Sustaining Wild Species - South Sevier High
Sustaining Wild Speciestutorial by Paul Rich Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Outline1. Why Preserve Wild Species?economic, medical, scientific, ecological, aesthetic,recreational, ethical reasons2. Current Crisis of Extinctionbackground vs. mass extinction, endangered &threatened species3. Causes of Depletion & Extinctionroot causes, habitat loss, overexploitation, poaching4. Protecting Wild Speciesbioinformatics, treaties, laws, Endangered Species Act,refuges, zoos5. Case Studiesmigratory birds, fisheries, whales Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
1. Why Preserve Wild Species?Why should we work to prevent the prematureextinction of wild species? economic & medical importance: wild plants & animalsprovide a huge number of economic products products &medicines; scientific & ecological importance: scientificunderstanding comes from study of wild species; ecologicalservices include nutrient recycling, watershed value,production of oxygen, moderating climate, & detoxifying toxicsubstances; aesthetic & recreational importance: source of beauty,wonder, inspiration, & enjoyment; ethical importance: some believe that each species hasan inherent right to exist. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
2. Current Crisis of ExtinctionWhy do conservation biologist believe there is a massextinction crisis? background or natural rate of extinction can beobserved in the fossil record; mass extinction events, involving widespreadextinction of large numbers of species, have beenobserved to occur five times in the fossil record (20 to60 million years apart); about 1.75 million species have been identified;estimates that as many of 100 million species exist; while difficult to document, estimates show that humansare causing extinction rates much higher thanbackground rates, such that there is a crisis. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Human Caused ExtinctionVarious species have become extinct because ofhuman sparrowAepyornis(Madagascar)Fig. 25–3 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Threatened & Endangered SpeciesWhat are threatened & endangered species? biologists distinguish three levels of extinction:- local extinction: when a species is no longer found in areait once inhabited, but is still found elsewhere;- ecological extinction: when so few individuals exist that aspecies no longer plays a significant ecological role;- biological extinction: when individuals of a species existno longer exist. the Endangered Speies Act requires listing & protectionof two categories of species:- endangered species: a species with so few individuals thatit could soon become extinct over all or most of its range;- threatened species: a species that is still abundant in itsnatural range, but declining such that it is likely to become Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITPendangered.
Threatened & Endangered SpeciesSome speciesthat areendangered orthreatenedbecause ofhuman activities.Populations ofsome speciesare recovering(such as the baldeagle &peregrine falcon).Fig. 25–4 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Threatened & Endangered SpeciesMore speciesthat areendangered orthreatenedbecause ofhumanactivities.Fig. 25–4 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Threatened & Endangered SpeciesStill morespecies thatareendangeredor threatenedbecause ofhumanactivities.Fig. 25–4 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Threatened & Endangered SpeciesSome characteristics of extinction–prone species: low reproductive rate (e.g., blue whale, California condor); specialized feeding habits (e.g., giant panda) feed at high trophic level (e.g., Bengal tiger) large size (e.g., Asian elephant) limited breeding area (e.g., green sea turtle) limited distribution (e.g., woodland caribou) fixed migratory patterns (e.g., whooping crane) preys on livestock (e.g., timber wolf) behaviors that contribute to extinction (e.g., Carolinaparakeet, when one bird shot others hover over body) Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Threatened & Endangered SpeciesWorldwideabout 25% ofmammals areat risk ofextinction. Thehighestpercentages atrisk are apes &monkeys(46%), moles& shrews(36%), &antelopes &cattle (33%).Fig. 25–5 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Threatened & Endangered SpeciesEstimated number of species extinctions of plants &animals by state in the lower 48 states. Alabama leadsin extinct species.Fig. 25–6 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
3. Causes of Extinction & DepletionRoot causes: human population growth; economic systems & policies that fail to value theenvironment & promote exploitation; greater per capita resource use as a result of economicgrowth.Direct causes: habitat loss & degradation; habitat fragmentation; commercial hunting & poaching; overfishing; predator & pest control; sale of exotic pets & decorative plants; climate change & pollution; deliberate or accidental introduction of nonnative species. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Causes of Extinction & DepletionFig. 25–13Many species of sea turtles arebecoming endangered becauseof loss of beach habitat forlaying eggs, taking of eggs forfood, & unintentional capture byfishing boats. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Causes of Extinction & DepletionDeliberate or accidental introduction of nonnativespecies is the second biggest cause of animal & plantextinctions (after habitat loss & degradation). example: introduction of fire ants in 1930s from SouthAmerica to Alabama; subsequently spread throughoutsouth, Texas, & various states in western U.S.; whereestablished up to 90% of local ant populations reducedor eliminated; example: introduction to Great Lakes of zebra musselsfrom Europe & quagga mussels from Russia (in shipballast water) has depleted food for other lake species &caused major property damage.(see table 25–2) Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
