PFAS The ‘Forever Chemicals - CHEM Trust
PFASthe ‘Forever Chemicals’Invisible threats from persistent chemicalsA CHEM Trust BriefingSeptember 2019@CHEMTrust1
Executive summaryThe chemical industry manufactures tens of thousands of synthetic chemicals, andsome of them can persist in the environment for generations. One example is the PFAS(Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances), sometimes called ‘forever chemicals’; afamily of over 4,ooo highly fluorinated substances.People and wildlife are exposed to hundreds of PFAS simultaneously from variousenvironmental routes, including drinking water, and via consumer products. Somehave proven toxicity, and others haven’t yet been properly studied, but they may wellturn out to be toxic once they are properly assessed.PFAS are also extremely mobile in the environment and are already found in themost remote areas. And because they are virtually impossible to clean up once theyhave been released, they will go on accumulating in the environment, exposing futuregenerations and wildlife in every corner of the globe.We must urgently stop emissions of these highly persistent chemicals that are alreadyundermining the health of both humans and wildlife.Key messages:PFAS are highly persistent and are contaminating the world PFAS are in everyday products from non-stick pans to coats. They persist in the environment and some PFAS are known to impact on theeffectiveness of children’s immune response to vaccines.Government action needed The UK and other governments must act faster to phase out all PFAS, incollaboration with the EU and through global agreements. The UK and other governments must ensure that the environment is monitored fora wide range of PFAS chemicals. Governments should work towards new, protective regulation of all highlypersistent man-made chemicals.Industry responsibility Companies should immediately work to phase out PFAS chemicals, replacing themwith safer, non-PFAS alternatives.Individual action When shopping, ask for and choose PFAS-free products, for example fluorine-freewaterproof goods and cosmetics.2chemtrust.org
Table of contentsExecutive summary2Introduction4PFAS – A family of over 4,000 flourinated chemicals5PFAS are in everyday products5PFAS have concerning properties6P for PersistentB for BioaccumulativeM for MobileT for Toxic6677Global exposure of people and wildlife to PFAS8Sources of PFAS contaminationContamination is globalHow do we come in contact with PFAS?PFAS transfer from the mother to the baby8889The inadequacies of PFAS regulation9There are over 4,000 PFAS, but only a handful are currently regulatedRegrettable substitution: replacing one problematic chemical with anotherproblematic one99Conclusion10‘Forever chemicals’ - global contamination affecting future generations10What can we do?111) Urge your government to push for stronger global regulation of PFAS2) Urge your government to act nationally3) Ask retailers to stop using PFAS in products4) Reduce your own and children’s exposure11111111References12@CHEMTrust3
IntroductionWe are surrounded by thousands of man-made chemicals in the productswe use every day. They usually serve a function, from flame retardants in furnitureand electronics, to stain repellents in clothes or UV filters in cosmetics. Many manmade chemicals are not hazardous to human health and the environment, but some are.These chemicals can go on to contaminate the environment via multiple routes, andsome will not break down easily. This leads to lasting pollution, just like with plastic andmicroplastics. But unlike plastic debris floating at the surface of the ocean, chemicals areinvisible. This means that hazardous chemicals, and the threat they pose to humans andwildlife, easily escape our perception of pollution.Man-made chemicals that don’t degrade easily in the environment areknown as persistent chemicals. Some of them, such as Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) and Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are infamously known for the large-scaleenvironmental damage they have caused. CFCs are responsible for the destruction ofozone in the stratosphere, while bioaccumulative# and toxic PCBs are responsible, amongother things, for jeopardising the survival of killer whale populations around the world1.In both cases, the adverse impacts of these chemicals were discovereddecades after mass production started. And because they are highly persistent andextremely hard to remove from the environment, we are still dealing with the negativeimpacts decades after they have been banned2. High persistence becomes a particularissue when unforeseen adverse effects are demonstrated long after a chemical hasbeen put on the market. In such a scenario it will not be possible to quickly reverse thenegative effects, putting the health of future generations at potential risk.This briefing highlights the case of a lesser known group of highly persistentchemicals, PFAS, also known as the ‘forever chemicals’. CHEM Trust isconcerned that this group of chemicals could lead to a situation similar to those describedabove if urgent action, such as a global ban, is not taken. This briefing summarises thecurrent scientific knowledge on this chemical group and the evidence behind theseconcerns (including the knowledge gaps). We also recommend actions that must be takento better protect people and wildlife from these chemicals.#4Bioaccumulative chemicals become more concentrated in our bodies over time as they accumulate.chemtrust.org
