Stalking Victimization In The United States
U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice ProgramsBureau of Justice StatisticsSpecial ReportJanuary 2009, NCJ 224527National Crime Victimization SurveyStalking Victimization in theUnited StatesBy Katrina Baum, Ph.D., Shannan Catalano, Ph.D.,and Michael RandBureau of Justice StatisticsKristina RoseNational Institute of JusticeDuring a 12-month period, an estimated 3.4 million personsage 18 or older were victims of stalking. Stalking is definedas a course of conduct directed at a specific person thatwould cause a reasonable person to feel fear. The Supple mental Victimization Survey (SVS), which is the basis ofthis report, was conducted in 2006. The SVS identifiedseven types of harassing or unwanted behaviors consistentwith a course of conduct experienced by stalking victims.The survey classified individuals as stalking victims if theyresponded that they experienced at least one of thesebehaviors on at least two separate occasions. In addition,the individuals must have feared for their safety or that of afamily member as a result of the course of conduct, or haveexperienced additional threatening behaviors that wouldcause a reasonable person to feel fear.The SVS measured the following stalking behaviors: making unwanted phone calls sending unsolicited or unwanted letters or e-mails following or spying on the victim showing up at places without a legitimate reason waiting at places for the victim leaving unwanted items, presents, or flowers posting information or spreading rumors about the victimon the internet, in a public place, or by word of mouth.While individually these acts may not be criminal, collec tively and repetitively these behaviors may cause a victimto fear for his or her safety or the safety of a family member.These behaviors constitute stalking for the purposes of thisstudy. The federal government, all 50 states, the District ofColumbia, and U.S. Territories have enacted laws makingDuring a 12-month period an estimated 14 in every1,000 persons age 18 or older were victims of stalking About half (46%) of stalking victims experienced at leastone unwanted contact per week, and 11% of victims saidthey had been stalked for 5 years or more. The risk of stalking victimization was highest for individu als who were divorced or separated—34 per 1,000individuals. Women were at greater risk than men for stalking victim ization; however, women and men were equally likely toexperience harassment. Male (37%) and female (41%) stalking victimizationswere equally likely to be reported to the police. Approximately 1 in 4 stalking victims reported some formof cyberstalking such as e-mail (83%) or instant messag ing (35%). 46% of stalking victims felt fear of not knowing whatwould happen next. Nearly 3 in 4 stalking victims knew their offender in somecapacity. More than half of stalking victims lost 5 or more daysfrom work.stalking a criminal act, although the elements defining theact of stalking differ across states (see box, Stalking laws).The SVS also identified victims who experienced thebehaviors associated with stalking but neither reportedfeeling fear as a result of such conduct nor experiencedactions that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear.This report characterizes such individuals as harassmentvictims. These instances of harassment might eventuallyhave risen to the definitional requirement for stalking. How ever, at the time of the interview, the offender’s actions andvictim’s responses did not rise to the threshold of stalkingvictimization as measured by the SVS.
Few national studies have measured the extent and natureof stalking in the United States. The Department of JusticeOffice on Violence Against Women funded the 2006 SVSas a supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey(NCVS) to enhance empirical knowledge about stalking(see Methodology). The SVS, which represents the largeststudy of stalking conducted to date, incorporated elementscontained in federal and state laws to construct a workingdefinition of stalking.This report presents information on stalking victimization.Harassment is discussed where appropriate to providefuller context. Appendix tables focus solely on stalking vic tims and exclude the people who experienced what thisreport terms as harassment. Persons interested in viewingthe SVS data in its entirety may obtain the data file from theUniversity of Michigan’s Archive of Criminal Justice Data www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD .During a 12-month period an estimated 14 in every1,000 persons age 18 or older were victims of stalkingAn estimated 5.9 million U.S. residents age 18 or olderexperienced behaviors consistent with either stalking orharassment in the 12 months preceding the SVS interview(table 1).1 Of the 5.9 million victims, more than half experi enced behavior that met the definition of stalking. Approxi mately 14 per 1,000 persons age 18 or older experiencedthe repetitive behaviors associated with stalking in additionto feeling fear or experiencing behaviors that would causea reasonable person to feel fear. Harassment victims, whoexperienced a course of conduct consistent with stalkingbut who did not report feeling fear, experienced thesebehaviors at a rate of 10 victimizations per 1,000 personsage 18 or older.About half (46%) of all stalking victims experienced at leastone unwanted