Advanced Mathematical Modeling
Advanced MathematicalModelingOverview of the West Virginia College- and Career-ReadinessStandards for MathematicsIncluded in Policy 2520.2B, the West Virginia College- and Career-Readiness Standards for Mathematicsare two types of standards: the Mathematical Habits of Mind and the grade-level or course-specificMathematics Content Standards. These standards address the skills, knowledge, and dispositions thatstudents should develop to foster mathematical understanding and expertise, as well as concepts,skills, and knowledge – what students need to understand, know, and be able to do. The standardsalso require that the Mathematical Habits of Mind and the grade-level or course-specific MathematicsContent Standards be connected. These connections are essential to support the development ofstudents’ broader mathematical understanding, as students who lack understanding of a topic mayrely too heavily on procedures. The Mathematical Habits of Mind must be taught as carefully andpracticed as intentionally as the grade-level or course-specific Mathematics Content Standards are.Neither type should be isolated from the other; mathematics instruction is most effective when thesetwo aspects of the West Virginia College- and Career-Readiness Standards for Mathematics cometogether as a powerful whole.Mathematical Habits of MindOverarching Habits of Mindof a Productive Mathematical ThinkerMHM1Make senses of problems andpersevere in solving themMHM6Attend to precisionReasoning and ExplainingModeling and Using ToolsSeeing Structure andGeneralizingMHM2Reason abstracting andquantitativelyMHM4Model with mathematicsMHM7Look for and make use ofstructureMHM3Construct viable arguments andcritique the reasoning of othersMHM5Use appropriate toolsstrategicallyMHM8Look for and express regularityin repeated reasoning1
The eight Mathematical Habits of Mind (MHM) describe the attributes of mathematically proficientstudents and the expertise that mathematics educators at all levels should seek to develop in theirstudents. The Mathematical Habits of Mind provide a vehicle through which students engage with andlearn mathematics. As students move from elementary school through high school, the MathematicalHabits of Mind are integrated in the tasks as students engage in doing mathematics and master newand more advanced mathematical ideas and understandings.The Mathematical Habits of Mind rest on important “processes and proficiencies “ with longstandingimportance in mathematics education. The first of these are the National Council of Teachersof Mathematics’ process standards of problem solving, reasoning and proof, communication,representation, and connections. The second are the strands of mathematical proficiency specifiedin the National Research Council’s report Adding it Up: adaptive reasoning, strategic competence,conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, and productive disposition (NGA/CCSSO 2010).Ideally, several Mathematical Habits of Mind will be evident in each lesson as they interact andoverlap with each other. The Mathematical Habits of Mind are not a checklist; they are the basisfor mathematics instruction and learning. To help students persevere in solving problems (MHM1),teachers need to allow their students to struggle productively, and they must be attentive to thetype of feedback they provide to students. Dr. Carol Dweck’s research (Dweck 2006) revealed thatfeedback offering praise of effort and perseverance seems to engender a “growth mindset.” In Dweck’sestimation, growth-minded teachers tell students the truth about being able to close the learning gapbetween them and their peers and then give them the tools to close the gap (Dweck 2006).Students who are proficient in the eight Mathematical Habits of Mind are able to use these skills notonly in mathematics, but across disciplines and into their lives beyond school, college, and career.2
Policy 2520.2BWest Virginia College- and Career-Readiness Standards forMathematicsMathematical Habits of MindThe Mathematical Habits of Mind (hereinafter MHM) describe varieties of expertise that mathematicseducators at all levels should develop in their students.MHM1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.Mathematically proficient students start by explaining to themselves the meaning of a problem andlooking for entry points to its solution. They analyze givens, constraints, relationships and goals. Theymake conjectures about the form and meaning of the solution and plan a solution pathway ratherthan simply jumping into a solution attempt. They consider analogous problems and try special casesand simpler forms of the original problem in order to gain insight into its solution. They monitorand evaluate their progress and change course if necessary. Older students might, depending onthe context of the problem, transform algebraic expressions or change the viewing window on theirgraphing calculator to get the information they need. Mathematically proficient students can explaincorrespondences between equations, verbal descriptions, tables and graphs or draw diagramsof important features and relationships, graph data and search for regularity or trends. Youngerstudents might rely on using concrete objects or pictures to help conceptualize and solve a problem.Mathematically proficient students check their answers to problems using a different method and theycontinually ask themselves, “Does this make sense?” They can understand the approaches of others tosolving complex problems and identify correspondences between different approaches.MHM2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.Mathematically