FEMA348 November1999 Protecting BuildingUtilities
First EditionFEMA 348November 1999HVACProtectingBuilding UtilitiesFrom Flood DamagePrinciples and Practices for the Designand Construction of Flood ResistantBuilding Utility SystemsFUELELECTRICALSEWAGEWATERFEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCYMitigation Directorate500 C Street, SWWashington, DC 20472
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Table of ContentsCONTENTSPageCHAPTER 1 - Introduction/Overview1.0 Introduction1.1 How to Use this Manual1.2 Introduction to Hazards1-21-31-81.3 Basic Protection Methods1-13CHAPTER 2 - Regulatory ckground of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)Community Floodplain Management Permitting ProcessNFIP DefinitionsNFIP Requirements for Existing BuildingsNFIP Building Performance RequirementsBuilding CodesNational Consensus StandardsHealth and Sanitary Regulations2.9 After the Flood - Guidelines for Building ER 3 - New and Substantially Improved Buildings3.0 Introduction3.0-2Sections3.13.23.33.43.5HVAC SystemsFuel SystemsElectrical SystemsSewage Management SystemsPotable Water Systems3.1-13.2-13.3-13.4-13.5-1CHAPTER 4 - Existing Buildings4.04.14.24.3IntroductionMethods of Floodproofing Existing Utility Systems By RetrofittingField InvestigationRetrofitting Scenarios4-24-34-44-8Principles and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 1999iUntitled-215/5/00, 2:57 PM
Table of ContentsCONTENTS (cont d)PageAPPENDICESABCDEBibliography and Sources of InformationGlossary of TermsFEMA OfficesNFIP State Coordinating AgenciesProfessional OrganizationsA-1B-1C-1D-1E-1Principles and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 1999iiUntitled-225/5/00, 2:57 PM
CHAPTER1Introduction/OverviewCONTENTSPage1.0 Introduction1.1 How to Use this Manual1.1.1 Organization of the Manual1.1.2 Use of Icons1.1.3 Metrification1.2 Introduction to Hazards1.2.1 Examples of Flood Damage to Building Support Utility Systems1.3 Basic Protection Methods1.3.1 Elevation1.3.2 Component SFigure 1.2.1A: Electric heat pump dislocated from itsshattered wooden stand by velocity flow in a coastal areaFigure 1.2.1B: Interior fuel oil tank dislocated by buoyancy forcesFigure 1.2.1C: Electrical control panel damaged by velocity flow in a coastal areaFigure 1.2.1D: The result of sewage back-upthrough a toilet during a riverine flooding event1-111-111-121-12TABLETable 1.1.3: Metric conversion factors1-7Principles and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-1Untitled-315/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/Overview1.0 IntroductionFloodplains are home to nearly 10 million households. In an average year,floods kill 150 people and cause over 3 billion in property damage. National average annual flood losses continue to increase.The overall objective ofthis document is to assist in the constructionof buildings with building utility systems thatare designed and builtso that the buildings canbe re-occupied and fully operational as soonas electricity and sewerand water are restoredto the neighborhood.A large proportion of flood damage is incurred by components of buildingutility systems such as furnaces, boilers, air conditioning compressors, airducts, water supply pipes, septic tanks and sewer pipes, electric and gasmeters, control panels, electrical wiring, and gas pipes. Flooding of buildingutility systems impacts people, communities and businesses in many ways,some of which are outlined below: Flood inundation can damage equipment leading to costly repair bills.The force of moving water and floating debris can destroy equipmentleading to costly replacement bills. Inundation of electrical system components such as switches, fuse boxes, control panels, and receptacles causes short-circuits, corrosion, andpossibilities for electrical shock hazards and fires. Inundation of fuel system components such as tanks, pipelines, and gasmeters can cause flotation of tanks, corrosion, severance of pipe connections, and rupture of tanks. Floating fuel tanks in flood waters are a fireand debris impact hazard. Floodwater contaminated with fuel oil makesclean-up of flood damaged houses much more difficult and expensive. Flood induced damage to pipes, manholes, septic tanks, service connection pipes, and on-site wells can contaminate wastewater and water supply systems rendering otherwise habitable buildings uninhabitable andcan cause hazardous waste to be released into floodwater. Flood induced disruption in business operations can generate productivity declines resulting in substantial economic losses.Despite concentrated efforts of government and the private sector to mitigate flood hazards, many problems still remain with current practices, including methods of design and