INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOTHERAPY
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFNEUROPSYCHOTHERAPYthe official journal ofTHE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF APPLIED NEUROSCIENCEIAAN.COM.AU
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOTHERAPYVolume 7 Issue 3 - 2019Volume 7 - 2019Aims & Scopea greater global exchange of knowledge, increased readership, and increasedcitation of our authors’ work.The International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy (IJNPT) is an open access,online journal that considers manuscripts on all aspects of integrative,biopsychosocial issues related to psychotherapy. The IJNPT aims to explore theneurological or other biological underpinnings of mental states and disorders toadvance the therapeutic practice of psychotherapy.Peer-Review ProcessOur mission is to provide researchers, educators, and clinicians with the bestresearch from around the world to raise awareness of the neuropsychotherapyperspective on mental health interventions.After an initial filtering by the Chief Editor, manuscripts will be reviewed byone or more recognised experts. Peer reviewers will give recommendationsto the editors as to the validity and coherence of the manuscript and if itshould be accepted, revised, or rejected. Final decisions will be made by theChief Editor in collaboration with advisors. The review process is at the totaldiscretion of the editors and publisher.Article Categories:Submission Fee & Copy EditingIn agreement with the scope of the Journal, papers submitted must be associatedwith the neurological or other biological underpinnings of mental states/disorders, or advances in any biological/psychological/social understanding ofinterrelatedness and influence on psychopathology or normative mental states,and how these advances in knowledge impact therapeutic practice.This journal is open access, free to the public to maximize reach, and does notgenerate any revenue for the publisher. There are, however, costs associatedwith managing and publishing this Journal and a successful submission will becharged a publishing fee of 0.08/word to cover all costs including experiencedacademic editors ensuring the highest standard of manuscripts. This is the onlyfee charged to the author(s). Articles should be submitted as a Word documentfor ease of editing and commenting by reviewers. All final editing will bepassed by the author for final agreement before publishing.Empirical Studies: Original research with solid practical and theoreticaladvances for neuropsychotherapy.Case Studies: Case studies highlighting neuropsychotherapy theory andmethodology in clinical application.Redundancy & CopyrightAuthors are responsible for ensuring material submitted does not infringeexisting copyrights or the rights of a third party. We do not require the transferof copyright to be published in our Journal. We only require an agreement forthe rights to publish, as we do for our website.Articles: Theoretical articles using current research to advance theory,or a description of current theory (Theory) and methodologicalarticles describing new approaches or changes to existing methods inneuropsychotherapy (Methodology) are welcome. Other articles include:Perspectives (brief accessible pieces covering a broad array of topics relevant toneuropsychotherapy) and Applied NPT (brief accessible pieces describing theauthors clinical application of neuropsychotherapy).Conflict of InterestWhen authors submit a manuscript, whether an article or a letter, they areresponsible for disclosing all financial and personal relationships that mightbias their work. To prevent ambiguity, authors must state explicitly whetherpotential conflicts do or do not exist. For a full explanation of potentialconflicts of interest please refer to the ICMJE Conflicts of Interest web page.We have adopted the Uniform Disclosure Form to make it easier for authorsto report potential conflicts of interest. This form must be completed and anelectronic copy sent to us via email with your submission (do not send it tothe ICMJE). The Disclosure Form can be downloaded directly from here:http://www.icmje.org/coi disclosure.pdfReview Articles (Literature Reviews): Meta-analytical papers and other suchreview research critically evaluating previously published material directlyrelated to neuropsychotherapy.Letters & Research Notes: Short descriptions of important current researchfindings associated with, and important to, a biopsychosocial understanding ofpsychopathology and therapeutic interventions.Submission GuidelinesResearch papers should be formatted to the general IMRAD layout and followAPA style. For a review of acceptable formats you can visit the InternationalCommittee of Medical Journal Editors for articles on Preparing a Manuscriptfor Submission to a Biomedical Journal.Citation LinkingThe IAAN is a publisher member of Crossref, the official DOI registrationagency for scholarly publications. Articles published in the IJNPT will bereferenced with their own unique digital object identifier, providing