PFAS: A family of over 4,000 fluorinated chemicalsPer- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances – abbreviated as PFAS# – are a family of highlyfluorinated man-made chemicals that don’t occur in nature.It is a large chemical family with 4,730 identified to date, but more are being identified allthe time3. They share the characteristic of having carbon atoms linked to fluorine atoms4.These carbon-fluorine groups can be linked to a wide variety of other chemical groups invarious patterns. Some PFAS are made of long-chains of carbon-fluorine groups (longchain PFAS), others of shorter-chains (short-chain PFAS). Some are made of repetitionsof these chains forming polymers. A well-known example of a PFAS plastic polymer ispolytetrafluoroethylene – PTFE – a fluoropolymer better known under its trade nameTeflonTM – a household name in non-stick cookware.PFAS are in everyday productsSince their introduction in the 1940s, PFAS have been used inan increasingly wide range of applications due to the specialproperties given by their carbon-fluorine bond. PFAS areextremely stable chemicals, they resist high temperature anddegradation and most notably, they repel both grease and water.Waterproof coats, swimsuits, non-stick pans and the greaseproofpaper around takeaways chips, are just a few of the common usesof PFAS in everyday items.PFAS are also used in cosmetic products such as sunscreen,foundation, hair moisturiser; as coatings for smartphones oron solar panels; as cleaning agents in floor polish and car careproducts. In non-consumer products they are used in electronics,aviation, oil production and mining and even in some pesticides.Their use in fire-fighting-foams, including in training exercisesand to extinguish liquid fires, such as petroleum fires isparticularly concerning. This leads to direct emissions into theenvironment and accounts for a third of global PFAS production5.# In the past, PFAS were often referred to as PFCs (per-and polyfluorinated chemicals), but this denomination is not in use anymore toavoid confusion with the narrower group of chemicals, the perfluorocarbons.@CHEMTrust5
PFAS have concerning propertiesP for PersistentThe carbon-fluorine bond which makes PFAS so useful in a wide range of applications isalso what makes PFAS so persistent. This bond is one of the strongest bonds known innature6, making PFAS extremely resistant to degradation in the natural environment (inthe water, the soil, the air, our bodies). To be destroyed, they have to be incinerated attemperatures above 1,100 C7.The half-lives of some PFASpolymers is 1,000 yearsin soil”The persistence of a chemical is described by its half-life – thetime it takes for the concentration of a chemical in a medium(water, soil, human body) under certain conditions to havedecreased by 50%. This is not an easily quantifiable parameterand the half-life of all the 4,730 PFAS is not known.However, for some PFAS polymers, half-lives of over 1,000 years in soil have beenestimated8,9 whilst half-life greater than 40 years in water have been estimated for somenon-polymeric PFAS10. However, scientists reported that almost no signs of degradationwere noticeable during the experiment11. Some PFAS chemicals degrade faster, but theirdegradation products often include other highly persistent PFAS12.For some perspective on persistence, the criteria for very persistent chemicals in theEU chemical regulation# is a half-life of more than 60 days in water and 180 days insediments or soil13. The extreme persistence of PFAS is why they are called ‘foreverchemicals’.B for BioaccumulativeBioaccumulative chemicals can build up in the human body and in wildlife becausethey are absorbed by the organism and are not excreted, becoming more and moreconcentrated higher up the food chain. PFAS are unusual because they bind to proteins,e.g. in blood14; most bioaccumulative chemicals (for example PCBs) accumulate in fattytissues.Not all organisms will process PFAS in the same way – differences have been shownbetween sexes and between species, and because of their varying structure not all PFASwill behave in the same way. For instance, in humans, long-chain PFAS are slowlyeliminated, on the scale of years (e.g. PFHxS has a half-life in blood of up to 8.5 years15)and tend to accumulate in protein rich compartments like blood, liver, kidney andbones. In contrast, short-chain PFAS areeliminated more quickly (e.g. PFBS has ahalf-life in blood of 26 days16) and appearto accumulate in different organs andtissues such as the lungs, kidneys and thebrain17.We know less about PFAS behaviour inwildlife, but there are concerning reports oftheir bioaccumulation in water birds, wildboars, polar bears, and dolphins18-20.# REACH for: Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation & restriction of Chemicals, is the EU chemical regulation. perfluorohexane-1-sulphonic acid Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid6chemtrust.org