construction of building utilities. For thatreason, this guide was prepared to illustrate the design and construction ofbuilding utility systems for residential and non-residential structures locatedin flood-prone areas in order to comply with the National Flood InsuranceProgram (NFIP) floodplain management requirements.Principles and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-2Untitled-325/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/OverviewThe intended users of this manual are developers, architects, engineers, builders, code officials and homeowners who are involved in designing and constructing building utility systems for residential and non-residential structures. This manual discusses flood protective design and construction ofutility systems for new buildings and modifications to utility systems in existing buildings.1.1 How to Use this Manual1.1.1 Organization of the ManualThis manual is organized into four main chapters as follows:CHAPTER 1 - Introduction/Overview Introductory discussion of the background, goal, intended users, andorganization of the manual Effects of flood hazards on building support utility systems Introduction to the methods of floodproofing building support utilitysystemsCHAPTER 2 - Regulatory Framework Background of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Discussion of community regulations and the permitting process NFIP floodplain management definitions NFIP requirements for new and existing buildings Model Building Codes Code compatibility with the NFIP Discussion of health and sanitary regulationsCHAPTER 3 - New and Substantially Improved BuildingsThis chapter covers both new and substantially improved buildings, as defined by the NFIP. Substantially improved buildings are those that have beenimproved to an amount equal to 50% of their market value. Refer to Chapter2 and Appendix B, Glossary of Terms, for the definition of the term substantially damaged.New and substantiallyimproved structuresmust meet the minimum requirements ofthe NFIP contained inthe local building codeand floodplain management regulations. Substantially improvedbuildings include thosethat have been substantially damaged. Seeyour building officialor floodplain administer for more information. Chapter 3 of thismanual provides guidance on how to meet therequirements for building utility systems innew and substantiallyimproved buildings.Chapter 4 providesguidance on additionalways to protect building utility systems inexisting buildings thathave not been substantially improved.Principles and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-3Untitled-335/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/Overview Introduction to floodproofing utility systems in new and substantiallyimproved buildings Discussion of systems, hazards, methods of protection andrecommended flood protection practices for:- Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems- Fuel Systems- Electrical Systems- Sewage Management Systems- Potable (drinking) Water SystemsCHAPTER 4 - Existing BuildingsThis chapter provides guidance on floodproofing building support utilitysystems for existing structures that have not been substantially damaged orimproved. Discussion of methods of retrofitting various types of systems:-Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) SystemsFuel SystemsElectrical SystemsSewage Management SystemsPotable (drinking) Water Systems1.1.2 Use of IconsThe following icons are used in this manual:Note: Contains important informationCaution: Contains information related to compliancewith the minimum NFIP requirements and other lawsand ordinancesMeets minimum NFIP requirements and is also therecommended practicePrinciples and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-4Untitled-345/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/OverviewFor your reference, each of the chapters, sections within Chapter 3, and appendices are represented by the following icons:Chapter 1 - Introduction/OverviewChapter 2 - Regulatory FrameworkChapter 3.0 - Introduction to FloodproofingUtility Systems in New andSubstantially ImprovedBuildingsSection 3.1 - Heating, Ventilating, andAir Conditioning (HVAC)SystemsSection 3.2 - Fuel SystemsSection 3.3 - Electrical SystemsSection 3.4 - Sewage Management SystemsPrinciples and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-5Untitled-355/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/OverviewSection 3.5 - Potable Water SystemsChapter 4 - Existing BuildingsAppendix A - Bibliography and Sourcesof InformationAppendix B - Glossary of TermsAppendix C - FEMA OfficesAppendix D - NFIP State Coordinating AgenciesAppendix E - Professional OrganizationsPrinciples