the articlewith a persistent, actionable identifier for that piece of intellectual property.We encourage authors to include DOIs in their reference list when a DOIis available for a particular citation. Our online publication will providehyperlinks with each specified DOI.Manuscripts must be sent via email to journal@iaan.com.au and accompaniedby a cover note, which should include the following information: A full statement to the Editor about all submissions and previousreports that might be regarded as redundant publication of the sameor very similar work. Any such work should be referred to specificallyand referenced in the new paper. Copies of such material should beincluded with the submitted paper to help us address the situation. A statement of financial or other relationships that might lead to aconflict of interest, if that information is not included in the manuscript itself. A statement that the manuscript has been read and approved by all theauthors, and that each author believes that the manuscript representshonest work. The name, address, and telephone number of the correspondingauthor, who is responsible for communicating with the other authorsabout revisions and final approval of the proofs, if that information isnot included in the manuscript itself.Video Abstracts & IntroductionsWe are encouraging authors to produce video abstracts or introductions totheir papers. This is by no means compulsory, but is a highly effective wayto engage readers and effectively communicate the core elements of yourpaper. The video should be less than five minutes long and communicate themain thrust of your paper. The video may be displayed at a low resolution,so please do not include small text or diagrams that would be difficult to seeat low resolution. You must not use anything in your video that you do nothave copyright to (music, images, insignias, and so on). The video will beconsidered to be under nonexclusive copyright terms. If you are interestedin producing a video abstract or introduction please let us know with yoursubmission.Further InformationOpen Access PolicyWe follow the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors guidelinesfor biomedical journals.The International Association of Applied Neuroscience (IAAN) provides openaccess to the International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy and all of its contenton the principle that making research freely available to the public supportsi
EDITORIAL TEAMADVISORY BOARDRoger Mysliwiec (Chair)Peter KyriakoulisRita PrinciMary BowlesDaren WilsonPeter JanetzkiDionne ShniderMatthew DahlitzCHIEF EDITORRoger MysliwiecMANAGING EDITORJonathan WillsCOPY EDITORTina PentlandPUBLISHERInternational Association of Applied NeuroscienceDISCLAIMERThe International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy (IJNPT) ISSN 2202-7653, is an open access online journalpublished by the International Association of Applied Neuroscience. The publisher makes every effort toensure the accuracy of all the information contained in this publication. However, the publisher, and itsagents, make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitabilityfor any purpose of the information herein. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are theopinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of, or endorsed by, the publisher. The accuracy ofthe information in this journal should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Thepublisher shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages,and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, inrelation to or arising out of the use of the information in this journal.Our mission is to provide researchers, educators and clinicians with the best research from around the worldto raise awareness of the neuropsychotherapeutic perspective for mental health interventions. For furtherinformation about this journal and submission details please email journal@iaan.com.auInternational Journal of NeuropsychotherapyVolume 7, Issue 3 (2019)ISSN 2202-7653ISBN-13 978-1719190374ISBN-10 1719190372Published by The International Association of Applied Neuroscience (IAAN)www.iaan.com.auii
empirical studiesAttachment Focused-Somatic Experiencing Secure Phylogenetic Attachment, Dyadic Trauma, andCompletion Across the Life CycleJoseph P. Riordan, Abi Blakeslee, and Peter A. LevineAbstractTrauma is transposed in the interpersonal neurobiological social dynamics of attachment and may be contagiousthroughout the life cycle. Trauma and social isolation may be responsible for the alarming widespread changesin human attachment dynamics. Secure attachment may be humanity’s most important survival response.Redefining “secure attachment” to accommodate the dramatic changes in human relationships due to traumahas led to the concept of secure phylogenetic attachment (SPA). Resolving trauma with somatic experiencing(SE) (Levine, 2010) and attachment focused-somatic experiencing (AF-SE) invites the hypothesis that securephylogenetic attachment is the antithesis of trauma.Phylogenetics refers to the evolutionary