business of theSupreme Court that Congress passed alaw ending the practice in the late 1800s.Path to the Supreme CourtWhen a case is decided by a state orfederal court, the losing side may havea chance to appeal the decision to ahigher court. Under the federal system,this higher court is called the court ofappeals. A person who loses in thatcourt may then appeal to the SupremeCourt to review the case. But theSupreme Court does not have to acceptall appeals. It usually chooses to hearonly cases in which there is an important legal principle to be decided or iftwo federal courts of appeals disagreeon how an issue should be decided.ANALYSISSKILL ANALYZING INFORMATION1. What are two reasons why the practice of circuit riding ended?2. Why do you think the Supreme Court does not hear every casethat is appealed to it?CITIZENSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTION147
FOCUS ONREADINGJot down a shortsummary of theappeals processafter reading thisparagraph.Courts of AppealsIf someone convicted of a crime believes thetrial was unfair, he or she may take the caseto the court of appeals. There are 13 courts ofappeals. Each has a panel of judges to decideif cases heard in the lower courts were triedappropriately. If the judges uphold, or accept,the original decision, the original outcomestands. Otherwise, the case may be retried inthe lower court.Supreme CourtTHE IMPACTTODAYSupreme Courtrulings can havedramatic effectson the nation, asin Bush v. Gore,which decidedthe outcome ofthe 2000 presidential election.After a case is decided by the court of appeals,the losing side may appeal the decision tothe Supreme Court. Thousands of cases goto the Supreme Court yearly in the hope ofa hearing, but the Court has time to hearonly about 100. Generally, the cases heardinvolve important constitutional or publicinterest issues. If the Court declines to heara case, the court of appeals decision is final.Nine justices sit on the Supreme Court.The chief justice of the United States leads theCourt. Unlike the president and members ofCongress, there are no specific constitutionalrequirements to become a justice.In recent decades, the Supreme Courthas become more diverse. In 1967 ThurgoodMarshall became the first African Americanjustice. Sandra Day O’Connor became the firstfemale Court justice after her 1981 appointment by President Ronald Reagan.READING CHECK Summarizing Describe thestructure and responsibilities of the judicial branch.SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this sectionyou learned about the balance between thedifferent branches of the federal government. In the next section you will learnabout the Bill of Rights.Online QuizSection 1 AssessmentReviewing Ideas, Terms,and PeopleKEYWORD: SS8 HP5HSS 8.2.61. a. Describe What type of government did theConstitution establish for the United States?b. Contrast What is the difference betweendelegated, reserved, and concurrent powers?2. a. Recall What role does the vice president servein the legislative branch?b. Compare and Contrast In what ways are theSenate and the House of Representatives similarand different?c. Elaborate Why do you think the requirementsfor serving in the Senate are stricter than those forserving in the House of Representatives?3. a. Describe What powers are granted to thepresident?b. Make Generalizations Why is it important thatthe president and Congress work together?c. Evaluate What do you think is the mostimportant power granted to the president? Why?4. a. Explain What is the main power of the judicialbranch?b. Evaluate Which branch of government do youfeel is most important? Explain your answer.148CHAPTER 5Critical Thinking5. Categorizing Copy the web diagram below. Useit to identify the separation of powers that existsbetween the branches of the federal government.LegislativeSeparationof PowersExecutiveJudicialFOCUS ON WRITING6. Gathering Information about the ConstitutionLook back through what you’ve just read about theConstitution. Make a list of four or five of the mostimportant features of the Constitution. You’ll putthat list on the second page of your pamphlet.
BIOGR APHYJames MadisonKEY EVENTS1780Madison serves in theContinental Congress.What would you do to create abrand-new government?When did he live?1751–1836Where did he live?Like several of the founding fathers, James Madisonwas a Virginian. He grew up in the town of Montpelier, and he kept a homethere for his whole life.What did he do?Through the persuasive power of his writing, Madisonhelped create the foundations of the U.S. government.Why is he important?Madison is known as the Father of the Constitution.A brilliant thinker, he provided many of the basic ideas in the Constitution. Heargued tirelessly for a strong national government, for separate branches of government, and for rights such as freedom of religion. He then rallied support for adoption ofthe Constitution and the Bill of Rights. In 1809 Madison became the fourth president of the United States.As president, he led the country through another warwith Britain, the War of 1812. He and his wife, Dolley,were forced to flee Washington temporarily whenthe British invaded the capital and set fire to theWhite House.Summarizing Why is Madison known as the Father ofthe Constitution?1787Madison keeps a written record of the Constitutional Convention.1787–1788Madison helps writethe Federalist Papers,urging support for theConstitution.1801–1809Madison serves assecretary of stateunder PresidentThomas Jefferson.1809–1817Madison serves twoterms as president.James Madison wasan important forcein the writing of theConstitution.CITIZENSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTION149
The Constitutionof the United StatesPreambleThe short and dignified preamble explains the goals of the newgovernment under the Constitution.We the People of the UnitedStates, in Order to forma more perfect Union,establish Justice, insure domesticTranquility, provide for the commondefense, promote the general Welfare,and secure the Blessings of Liberty toourselves and our Posterity, do ordainand establish this Constitutionfor the United States of America.Note: The parts of the Constitution that have been lined through areno longer in force or no longer apply because of later amendments. Thetitles of the sections and articles are added for easier reference.150CHAPTER 5