and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-6Untitled-365/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/Overview1.1.3 MetrificationThe Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is committed to thefederal government’s transition to the metric system. However, in most cases English units remain the standard of practice for construction. Therefore,this manual has been prepared using English units.However, it is foreseeable that the metric system may be the standard of measurement in this country in the future. With this in mind, soft metric conversions have been provided to promote familiarity with the metric system.A critical component of unit conversion is rounding. Designers should checkto ensure that rounding does not exceed allowable tolerances for design orfabrication.F ro mEng l i s h U ni t sToM e t ri c U n i t sM ul t i pl y B yLe ngt hfo o tin c h( m)( mm)0.304825.4Are as q u a r e fo o tacrem2m20.0924047Vo lu meg a llo nc u b ic f o o tLm33.7714.283P r e s s ur epsfpsiPakPa47.88036.8947P o we rho r s e p o w e rkWW.746746W e ig h tp o und skg.4535F lo wc fslp s28.3Ve lo c it yfp smp s0.3048Q ua nt i t yTable 1.1.3: Metric conversion factorsPrinciples and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-7Untitled-375/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/Overview1.2 Introduction to HazardsBuilding utility systems should be designed and constructed to avoid or resist the effects of the hazards or combinations of hazards that exist in floodplains. These hazards include:The analysis of bothflood-related hazardsand non-flood-relatedhazards is discussed indetail in Chapter IV ofFEMA Publication259 - EngineeringPrinciples and Practices of RetrofittingFlood-prone Residential Structures. lateral hydrostatic and buoyant forces caused by standing or slow moving water above the surface of the ground; hydrodynamic forces from the moderate-velocity flow or high-velocityflow of water as well as wave action; impact loads caused by floating debris; localized ponding caused by poor drainage; erosion and scour caused by the removal of soil and loose material bymoving water as it flows over land; site-specific hazards, such as alluvial fans (mudslides), closed basin lakes(no outlet), and movable bed streams (erosion); Non-flood-related hazards such as high winds, earthquake, snow, andland subsidence. While floods continue to be a major hazard to homesnationwide, they are not the only natural hazard that causes damage tostructures located in floodplains; site-specific soil or geotechnical considerations, such as soil pressure,bearing capacity, scour potential, shrink-swell potential, and permeability; and contamination caused by dissolved chemicals, silt, suspended solids, andother contaminants contained in floodwaters.Principles and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-8Untitled-385/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/OverviewThe designer of a building must be prepared to take into consideration allpossible hazards that a structure could be subjected to. When designing formultiple hazards, one must ensure that the design for one hazard does notnegatively impact on a building support utility system’s ability to resist damages from other hazards.Multiple hazards can occur under two hazard scenarios, as shown below. Hazards that have low risk of occurring simultaneously. As an example, there is little risk of riverine flooding occurring simultaneouslywith an earthquake. Most would consider it unreasonable to design forthis combined hazard scenario. Hazards that have a high risk of occurring simultaneously. As anexample, hurricanes induce both high winds and flooding. In coastal areas, most would consider it reasonable to design for this combined hazard scenario.With minor modification, protection of system components from floodingcan increase the components’ ability to resist other damaging forces. Forexample, the flood protection of fuel tanks that must be located below theDesign Flood Elevation (DFE) to resist lateral and vertical (buoyancy) floodforces also improve the tank’s ability to resist forces from high winds andearthquakes.However, if a system is elevated above expected flood levels, it may leavethe system exposed to an increased threat of damage from high winds andearthquakes. As a result, building support utility systems elevated on support structures such as platforms, pedestals, posts, and piers, may be exposed to increased forces. These increased forces may result in toppling ofcomponents of building support utility systems or collapse of their supportstructures if the protection measures are not properly designed.The Design FloodElevation (DFE) is aregulatory flood elevation adopted by acommunity that isthe BFE, at a minimum, and