history of relationships between individuals in a species for survival.Human relationships are facing challenges that threaten secure phylogenetic attachment and promote socialisolation that may have catastrophic impact on the social evolution of the human species.Secure phylogenetic attachment refers to evolutionary dyadic survival imperatives of psychoneurotraumatology,the innate capacity to form secure attachments throughout the life cycle. The concept of SPA incorporatesneurobiological, neurochemical, behavioral, and affective interpersonal dynamics that promote attuned,connected and engaged attachment between individuals for survival throughout the life cycle.Regarding the interpersonal neurobiological dynamics of attachment, secure phylogenetic attachment promotesdyadic synergy that is resonant, attuned, engaged, and mutually regulating. SPA invites social dynamics thatinvolve nurturing, support, acceptance, regard, tolerance, love, and respect.Secure phylogenetic attachment refers also to the evolution of attachment dynamics in a dyad from postpartum infant/maternal regulation through to end-of-life caregiving.Behaviorally, SPA involves face-to-face, heart-to-heart connection in mutual soothing that promotesinterpersonal connectedness and evolutionary survival of the individual, the dyad and the human species.Neurochemically, SPA involves biological processes of trauma recovery as evidenced in neurochemical shiftsfrom cortisol (stress hormone) to oxytocin (love and bonding hormone). Further, SPA promotes an internalneurophysiological balance between parasympathetic relaxation and sympathetic excitation in the autonomicnervous system.The authors hypothesize that there is a correlation between trauma, attachment perturbation, social isolation,and escalating psychopathology in our communities. Trauma disrupts secure phylogenetic attachment throughpatterns of relational dysregulation (Schore, 2012) that in turn generates dyadic trauma (Riordan, Blakeslee,& Levine, 2017). Dyadic trauma contributes to widespread loneliness and social isolation that can be resolvedwith dyadic completion (Riordan et al., 2017).SE has utility and efficacy in the treatment of trauma within the individual nervous system (Brom et al., 2017;57INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF APPLIED NEUROSCIENCE
Leitch, 2007; Leitch, Vamslyke, & Allen, 2007; Parker, Doctor, & Selvam, 2008). SE works directly with implicitor nonconscious memory and is particularly effective with preverbal infants as well as for accessing preverbalmemory imprints in older children and adults. SE works inherently with attachment; however, in this paper theauthors combine SE with modern attachment theory and emerging neurological paradigms of traumatology. Itwill frame somatic psychotherapy in an AF-SE approach.AF-SE offers neurobiological coordinates and a therapeutic process to address dyadic trauma. It usesinterpersonal constructs to understand threat recovery and its role in resolving trauma with dyadic completion.This paper will introduce an AF-SE therapeutic sequence to promote the treatment of dyadic trauma withdyadic completion.Keywords: attachment focused-somatic experiencing (AF-SE), secure phylogenetic attachment (SPA), dyadictrauma, dyadic completion, functional-somatic experiencing (f-SE), attachment neuroception, post-partumattunement, neurogenic completion, neurogenic tremoringSubmitted: October 2019 Accepted for publication: October 2019 Published online: December 2019Author NoteJoseph P. Riordan, SEP, CCLP, MAPS, is Director and Principal Psychologist at Riordan Psychological Services,Jimboomba, Queensland, Australia.Dr. Abi Blakeslee, SEP, CMT, MFT, is faculty at the Somatic Experiencing Trauma Institute and Foundation forHuman Enrichment and legacy faculty at Ergos Institute for Somatic Education.Dr. Peter A. Levine is the originator of Somatic Experiencing and the director of the Somatic ExperiencingTrauma Institute.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Joseph P. Riordan, Riordan PsychologicalServices. Ph. 61 7 5546 9683/ 61 402 242 663 Email joseph@jrap.com.auCite as: Riordan, J. P., Blakeslee, A., & Levine, P. A. (2019). Attachmemt focused-somatic experiencing:Secure phylogenetic attachment, dyadic trauma, and completion across the life cycle. International Journal ofNeuropsychotherapy, 7(3), 57–90. doi:10.12744/ijnpt.2019.057-090INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOTHERAPY Volume 7 Issue 358