proficient students make sense of quantities and their relationships in problemsituations. They bring two complementary abilities to bear on problems involving quantitativerelationships: the ability to decontextualize—to abstract a given situation and represent it symbolicallyand manipulate the representing symbols as if they have a life of their own, without necessarilyattending to their referents—and the ability to contextualize - to pause as needed during themanipulation process in order to probe into the referents for the symbols involved. Quantitativereasoning entails habits of creating a coherent representation of the problem at hand, considering theunits involved, attending to the meaning of quantities, not just how to compute them, and knowingand flexibly using different properties of operations and objects.MHM3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.Mathematically proficient students understand and use stated assumptions, definitions, andpreviously established results in constructing arguments. They make conjectures and build alogical progression of statements to explore the truth of their conjectures. They are able to analyzesituations by breaking them into cases and can recognize and use counterexamples. They justify theirconclusions, communicate them to others, and respond to the arguments of others. They reasoninductively about data, making plausible arguments that take into account the context from whichthe data arose. Mathematically proficient students are also able to compare the effectiveness of twoplausible arguments, distinguish correct logic or reasoning from that which is flawed, and—if there is a3
flaw in an argument—explain what it is. Elementary students can construct arguments using concretereferents such as objects, drawings, diagrams and actions. Such arguments can make sense and becorrect, even though they are not generalized or made formal until later grades. Later, students learnto determine domains to which an argument applies. Students at all grades can listen or read thearguments of others, decide whether they make sense and ask useful questions to clarify or improvethe arguments.MHM4. Model with mathematics.Mathematically proficient students can apply the mathematics they know to solve problems arisingin everyday life, society and the workplace. In early grades, this might be as simple as writing anaddition equation to describe a situation. In middle grades, a student might apply proportionalreasoning to plan a school event or analyze a problem in the community. By high school, a studentmight use geometry to solve a design problem or use a function to describe how one quantity ofinterest depends on another. Mathematically proficient students who can apply what they know arecomfortable making assumptions and approximations to simplify a complicated situation, realizingthat these may need revision later. They are able to identify important quantities in a practicalsituation and map their relationships using such tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs, flowchartsand formulas. They can analyze those relationships mathematically to draw conclusions. Theyroutinely interpret their mathematical results in the context of the situation and reflect on whetherthe results make sense, possibly improving the model if it has not served its purpose.MHM5. Use appropriate tools strategically.Mathematically proficient students consider the available tools when solving a mathematical problem.These tools might include pencil and paper, concrete models, a ruler, a protractor, a calculator,a spreadsheet, a computer algebra system, a statistical package or dynamic geometry software.Proficient students are sufficiently familiar with tools appropriate for their grade or course to makesound decisions about when each of these tools might be helpful, recognizing both the insight to begained and their limitations. For example, mathematically proficient high school students analyzegraphs of functions and solutions generated using a graphing calculator. They detect possible errorsby strategically using estimation and other mathematical knowledge. When making mathematicalmodels, they know that technology can enable them to visualize the results of varying assumptions,explore consequences and compare predictions with data. Mathematically proficient studentsat various grade levels are able to identify relevant external mathematical resources, such asdigital content located on a website and use them to pose or solve problems. They are able to usetechnological tools to explore and deepen their understanding of concepts.MHM6. Attend to precision.Mathematically proficient students try to communicate precisely to others. They try to use cleardefinitions in discussion with others and in their own reasoning. They state the meaning of thesymbols they choose, including using the equal sign consistently and appropriately. They are carefulabout specifying units of measure, and labeling axes to clarify the correspondence with quantitiesin a problem. They calculate accurately and efficiently, express numerical answers with a degreeof precision appropriate for the problem context. In the elementary grades, students give carefullyformulated explanations to each other. By the time they reach high school they have learned toexamine claims and make explicit use of definitions.4