M for MobileDue to the high water solubility of PFAS and the fact that theytend not to bind to many materials, they are extremely mobile inthe environment. This is especially the case for the short-chainones. This means that they migrate quickly through soil, leachinginto groundwater21. PFAS can also easily pass through normaldrinking water treatment facilities and contaminate drinkingwater22-24.In addition to migration from soil to ground water, short-chainPFAS can also migrate from the soil to plants and have beenshown to accumulate in edible parts of fruits and vegetables likestrawberries and lettuce25.T for ToxicPFAS can be toxic to humans and wildlife. The most striking evidence of harmfrom human exposure to the long-chain PFAS PFOA# comes from the results of anepidemiological study of almost 70,000 people in the context of a lawsuit againstDuPont chemical company in the US in 2001. The science panel of the C8 MedicalMonitoring Program identified a probable link between PFOA exposure and diagnosedhigh cholesterol, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, testicular and kidney cancer andpregnancy-induced hypertension26.Another important study, in the Faroe Islands, found thatchildren exposed to higher levels of PFAS during developmenthad a reduced immune response to routine tetanus vaccination27.Many of the thousands of PFAS in use are lacking toxicologicaldata, which is of great concern; especially as the well-studiedones, which are mostly long-chain, have been shown to be:Many of the thousands ofPFAS in use are lackingtoxicological data.” Endocrine disruptors: they interfere with the hormonal system (e.g. contributingto obesity28; associated with thyroid disease29); Reprotoxic: they impact on reproductive functions in adults and the developmentof the foetus (e.g. reduced birthweight30; reduced sperm quality31; delayedpuberty32,33; early menopause34);I mmunotoxic: they affect theimmune system (e.g. reduced responseto vaccine in children27); Possibly carcinogenic: theypromote the development of certaincancers (e.g. kidney and testicularcancer35).Less data is available on the toxicity ofPFAS to wildlife. However, the availablestudies show that chronic exposure toPFAS could affect20: the brain, reproductive system andhormonal system of polar bears; the immune system and kidney andliver functions of bottlenose dolphins; the immune system of sea otters.# Perfluorooctanoic acidC8 is another appellation for PFOA relating to its 8 carbon atoms.@CHEMTrust7
Global exposure of people and wildlife to PFASSources of PFAS contaminationContamination of the environment by PFAS occurs throughout the whole life cycle: at themanufacturing stage, during use and via disposal of products containing PFAS. They canalso enter the environment indirectly when related chemicals degrade into PFAS7. Theseparent chemicals are called PFAS precursors.PFAS have been found in thebloodstream of wildlife andpeople from all around theworld.”Higher contamination rates of the local environment arecorrelated with the proximity of industrial sites using PFAS(e.g. PTFE manufacturing, the paper and textile industry), andthe dispersion of PFAS-containing fire-fighting foams at majorairports, military sites, or landfills36. However, not all PFAScontamination can be explained by industrial activity, wastedisposal or accidental release.PFAS have been detected in some rivers unconnected to PFAS manufacturing sites (e.g.the River Thames37), which indicates emissions from widespread (diffuse) sources. Thesediffuse sources include consumer products38, e.g. PFAS can be released into the watersystem from washing stain resistant school uniforms impregnated with PFAS39, or whenPFAS-containing hair conditioners are rinsed off in the shower40.Contamination is globalVery worryingly, highly persistent PFAS and their precursors contaminate the entireplanet. They cause large-scale drinking water contamination in the US41 and have beenfound in European waters including the UK11.PFAS and their precursors can be transported over very long distances from their sourceof emission to remote and pristine locations via oceanic and atmospheric currents andprecipitations36. They are present in the Arctic, the Antarctic and at high-altitude areas36.Ultimately, ocean waters are likely to be the largest reservoir of PFAS with the deep oceanseafloor as the final sink42,43.How do we come in contact with PFAS?PFAS have been found in the bloodstream of wildlife (e.g. polar bears, harbour porpoiseand harbour seals, dolphins, and whales20) and people from all around the world44-46 aswell as in breastmilk47. Wildlife is exposed to PFAS mainly via contaminated water, airand food7. In addition to environmental exposure, including through drinking water48-50,people are exposed to PFAS through food, cosmetics, clothes and household dust51-53.Regarding food, there are two types of exposures: The first is related to the migration ofPFAS from certain types of food packaging (e.g. greaseproof paper) into the food54. Fastfood is believed to be the main route of exposure in this case55.The second route is when food is alreadycontaminated by PFAS. Highly mobile,short-chain PFAS, have been found invegetables such as celery and tomatoesgrown in contaminated soils56. Anotherexposure route identified in the US comesvia contaminated milk due to farm animalsfeeding on grass contaminated by PFASderived from sewage sludge which hasbeen spread on fields57. Finally, a majorsource of exposure via food is through theconsumption of seafood41.8chemtrust.org