4. Protecting Wild SpeciesThree approaches to protecting wild species: ecosystem approach: aims to preserve balancedpopulations of species in their native habitats; species approach: based on identifying &protecting endangered species on a case–by–case basis; wildlife management approach: manages gamespecies for sustained yield. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Protecting Wild SpeciesBioinformatics is the applied science ofmanaging, analyzing, & communicatingbiological information. building computer databases to organize &store useful biodiversity information; providing computer tools to find, visualize, &analyze biodiversity information; providing means for communicatingbiodiversity information, especially using theinternet. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Protecting Wild SpeciesThe Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973authorizes the listing & protection of threatened& endangered species & subspecies. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)charged with listing & protection of marine species; U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service charged with listing &protection of all other species; since 1975 intense efforts have attempted toweaken the ESA; ESA is still one of the most powerful means forprotecting wild species. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
5. Case StudiesReduction inthe ranges offour mammalshave resultedfrom acombination ofhabitat loss &hunting.Fig. 25–8 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Case StudiesIn recentyearsoverfishinghas becomean increasingthreat toaquaticbiodiversity.Fig. 25–11 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Case enableincreasingharvest ofdecreasingpopulations.Fig. 25–12 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Case StudiesThe majorflyways used bymigratory birds,mostly waterfowl.Managingpopulations ofwaterfowlrequiresmultinationalefforts to protecthabitats alongthe flyways.Fig. 25–19 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Case StudiesPopulations of cetaceans (whales & dolphins) havebeen depleted & many species are threatened orendangered.Between 1995& 1975overharvestdrove 8 of 11major whalepopulations tocommercialextinction.Populations arein process ofrecovering.Fig. 25–20 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Three approaches to protecting wild species: ecosystem approach: aims to preserve balanced populations of species in their native habitats; species approach: based on identifying & protecting endangered species on a case–by– case basis; wildlife management approach: manages game species for sustained yield. 4. Protecting Wild .
building episode called the Sevier orogeny (the Sevier River area of cen tral Utah is the namesake of this event). The Utah part of the Cordilleran thrust system is called the Sevier thrust system. Though the basic geometry and age of the Sevier thrust system in Utah have be
tourism development strategy called Winterfest. In 2015, Sevier County celebrates the 25th anniversary of Winterfest. Methodology and Data To determine the employment impacts of the Winterfest festival in Sevier Co., TN, unemployment and employment data for Sevier Co. were collected from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics .
2 small cold brooks. Of the trout species, wild Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were the most commonly occurring species (88% of total wild trout), followed by wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta; 12% of total wild trout), with wild Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) being rare ( 1% of total wild trout).onnecticut's climate and landscape has changed over the approximately thirty-year period .
such species. h) "Convention" means the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) concluded on March 3, 1973 at Washington D.C., the United States of America. i) "Vulnerable wild fauna or flora" means any species or sub-species of the wild fauna or flora referred to in Appendix -2
San Juan Rabbits, Jack Rabbits or any other species of wild rabbit or hare Any member of the family Cervidae (to include but not be limited to deer, elk, moose, caribou), species of coyote, species of fox, species of raccoon, species of skunk, wild rodent, or strain of wild turkey, from any area outside the state of Alabama.
Summary 1st species: note against note 2nd species: 2 notes against 1 3rd species: 4 (or 3 notes, in ¾ time) against 1 4th species: note against note, but syncopated (suspensions) 5th species: florid counterpoint (varied rhythms, see below) Note that repeated notes are not used in species counterpoint, with one minor exception in 5th species. In the 5th species, the rhythms of the 2nd, 3rd .
Chapter 13:The origin of species Species are independently evolving lineages General lineage species concept: species are metapopulations that exchange alleles frequently enough to comprise the same gene pool Ways to identify species Biological species concept: species are
The Audit and Accounting Thresholds . AAT is a registered charity. No. 1050724. 3. Accounting Threshold The . regulations apply in respect of financial years beginning on or after 1 January 2016 whereby the audit threshold and the accounting threshold have become the same for private limited companies. The requirements for a private limited company that is also a charity are different. Please .