MHM7. Look for and make use of structure.Mathematically proficient students look closely to discern a pattern or structure. Young students, forexample, might notice that three and seven more is the same amount as seven and three more or theymay sort a collection of shapes according to how many sides the shapes have. Later, students willsee 7 8 equals the well-remembered 7 5 7 3, in preparation for learning about the distributiveproperty. In the expression x2 9x 14, older students can see the 14 as 2 7 and the 9 as 2 7. Theyrecognize the significance of an existing line in a geometric figure and can use the strategy of drawing anauxiliary line for solving problems. They also can step back for an overview and shift perspective. Theycan see complicated things, such as some algebraic expressions, as single objects or as being composedof several objects. For example, they can see 5 – 3(x – y)2 as 5 minus a positive number times a squareand use that to realize that its value cannot be more than 5 for any real numbers x and y.MHM8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.Mathematically proficient students notice if calculations are repeated, and look both for generalmethods and for shortcuts. Upper elementary students might notice when dividing 25 by 11 that theyare repeating the same calculations over and over again, and conclude they have a repeating decimal.By paying attention to the calculation of slope as they repeatedly check whether points are on theline through (1, 2) with slope 3, middle school students might abstract the equation (y – 2)/(x – 1) 3.Noticing the regularity in the way terms cancel when expanding (x – 1)(x 1), (x – 1)(x2 x 1) and(x – 1)(x3 x2 x 1) might lead them to the general formula for the sum of a geometric series. As theywork to solve a problem, mathematically proficient students maintain oversight of the process, whileattending to the details. They continually evaluate the reasonableness of their intermediate results.Mathematics – Advanced Mathematical ModelingAll West Virginia teachers are responsible for classroom instruction that integrates content standardsand mathematical habits of mind. Primary focal points of Advanced Mathematical Modelinginclude the analysis of information using statistical methods and probability, modeling change andmathematical relationships, mathematical decision making in finance, and spatial and geometricmodeling for decision-making. Students will learn to become critical consumers of the quantitativedata that surround them every day, knowledgeable decision makers who use logical reasoning andmathematical thinkers who can use their quantitative skills to solve problems related to a wide rangeof situations. As students solve problems in various applied situations, they will develop criticalskills for success in college and careers, including investigation, research, collaboration and bothwritten and oral communication of their work. As students work with these topics, they will rely onmathematical processes, including problem-solving techniques, appropriate mathematical languageand communication skills, connections within and outside mathematics and reasoning. Studentswill use multiple representations, technology, applications and modeling and numerical fluency inproblem-solving contexts. Mathematical habits of mind, which should be integrated in these contentareas, include: making sense of problems and persevering in solving them, reasoning abstractly andquantitatively; constructing viable arguments and critiquing the reasoning of others; modeling withmathematics; using appropriate tools strategically; attending to precision, looking for and makinguse of structure; and looking for and expressing regularity in repeated reasoning. Students willcontinue developing mathematical proficiency in a developmentally-appropriate progressions ofstandards. Continuing the skill progressions from previous courses, the following chart represents themathematical understandings that will be developed:5
Developing College and Career SkillsFinance Develop and apply skills used in collegeand careers, including reasoning, planningand communication, to make decisions andsolve problems in applied situations.Probability Create and analyze mathematical models tomake decisions related to earning, investing,spending and borrowing money.Statistics Use basic rules of counting and probabilityto analyze and evaluate risk and return inthe context of everyday situations.Modeling Make decisions based on understanding,analysis and critique of reported statisticalinformation and summaries.Networks Analyze numerical data in everydaysituations using a variety of quantitativemeasures and numerical processes.Social Decision Making Use a variety of network models representedgraphically to organize data in quantitativesituations, make informed decisions, andsolve problems.Geometry Analyze the mathematics behind variousmethods of ranking and selection andconsider the advantages/disadvantages ofeach method. Solve geometric problems involvinginaccessible distances. Use vectors to solve applied problems.Numbering of StandardsThe following Mathematics Standards will be numbered continuously. The following ranges relate tothe clusters found within Mathematics:Developing College and Career SkillsMath as a language.Standards 1-2Tools for problem solving.Standard 3FinanceUnderstanding financial models.Standards 4-6Personal use of finance.Standards 7-8ProbabilityAnalyzing information using probability and counting.Standards 9-10Managing uncertainty.Standards 11-12StatisticsCritiquing statistics.Standards 13-16Conducting statistical analysis.Standards 17-21Communicating statistical information.Standards 22-236