PFAS transfer from the mother to the babyPFAS can transfer via the placenta duringdevelopment in the womb, and via breastmilk58-60. One study in Norway found thatthe daily PFOA intake of a 6-month-oldbreastfed infant is 15 times the intakeof adults61. However, a Spanish studywhich measured concentrations of PFASin breast milk, formula milk and babyfood found PFAS in all samples tested62.Even though it is known that breast milkis one route by which bioaccumulativechemicals from the mother are transferredto the baby, breast feeding of babies isacknowledged to be the best option fortheir health63.The same process of PFAS transfer from the mother to the babyhas been identified for several marine species including whales,seals, dolphins and killer whales20.The inadequacies of PFAS regulationThere are over 4,000 PFAS, but only a handful are currentlyregulatedMany PFAS are recognised as PBT (Persistent, Bioaccumulativeand Toxic). These properties, along with the fact that theyhave potential for long-range transport, means that they fulfilthe criteria for the global treaty regulating persistent organicpollutants (POPs), the Stockholm Convention (2001)64. This isthe convention that regulates and bans the most harmful andworrying chemicals in the world. However, among the severalthousands of PFAS currently in use, only PFOS# and PFOA areglobally regulated64.Regrettable substitution: replacing one problematic chemical with anotherproblematic oneIn response to regulatory pressure, the strategy adopted by the industry has been tosubstitute the regulated PFAS with unregulated ones, especially short-chain PFAS65.The good news is that concentrations of legacy PFAS are decreasing in the environment,people and wildlife, but unfortunately concentrations of newer PFAS are rising20,36,41. Theindustry claims that the alternative PFAS are ‘safer’66 but the truth is that environmentaland toxicological data are often lacking for these emerging PFAS67,68. Recent studiesare starting to reveal that some alternative PFAS could be as toxic as the ones theyreplace14,69,70 and could equally become dispersed worldwide71.This untenable situation has led scientists and experts to raise the alarm through aseries of statements72-74. Over 200 scientists signed the MadridStatement in 2015 calling “on the international community toAmong the severalcooperate in limiting the production and use of PFASs and in73thousands of PFASdeveloping safer nonfluorinated alternatives” .currentlyin use, only PFOS and PFOAare globally regulated.”#Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid@CHEMTrust9
Conclusion‘Forever chemicals’ – global contamination affectingfuture generationsPeople and wildlife are exposed to hundreds of PFAS simultaneously from variousenvironmental routes, including drinking water, and via consumer products. Some haveproven toxicity, and many haven’t yet been properly studied, but they may well turn outto be toxic when the analysis is done. The special carbon-fluorineThe cost of inaction on PFAS structure of PFAS mean that “these are the most persistentchemicals we are facing today”75 according to Dr. Zhanyun Wanghas been estimated atof the ETH Zürich, a leading scientist in the field67. 52 – 84 billion annually forthe EEA.”High persistence of PFAS means that the past and continuousproduction and use of PFAS will lead to a build-up in the globalenvironment. The clean-up of PFAS in contaminated sites isextremely challenging5 at best and impossible when it comes to the vast ocean. Becauseof their extreme persistence, they will last decades or centuries, even after emissions haveended, exposing future generations and wildlife in every corner of the globe.Not acting on highly persistent and harmful chemicals also has an economic cost tosociety. The cost of inaction on PFAS has recently been estimated at 52 - 84 billionannually for health-related costs for all countries of the European Economic Area and at 46 million - 11 billion annually for environment-related costs for the European Nordiccountries76.It is unknown what consequences will arise from the global exposure of people andwildlife to increasing level of PFAS, but lessons learnt from the past77,78 tell us not to waitdecades to see what happens, and to urgently stop emissions of these highly persistentchemicals that may well undermine the health of both humans and wildlife.It’s time that governments around the world moved to phase out these chemicals, whilecompanies should stop using them and move to safer, non-fluorinated alternatives.10chemtrust.org