Trauma, its impact on relationships, andprocesses toward recovery require broaderdefinitions to facilitate understanding ofpsychoneurobiological traumatology. Trauma is a“long-term dysregulation in the autonomic and coreextrapyramidal nervous system” (Payne, Levine,& Crane-Godreau, 2015, p. 5) that may explainescalating social isolation and psychopathology.Trauma is a homeostatic communicationbetween the major structures of thebrain. Primitive subcortical brainstructures hijack and dominate neuralfunctioning to drive survival alongflight/fight/freeze trajectories wheresocial engagement is compromised.Dyadic resonance is described by Siegel (2010,p. 54) as “the coupling of two autonomous entitiesinto a functional whole”. Schore (2019a, p. 4) addedthat dyadic resonance “ultimately permits the intercoordination of positive affective brain states”, afundamental characteristic in the construct ofsecure phylogenetic attachment.Dyadic trauma occurs when resonanceand attuned connectedness (Porges,2018) in secure attachment altersfor both participants in the dyad.Socialengagement,governedbymutually integrated whole brainconnection, shifts to disorganizedsocial avoidance. Fear and anger drivesurvival imperatives dominated bylimbic and subcortical brain structures.Dyadic trauma is neurologicallydisintegrating and contagious inattachment dyads and may promotepsychopathology throughout the life cycle.Trauma is treated neurobiologically withsomatic experiencing (SE) as an incompletesurvival response generated by threat/fearimmobilization (Badenoch, 2018a; Levine, 2010;Payne et al., 2015; Porges, 2011). Payne et al. (2015,p.1) suggest one application of SE is to resolvetrauma by “completion of thwarted, biologicallybased, self-protective and defensive responses, andthe discharge and regulation of excess autonomicarousal.”59To establish a clear distinction between completionas defined above by Payne et al. (2015) and dyadiccompletion (Riordan, Blakeslee, & Levine, 2017),the term neurogenic completion is offered as a morenuanced term to describe the phenomenon.Trauma is not so much what happened to usbut, rather, what we hold inside in the absenceof an empathic, mutually connected witness.After trauma, resonance and attuned connectednessin SPA are reestablished by dyadic completion.Dyadic completion occurs when resonanceand attuned secure attachment in thetraumatized attachment dyad is restored(Riordan et al., 2017, p 1) throughinterpersonal neurobiological regulation ofnervous systems in attachment relationshipscharacterized by “the capacity to feel safe inthe arms of another” (Porges, 2018, p. ix).Dyadic completion is a homeostatic, mutuallyregulating phylogenetic process, experienced byanother in secure attunement, which originatesand draws upon one’s implicit memory of primaryattachment relationships (Levine, 2010; Pohl, Young,& Boscha, 2018; Schore, 2019a; Siegel, 2012). Firmlyembedded in implicit memory, as the template forfuture attachment relationships, the interpersonalneurobiology of dyadic completion originates in postpartum neurochemical oxytocin bonding betweeninfant and primary caregiver. Dyadic completion canbe established in an attuned connection with another,a fundamental phylogenetic drive in the face–heartconnection (Porges, 2011).Schore (2019a, p. 2) explains:This first relationship, the one with the mother,acts as a template, as it permanently shapesthe individual’s capacity to enter into all lateremotional relationships. These early experiencesshape the development of a unique personality,its adaptive capacities as well as its vulnerabilitiesto and resistance against particular forms offuture psychopathologies.In our communities there is widespreadrelational disconnect, social isolation, and escalatingpsychopathology (Scaer, 2014; Schore, 2012; vander Kolk, 2014). Dyadic trauma may be complicitINTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF APPLIED NEUROSCIENCE
in this escalating social disconnect, which isphylogenetically contrary to survival.Resolution of trauma requires a process thatbegins with integration of disrupted whole brainfunction through the therapeutic processes ofSE, utilizing “interoceptive, proprioceptive, andkinesthetic sensations as a therapeutic tool” (Payneet al., 2015, p. 1). Resolution of dyadic traumarequires the presence of an empathic, mutuallyconnected witness.Enlistment of implicit, post-partum attunementand other resonant, secure attachment memorieswith attachment focused-somatic experiencing(AF-SE) directly challenges relational disconnect indyadic trauma. Resolution of dyadic trauma requiresreinstatement of secure phylogenetic attachmentthrough an attuned interpersonal–neurobiological(Siegel, 2012) process. This process culminates indyadic completion and can be promoted using AFSE.AF-SE is the process of utilizing SE tospecifically involve the interpersonal,neurobiological dynamics of securephylogenetic attachment to resolvedyadic trauma. The goal of AF-SE is toreinstate SPA through dyadic completion.Van der Kolk (2014) predicted a “hiddenepidemic” (p. 149) of developmental disorders. Theconcomitant impact of escalating contagious dyadictrauma may be a factor in the widespread experienceof loneliness.The escalating trend of social isolationand associated psychopathology hasthe potential to
The International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy (IJNPT) ISSN 2202-7653, is an open access online journal published by the International Association of Applied Neuroscience. The publisher makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information contained in this publication. However, the publisher, and its
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