ModelingManaging numerical data.Standards 24-25Modeling data and change with functions.Standards 26-30NetworksNetworking for decision making.Standards 31-32Social Decision MakingMaking decisions using ranking and voting.Standards 33-34GeometryConcrete geometric representation (physical modeling).Standards 35-36Abstract geometric representation (matrix modeling).Standards 37-38Developing College and Career SkillsClusterMath as a languageM.AMM.1Demonstrate reasoning skills in developing, explaining and justifying soundmathematical arguments and analyze the soundness of mathematical arguments ofothers.M.AMM.2Communicate with and about mathematics orally and in writing as part of independentand collaborative work, including making accurate and clear presentations of solutionsto problems.ClusterTools for problem solvingM.AMM.3Gather data, conduct investigations and apply mathematical concepts and models tosolve problems in mathematics and other disciplines.FinanceClusterUnderstanding financial modelsM.AMM.4Determine, represent and analyze mathematical models for loan amortization and theeffects of different payments and/or finance terms (e.g., Auto, Mortgage, and/or CreditCard).M.AMM.5Determine, represent and analyze mathematical models for investments involvingsimple and compound interest with and without additional deposits. (e.g., Savingsaccounts, bonds, and/or certificates of deposit.)M.AMM.6Determine, represent, and analyze mathematical models for Inflation and theConsumer Price Index using concepts of rate of change and percentage growth.7
ClusterPersonal use of financeM.AMM.7Research and analyze personal budgets based on given parameters (e.g., Fixed anddiscretionary expenses, insurance, gross vs. net pay, types of income, wage, salary,commission), career choice, geographic region, retirement and/or investment planning,etc.).M.AMM.8Research and analyze taxes including payroll, sales, personal property, real estate andincome tax returns.ProbabilityClusterAnalyzing information using probability and countingM.AMM.9Use the Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations and Combinations to determineall possible outcomes for an event; determine probability and odds of a simple event;explain the significance of the Law of Large Numbers.M.AMM.10Determine and interpret conditional probabilities and probabilities of compoundevents by constructing and analyzing representations, including tree diagrams, Venndiagrams, two-way frequency tables and area models, to make decisions in problemsituations.ClusterManaging uncertaintyM.AMM.11Use probabilities to make and justify decisions about risks in everyday life.M.AMM.12Calculate expected value to analyze mathematical fairness, payoff and risk.StatisticsClusterCritiquing statisticsM.AMM.13Identify limitations or lack of information in studies reporting statistical information,especially when studies are reported in condensed form.M.AMM.14Interpret and compare the results of polls, given a margin of error.M.AMM.15Identify uses and misuses of statistical analyses in studies reporting statistics or usingstatistics to justify particular conclusions, including assertions of cause and effectv
students. The Mathematical Habits of Mind provide a vehicle through which students engage with and learn mathematics. As students move from elementary school through high school, the Mathematical Habits of Mind are integrated in the tasks as students engage in doing mathematics and master new and more advanced mathematical ideas and understandings.
So, I say mathematical modeling is a way of life. Keyword: Mathematical modelling, Mathematical thinking style, Applied 1. Introduction: Applied Mathematical modeling welcomes contributions on research related to the mathematical modeling of e
2.1 Mathematical modeling In mathematical modeling, students elicit a mathematical solution for a problem that is formulated in mathematical terms but is embedded within meaningful, real-world context (Damlamian et al., 2013). Mathematical model
14 D Unit 5.1 Geometric Relationships - Forms and Shapes 15 C Unit 6.4 Modeling - Mathematical 16 B Unit 6.5 Modeling - Computer 17 A Unit 6.1 Modeling - Conceptual 18 D Unit 6.5 Modeling - Computer 19 C Unit 6.5 Modeling - Computer 20 B Unit 6.1 Modeling - Conceptual 21 D Unit 6.3 Modeling - Physical 22 A Unit 6.5 Modeling - Computer
What is mathematical modeling? – Modeling (Am -English spelling) or modelling (Eng spelling) is a mathematical process in which mathematical problem solvers create a solution to a problem, in an attempt to make sense of mathematical phenomena (e.g., a data set, a graph, a diagram, a c
Mathematical modeling is the process of using mathematical tools and methods to ask and answer questions about real-world situations (Abrams 2012). Modeling will look different at each grade level, and success with modeling is based on students’ mathematical background know
The need to develop a mathematical model begins with specific questions in a particular application area that the solution of the mathematical model will answer. Often the mathematical model developed is a mathematical “find” problem such as a scalar equation, a system o
A good mathematical model is one that helps you better understand the situation under investigation. The process of starting with a situation or problem and gaining understanding about the situation through the use of mathematics is known as mathematical modeling. The mathematical descriptions obtained in the process are called mathematical .
Mathematical modeling is becoming an increasingly important subject as comput-ers expand our ability to translate mathematical equations and formulations into concrete conclusions concerning the world, both natural and artificial, that we live in. 1.1 EXAMPLES OF MODELING Here we do a quick tour of several examples of the mathematical process. We