What can we do?Individuals and organisations can help to build the pressure for these chemicals to bephased out. Here are some ideas:1) Urge your government to push for stronger global regulation of PFASPFAS are global contaminants and have the potential to be transported far from theirsource of emission, therefore they need to be regulated at global level. The StockholmConvention is the global treaty best suited to regulate PFAS, but it is not currently strongenough. Any government that is part of the Convention, such as the UK, could helpchange this.Write to your MP and/or to the Environment Minister (Secretary of State for theEnvironment in the UK), calling for your government to push for stronger global rules, inparticular: A grouping approach in the regulation of PFAS. The Stockholm Convention istoo slow at the moment as it regulates one type of PFAS at a time (PFOS and relatedcompounds in 200964; PFOA and related compounds ten years later in 201979).Adopting a grouping approach to regulate PFAS as a class would accelerate regulationprocesses, prevent regrettable substitution80, stop the building up of these highlypersistent chemicals in the environment and better protect people and wildlife. Push for stronger regulation of all highly persistent man-madechemicals. The current framework does not regulate chemicals just on their highpersistence alone. In CHEM Trust’s view, high persistence should be sufficientcriteria for stringent regulation of these chemicals.2) Urge your government to act nationally Ask your government to add PFAS (legacy and emerging PFAS) tomonitoring programs. For instance, PFAS are currently not part of thecontaminants monitored in the context of the UK Marine Strategy81. The exact scaleof the PFAS contamination is not known in the UK and Europe in general becausethere is currently no comprehensive PFAS monitoring in EU waters11. These data arecrucial to inform risk management policies. Ask your government to be proactive in addressing the PFAS issue bybanning PFAS in consumer products. Denmark is preparing a national ban onall PFAS in paper and cardboard used in food contact materials by July 202082.3) Ask retailers to stop using PFAS in productsRetailers should follow the steps of Kingfisher (owner of B&Q and Screwfix in the UK)who announced a phase-out on PFAS in their own-brand products by 202583.4) Reduce your own and children’s exposureHere are some recommendations to reduce your exposure to PFAS via everyday products: Food: Avoid PFAS coated non-stick cookware, favour non-coated stainless-steelpans. Limit your consumption of fast-food that could have been in contact with PFASimpregnated greaseproof paper or cardboard. Textiles: PFAS are used to waterproof outdoor clothes and tents but fluorine-freealternative exists, check for PFAS- or PFC-free labels. PFAS are also used to provide stain resistance to a wide range of textiles includingschool uniforms, carpets and furniture. Be wary of stain resistant labels and visit thePFASfree website hosted by the Scottish NGO FIDRA for PFAS-free school uniformsoptions. Cosmetics: PFAS can be present in cosmetics, check the ingredient list to avoidproduct containing chemicals with “fluoro” or PTFE in their name. Also avoid dentalfloss with PTFE coatings.@CHEMTrust11
References1. Des forges, J.P., 2018. Predicting global killer whale population collapse from PCBpollution. Science, 361(6409), pp. . Cou sins, I.T. et al., 2019. Why is high persistence alone a major cause of concern?Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 21, pp. 781-792.http://doi.org/10.1039/C8EM00515J3. OEC D, 2018. Toward a new comprehensive global database of per-andpolyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): summary report on updating the OECD2007 list of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Series on RiskManagement No. laydocumentpdf/?cote ENV-JM-MONO(2018)7&doclanguage en4. Buc k, R.C. et al., 2011. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in theenvironment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integrated EnvironmentalAssessment and Management, 7, 4, pp. 513–41.https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.2585. IPE N, 2019. Stockholm Convention COP-9 White Paper: The Global PFAS Problem:Fluorine-Free Alternatives As Solutions. 120p. https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/the global pfas problem-v1 5 final 18 april.pdf6. Sie gemund, G. et al., 2016. Fluorine Compounds, Organic. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia ofIndustrial Chemistry. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaAhttps://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a11 349.pub27. OEC D, 2013. Synthesis paper on per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group. Environment, Health and Safety, EnvironmentDirectorate, OECD Publishing, Paris, France. FC FINAL-Web.pdf8. Rus sell, M.H. et al., 2008. Investigation of the biodegradation potential of afluoroacrylate polymer product in aerobic soils. Environmental Science &Technology, 42, 3, pp. 800-807. https://doi.org/10.1021/es07104999. Was hington, J.W. et al., 2009. Degradability of an acrylate-linked, fluorotelomerpolymer in soil. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, pp. 6617-6623.https://doi.org/10.1021/es900266810. UNE P, 2006. Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Risk Profile. Adopted by the PersistentOrganic Pollutants Review Committee at its second meeting. November 2006.UNEP/POPS/POPRC.2/17/Add.5 PFOS/Overview/tabid/5221/Default.aspx11. Gol denman, G. et al., 2017. Study for the strategy for a non-toxic environment of the7th EAP. Sub-study d: Very Persistent Chemicals. Milieu Ltd, Brussels, 123 %20NTE%20final.pdf12. Wan g, Z. et al., 2015. Hazard assessment of fluorinated alternatives to longchain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors: status quo, ongoingchallenges and possible solutions. Environment International, 75, pp. .01313. ECH A, 2017. Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical SafetyAssessment. Part C: PBT/vPvB assessment. Version 3.0. 22p. mation requirements part c en.pdf12chemtrust.org
14. Gom is, M.I. et al., 2018. Comparing the toxic potency in vivo of long-chainperfluoroalkyl acids and fluorinated alternatives. Environment International,113, pp. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.01115. Ols en, G. W. et al., 2007. Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate,perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemicalproduction workers. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 9, pp. 1298-1305.https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1000916. Ols en, G.W. et al., 2009. A comparison of the pharmacokinetics ofperfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) in rats, monkeys, and humans. Toxicology, 256,1-2, pp. 65-74. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2008.11.00817. Pér ez, F. et al., 2013. Accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in human tissues.Environment International, 59, pp. 354– 62.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.00418. Vie rke, L. et al., 2012. Perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) – main concerns and regulatorydevelopments in Europe from an environmental point of view. EnvironmentalSciences Europe, 24:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-4715-24-1619. Wal ker, L.A., et al., 2015. Perfluorinated compound (PFC) concentrations in northerngannet eggs 1977-2014: a Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme (PBMS) report.Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, UK. 18pp. https://pbms.ceh.ac.uk/sites/default/files/PBMS Gannet PFCs report 2013.pdf20. Fai r, P.A. and Houde, M., 2018. Chapter 5 - Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances inMarine Mammals. Marine Mammals Ecotoxicology. Impacts of Multiple Stressorson Population Health. pp. .00005-X21. Gel lrich, V. et al., 2012. Behavior of perfluorinated compounds in soils duringleaching experiments. Chemosphere, 87, 9, pp. 12.02.01122. Sun , M. et al., 2016. Legacy and emerging perfluoroalkyl substances are importantdrinking water contaminants in the Cape Fear River Watershed of NorthCarolina. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 3, 12, pp. 39823. Kab oré, H.A. et al., 2017. Worldwide drinking water occurrence and levels ofnewly-identified perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Science ofthe Total Environment, 616-617, pp. 1089-1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.21024. Bre ndel, S. et al., 2018. Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids: environmental concernsand a regulatory strategy under REACH. Environmental Science Europe, 30:9.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0134-425. Bla ine, A.C. et al., 2014. Perfluoroalkyl acid uptake in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) andstrawberry (Fragaria ananassa) irrigated with reclaimed water. Environmentalscience & technology, 48, 24, pp. 14361-14368.https://doi.org/10.1021/es504150h26. C8 Medical Monitoring Program. http://www.c-8medicalmonitoringprogram.com27. Gra ndjean, P. et al., 2012. Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in childrenexposed to perfluorinated compounds. (Clinical report). JAMA: the Journal of theAmerican Medical Association, 307, 4, pp.
persistent man-made chemicals. Industry responsibility Companies should immediately work to phase out PFAS chemicals, replacing them with safer, non-PFAS alternatives. Individual action When shopping, ask for and choose PFAS-free products, for example
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9 PFAS captures a large class of widely used, long-lasting chemicals used for non-stick, waterproof, stain-resistant, and other uses. PFAS are present in human blood and in the environment and resist being broken down. Exposure to some PFAS is linked to harmful health effects in humans and animals Many PFAS continue to be used, but some -like PFOA and
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