may include freeboard asadopted by the community.There are often simple solutions to address different design concerns. Forexample, structures used to elevate building support systems can be properly strengthened to resist increased wind and seismic loads through the simple addition of cross-bracing.Principles and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-9Untitled-395/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/OverviewSome building codes address the structural loads from natural hazards in detail. The multi-hazard design of a building’s utility system is not addressed inas much detail. In those cases where significant threats from multiple hazardsare known to exist, professional engineers and/or architects as well as localbuilding officials and floodplain administrators should be consulted.1.2.1 Examples of Flood Damage toBuilding Support Utility SystemsFlood water often contains dissolved chemicals, silt, suspended solids, andfloating debris. Moving flood water exerts pressure on everything in its path,and causes erosion of soil and scour around solid objects. In coastal areas,breaking waves with floating debris can cause extensive physical damage.With such destructive characteristics, flood waters present many hazards tothe often fragile components of building support utility systems.The photographs presented on the following pages show examples of flooddamage to building support utility systems.Principles and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-10Untitled-3105/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/OverviewHVAC: Improperly designed and installed furnaces, boilers, water heaters,air ducts and other indoor equipment, as well as compressors, heat pumpsand other outdoor equipment are often inundated by flood waters. Floodwaters can cause corrosion and contamination by silt deposits, short-circuitof electronic and electrical equipment, and other physical damage.Figure 1.2.1A:Electric heat pumpdislocated from itsshattered woodenstand by velocityflow in a coastalareaFuel Systems: Inundation of improperly designed and installed fuel systemcomponents such as tanks, pipelines, valves, regulators and gas meters cancause flotation and rupture of tanks, corrosion and short-circuit of electroniccomponents, and severance of pipe connections. In extreme cases, damageto fuel systems can lead to fires.Figure 1.2.1B:Interior fuel oiltank dislocated bybuoyancy forcesPrinciples and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-11Untitled-3115/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/OverviewElectrical Systems: Inundation of improperly designed and installed electrical system components such as switches, electric panel board, and receptacles causes short-circuit, corrosion, and possibilities for electrical shockhazards. In velocity flow areas, electrical panels can be torn off their attachments by the force of breaking waves or floating debris impact.Figure 1.2.1C:Electrical panelboard damaged byvelocity flow in acoastal areaWastewater and Water Supply Systems: Improperly designed and installedpipes, manholes, septic tanks, service connection pipes, and on-site water wellscan be exposed by erosion and scour caused by floodwaters with velocityflow. Inundation can also cause tanks to float. Sewage backup can occur evenwithout the structure flooding.Figure 1.2.1D:The result ofsewage back-upthrough a toiletduring a riverineflooding eventPrinciples and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility SystemsNovember 19991-12Untitled-3125/5/00, 2:59 PM
Introduction/Overview1.3 Basic Protection MethodsBuilding utility systems can be protected from flood damage. The minimumrequirements of the NFIP are as follows:The community must “review all permit applications to determine whetherproposed building sites will be reasonably safe from flooding. If a proposedbuilding site is in a flood-prone area, all new construction and substantialimprovements shall (i) be designed (or modified) and adequately anchoredto prevent flotation, collapse, or lateral movement of the structure resultingfrom hydrodynamic and hydrostatic loads, including the effects of buoyancy, (ii) be constructed with materials resistant to flood damage, (iii) be constructed by methods and practices that minimize flood damages, and (iv) beconstructed with electrical heating, ventilation, plum
Figure 1.2.1A: Electric heat pump dislocated from its shattered wooden stand by velocity flow in a coastal area 1-11 Figure 1.2.1B: Interior fuel oil tank dislocated by buoyancy forces 1-11 Figure 1.2.1C: Electrical control panel damaged by velocity flow in a coastal area 1-12 Figure 1.2.1D: The result of sewage back-up
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