Article IThe LegislatureLegislative BranchSection 1. CongressAll legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of theUnited States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.Section 2.The House of RepresentativesArticle I explains how thelegislative branch, calledCongress, is organized.The chief purpose of thelegislative branch is to makelaws. Congress is made up ofthe Senate and the House ofRepresentatives.1. Elections The House of Representatives shall be composed of Memberschosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of themost numerous Branch of the State Legislature.2. Qualifications No Person shall be a Representative who shall not haveattained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen ofthe United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant ofthat State in which he shall be chosen.3. Number of Representatives Representatives and direct Taxes shall beapportioned among the several States which may be included within thisUnion, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determinedby adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those boundto Service1 for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, threefifths of all other Persons.2 The actual Enumeration3 shall be made withinthree Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, andwithin every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall byLaw direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for everythirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; anduntil such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shallbe entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four,Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.The House ofRepresentativesThe number of memberseach state has in the Houseis based on the population ofthe individual state. In 1929Congress permanently fixedthe size of the House at 435members.Vocabulary1those bound to Serviceindentured servants2all other Persons slaves3Enumeration census orofficial population count4. Vacancies When vacancies happen in the Representation from anyState, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fillsuch Vacancies.5. Officers and Impeachment The House of Representatives shall choosetheir Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power ofimpeachment.CITIZENSHIP AND THE CONSTITUTION151
Section 3.The Senate1. Number of Senators The Senate of the United States shall be composedof two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for sixYears; and each Senator shall have one Vote.2. Classifying Terms Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be intothree Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated atthe Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration ofthe fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, sothat one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happenby Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of anyState, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until thenext Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.The Vice PresidentThe only duty that theConstitution assigns tothe vice president is topreside over meetings of theSenate. Modern presidentshave usually given theirvice presidents moreresponsibilities.If theHouse ofRepresentatives chargesa government official withwrongdoing, the Senateacts as a court to decide ifthe official is guilty.How does the power ofimpeachment represent partof the system of checks andbalances?Vocabulary4pro tempore temporarily5Impeachments officialaccusations of federalwrongdoing152CHAPTER 53. Qualifications No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attainedto the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the UnitedStates, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State forwhich he shall be chosen.4. Role of Vice-President The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.5. Officers The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore,4 in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shallexercise the Office of President of the United States.6. Impeachment Trials The Senate shall have the sole Power to try allImpeachments.5 When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oathor Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, theChief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted withoutthe Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.7. Punishment for Impeachment Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shallnot extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to holdand enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: butthe Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment,Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.Federal Office Terms and RequirementsPositionTermMinimum AgeResidencyCitizenshipPresident4 years3514 years in the U.S.natural-bornVice President4 years3514 years in the U.S.natural-bornSupreme CourtunlimitedJusticenonenonenoneSenator6 years30state in which elected9 yearsRepresentative 2 years25state in which elected7 years
Section 4.Congressional Elections1. Regulations The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections forSenators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter suchRegulations, except as to the Places of choosing Senators.2. Sessions The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, andsuch Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shallby Law appoint a different Day.Section 5. Rules/Procedures1. Quorum Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns andQualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitutea Quorum6 to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn7 from day today, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members,in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.2. Rules and Conduct Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.3. Records Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and fromtime to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secre
Citizenship and the Constitution A Pamphlet Everyone in the United States benefits from our Constitution. However, many people don’t know the Constitu-tion as well as they should. In this chapter you will read about the Constitution and the rights and responsibilities it grants to citizens. Then you’ll create a four-page pamphlet to share this
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
DEDICATION PART ONE Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 PART TWO Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 .
Swimming. There were many more merit badges that you could have earned then that are similar to those of today. For example the Angling merit badge became the Fishing merit badge in 1951. Civics became Citizenship in 1946, and in 1952, Citizenship expanded into Citizenship in the Community, Citizenship in the Home, and Citizenship in the Nation.
1781 Articles of Confederation went into effect 1783 Peace of Paris 1784, 1785, and 1787 Northwest Ordinances 1786-87 Shays’ Rebellion 1787 Constitutional Convention 1787-88 The Federalist Papers Published 1789 Creation of a new government 1789 Alexander Hamilton appointed Secretary of the Treasury
Great Compromise of 1787 During the summer of 1787, delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia debated on what type of legislat
About the husband’s secret. Dedication Epigraph Pandora Monday Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Five Tuesday Chapter Six Chapter Seven. Chapter Eight Chapter Nine Chapter Ten Chapter Eleven Chapter Twelve Chapter Thirteen Chapter Fourteen Chapter Fifteen Chapter Sixteen Chapter Seventeen Chapter Eighteen
Practical Botany 314 Practical Zoology 334. Now a days we find contributions of Aristotle, Socrates, Theophrastus and many other scholars of the past age in different fields of knowledge. This is not possible for the scholars of the present time. A question may arise in your mind as to why it is not possible today. The reason is that in ages long past the extent of knowledge was limited .