contact per week (appendix table 6). Manyvictims of stalking reported being stalked over a period ofmonths or years, and 11% of victims said they had beenstalked for 5 years or more (figure 1). The fears and emo tional distress that stalking engenders are many and var ied. About 1 in 5 victims feared bodily harm to themselves,and 1 in 6 feared for the safety of a child or other familymember.2 About 1 in 10 stalking victims feared being killedby the stalker. About 4 in 10 stalkers threatened the victimor the victim’s family, friends, co-workers, or family pet.31To place this estimate in perspective, there were about 5.2 million violentcrimes—rape/sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simpleassault—committed in 2005.2Table 10 lists the range of fearful reactions about which victimswere surveyed.3Table 13 lists various threats stalkers made to victims.The most common type of stalking behavior victimsexperienced was unwanted phone calls and messagesWith the exception of receiving unwanted letters, e-mails,or other correspondence, stalking victims were more likelythan harassment victims to experience all forms ofunwanted behaviors (table 2). In particular, victims of stalk ing experienced higher levels of three unwanted behaviorsmost commonly associated with stalking. These includedan offender following or spying on the victim, showing up atplaces without a legitimate reason, or waiting outside (orinside) places for the victim. Stalking victims were about3 times more likely to report experiencing these threebehaviors than individuals who were harassed. For exam ple, 34% of stalking victims reported that the offender fol lowed or spied on them compared with 11% of harassmentTable 1. Prevalence of stalking and harassment over the12 months prior to interviewAll victimsStalking victimsHarassment .99.9Note: The total population age 18 or older was 246,500,200 in 2006.Victimization rates are per 1,000 persons age 18 or older.Table 2. Nature of stalking and harassment behaviorsexperienced by victimsAllUnwanted phone calls andmessagesUnwanted letters and e-mailSpreading rumorsFollowing or spyingShowing up at placesWaiting for victimLeaving unwanted presentsNumber of victimsPercent of 57.2%29.419.910.610.28.34.82,432,930Note: Details sum to more than 100% because multiple responseswere permitted.About 10% of victims were stalked for 5 years or moreOnset of unwanted behavior6 months or less7-11 monthsHarassment1 yearStalking2 years3 years4 years5 years or moreDon't know0%10%20%30%Percent of victims40%50%Note: Estimates exclude 1.2% of stalking and 10.2% of harass ment victims due to missing data. All victims experience at leastone unwanted behavior in the year before the interview.Figure 12 Stalking Victimization in the United States
victims who reported experiencing this behavior. Thirty-onepercent of stalking victims reported that the offendersshowed up in places where they had no legitimate purposebeing; approximately 10% of harassment victims reportedthis type of unwanted behavior. Also, 29% of stalking vic tims stated that the offender waited in places for them,while 8% of harassment victims reported this type ofbehavior.Risk of victimization varies more for stalking than forharassmentFemales were at higher risk of stalking victimization thanmales (table 3). During the study period, females experi enced 20 stalking victimizations per 1,000 females age 18or older. The rate of stalking victimization for males wasapproximately 7 per 1,000 males age 18 or older. Malesand females were equally likely to experience harassment.AgeMarital statusThe rate of stalking victimization for individuals who weredivorced or separated was 34 per 1,000 individuals age 18or older—a higher rate of victimization than for persons ofother marital status. Individuals who had never been mar ried (17 per 1,000 individuals) were at a lower risk of stalk ing victimization than divorced or separated persons, butwere at a higher risk of stalking victimization than personswho were married (9 per 1,000) or widowed (8 per 1,000).IncomeAs with crime more generally, a pattern of decreasing riskfor stalking victimization existed for persons residing inhouseholds with higher incomes. Individuals in householdswith an annual income under 7,500 and 7,500 to 14,999 were equally likely to be stalked but more likely tobe victimized than were persons in households with anannual income at or above 25,000.As with victimization risk more generally, risk of beingstalked diminished with age. Persons age 18 to 19 and 20to 24 experienced the highest rates of stalking victimiza tion. About 30 per 1,000 persons age 18 to 19 and 28 per1,000 persons age 20 to 24 were stalked during 2006.Table 3. Characteristics of stalking and harassment victimsRace and Hispanic origin of victimAge18-1920-2425-3435-4950-6465 or olderAsians and Pacific Islanders (7 per 1,000 persons age 18and older) were less likely to experience stalking thanwhites (14 per 1,000), blacks (12 per 1,000), and personsof two or more races (32 per 1,000). Despite apparentracial differences, no other consistent patterns of risk forstalking victimization emerged. Non-Hispanics were morelikely than Hispanics to experience stalking. During thestudy period, non-Hispanics experienced about 14 stalkingvictimizations per 1,000 individuals age 18 and older. Therate for Hispanics during this period was 11 stalking victim izations per 1,000 persons age 18 or older.Stalking lawsWhile the federal government, all 50 states, the Districtof Columbia, and U.S. Territories have enactedcriminal laws to address stalking, the legal definitionfor stalking varies across jurisdictions. State laws varyregarding the element of victim fear and emotionaldistress, as well as the requisite intent of the stalker.Some state laws specify that the victim must havebeen frightened by the stalking, while others requireonly that the stalking behavior would have caused areasonable person to experience fear. In additionstates vary regarding what level of fear is required.Some state laws require prosecutors to establish fearof death or serious bodily harm, while others requireonly that prosecutors establish that the victim sufferedemotional distress. Interstate stalking is defined byfederal law 18 U.S.C. § 2261A.Rate per 1,000 victimsaPopulationAllStalking arital statusNever married79,715,080Married123,633,560Divorced or separated 34.07.510.38.117.88.5Household IncomeLess than 7,500 7,500 - 14,999 15,000 - 24,999 25,000 - 34,999 35,000 - 49,999 50,000 - 74,999 75,000 or merican Indian/Alaska NativeAsian/Pacific IslanderMore than one racebHispanic 8,24022,862,68030,345,14037,956,91056,633,800Note: Table excludes missing data.*Based on 10 or fewer sample cases.abVictimization rates are per 1,000 persons age 18 or older.Includes all persons of any race, including persons who identifytwo or more races.Stalking Victimization in the United States3
Victims were more likely to be stalked by an offender ofthe same age and raceOffender ageIndividuals were more likely to be stalked by offenders ofsimilar age (appendix table 1). Nearly half of victims age21 to 29 were stalked by offenders perceived to also be intheir twenties, and 38% of victims age 30 to 39 perceivedthe offender to also be in their thirties.RaceSimilar to other types of victimization, stalking is primarilyintraracial in nature (appendix table 2). Most (83%) of whitestalking victims perceived the offender to be white com pared to 66% of black stalking victims who perceived theoffender to be black. This pattern of intraracial victimizationchanges for persons of other races. Despite apparent dif ferences, persons of other races were equally likely to bestalked by an offender who was black, white, or of anotherrace.4Number of offendersAbout 6 in 10 stalking victims stated that the perpetratorwas a single offender (appendix table 3). A much lower per centage of victims reported being stalked by two (18%) orthree (13%) offenders.RelationshipAbout a tenth of all victims were stalked by a stranger, andnearly 3 in 4 of all victims knew their offender in somecapacity (table 5). Stalking victims most often identified thestalker as a former intimate (21.5%) or a friend, roommate,or neighbor (16.4%).Offender genderMales were as likely to report being stalked by a male as afemale offender (table 4). Forty-three percent of male stalk ing victims stated that the offender was female, while 41%of male victims stated that the offender was another male.Female victims of stalking were significantly more likely tobe stalked by a male (67%) rather than a female (24%)offender.Stalking is unlike most crimes because a course of conductdesigned to create fear in another person does not neces sarily require that the victim come into contact with theoffender. For example, a victim may receive repeatedthreatening correspondence without knowing the source ofthe communication. Sixteen percent of male stalking vic tims and approximately 10% of female stalking victimswere not able to identify the gender of the offender.Table 5. Victim-offender relationship in stalking tranger10.6%9.7%12.5%Unknown16.9%15.0%20.6%Known, intimateCurrent intimateSpouseBoy/girlfriendFormer intimateEx-spouseEx-boy/girlfriendKnown, otherFriend/roommate/neighborKnown from work orschoolAcquaintanceRelativeNumber of victims4,619,430races include American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, NativeHawaiians, other Pacific Islanders, and persons identifying two or moreraces.Gender of offenderMaleTotalMaleFemaleDon't know100%31.737.930.4Number of der of 531,7701,140,120100%41.320.338.41,289,370Note: Table excludes missing data about offenders from 0.2% of all male victims, 0.1% of all female victims,0.4% of female stalking victims, and 0.3% of female harassment victims. Detail may not sum to 100% dueto rounding.4 Stalking Victimization in the United States1,554,480Includes victims who could identify a single offender who wasmost responsible.Table 4. Perceived gender of the stalking or harassment offender, by victim genderAll3,064,950Note: Table excludes 0.5% of all victims, 0.3% of stalking victims,and 0.7% of harassment victims due to missing data. Detail maynot sum to 100% due to rounding.*Estimate based on 10 or fewer cases.**4OtherPercent of victimsStalkingHarassment
Employment status of the offenderForty-two percent of stalking victims stated that theoffender was employed during the time stalking occurred(appendix table 4). Victims were equally likely to report thatthe offender was unemployed or that the victim was unableto ascertain the employment status of the offender.Problems with the lawThirty-six percent of stalking victims stated that the offenderhad some previous interaction with law enforcement(appendix table 5). A similar percentage of victims (38%)were unable to identify whether the offender had problemswith the law prior to the stalking victimization.One in 10 victims reported that the stalking started5 years or more before the surveyOver half of all victims reported that the stalking or harass ment began “less than a year ago” (figure 1). Harassmentvictims had characteristically experienced the harassingbehavior for a shorter period leading up to the interview(6 months or less). Stalking victims were most likely to bestalked once or twice a week or with no set pattern (appen dix table 6). Nearly a quarter of all victims reported thatthey were stalked almost every day (16.9%) or at leastonce a day (6%).Table 6. Victim perception of reasons stalkingor harassment beganAllRetaliation/anger/spiteControlMentally ill/emotionally unstableLiked me/found me attractive/had crushKeep in relationshipSubstance abuserStalker liked attentionProximity/convenience/I was aloneCatch me doing somethingDifferent cultural beliefs/back groundThought I liked attentionOther reasonsDon't know whyNumber of victimsCyberstalking and electronic monitoringMore than 1 in 4 stalking victims reported some form ofcyberstalking was used, such as e-mail (83%) or instantmessaging (35%) (table 7). Electronic monitoring was usedto stalk 1 in 13 victims. Video or digital cameras wereequally likely as listening devices or bugs to be used toelectronically monitor victims (46% and 42%). Global posi tioning system (GPS) technology comprised about a tenthof the electronic monitoring of stalking 23.816.64.02.419.310.61.82.630.725.75,644,500 3,416,46020.0%13.46.62,228,050Note: Table excludes 3.6% of all victims, 0.2% of stalking victims, and8.4% of harassment victims due to missing data. Details sum to morethan 100% because multiple responses were permitted.Table 7. Involvement of cyberstalking or electronicmonitoring in stalking and harassmentAllTotalPercent of victimsStalking Harassment100%100%100%No cyberstalking or elec tronic monitoring involved72.7%73.2%72.1%Any type of cyberstalkingor electronic monitoringCyberstalkingElectronic monitoringDon't ercent of cyberstalkinginvolving —aE-mailInstant messengerBlogs or bulletin boardsInternet sites about victimChat 0.712.88.13.4*Percent of electronicmonitoring involving —bComputer spywareVideo/digital camerasListening im perception of why stalking beganThe most common reasons victims perceived for the stalk ing were retaliation, anger, spite (37%), or desire to controlthe victim (33%) (table 6). About 1 in 6 victims believed thestalking started to keep him or her in the relationship withthe offender, and 1 in 10 reported the stalking began whileliving with the offender (not referenced in a table). About atenth of victims did not know why the stalking began.Percent of all victimsStalking HarassmentNumberNote: Table excludes 8.8% of all victims, 7.8% of stalking victims, and10.2% of harassment victims due to missing data. Details sum tomore than 100% because multiple responses were permitted.*Estimate based on 10 or fewer samples.aBased on 1,217,680 total victims, 677,870 stalking victims, and539,820 harassment victims who experienced cyberstalking.bBased on 314,400 total victims, 244,880 stalking victims, and 69,530harassment victims who experienced electronic monitoring.Stalking Victimization in the United States5
One in 7 victims reported they moved as a result of thestalkingThe most common types of actions victims took to stop thestalking from continuing were to change usual activitiesoutside of work or school, stay with family, or install callerID or call blocking (table 8). The least frequent actionstaken were to alter one’s appearance or get pepper spray,a gun, or some other kind of weapon. Forty percent ofstalking victims did not change their usual activities outsideof work or school, take protective actions, or change theirpersonal information.Reasons stalking stoppedAt the time of the interview, 3 in 5 of the victims reportedthe stalking had stopped, while about 2 in 5 reported it wasongoing (appendix table 7). The most common victim perceptions for why the unwanted contacts stopped were thatthe police warned the stalker (15.6%), the victim talked tothe stalker (13.3%), or a friend or relative intervened(12.2%). About a tenth of victims attributed the cessation ofthe unwanted behavior to obtaining a restraining, protec tion, or stay away order.Emotional impactHelp from othersSeven in 10 victims of stalking sought help to protect themselves or to stop the stalking (table 9). Victims were mostlikely to enlist the help of family or friends, followed by asking people not to release information about him or her (43%versus 33%). About 7% of victims contacted victim services, a shelter, or a helpline.Table 8. Whether stalking or harassment victims tookactions to protect themselves or stop unwanted behaviorsAllChanged usual activities outsidework or schoolChanged day-to-day activitiesStayed with familyTook time off work or schoolAvoided family/friendsChanged route to work or schoolChanged or quit job or schoolAltered appearanceTook protective actionsInstalled caller ID/call blockingChanged telephone numberChanged locks/got securitysystemGot pepper sprayGot a gunGot another kind of weaponTook self-defense classesPercent of victimsStalking HarassmentMore than 7 in 10 of all victims felt angry or annoyed at thebeginning of the unwanted contacts or as they progressed(table 11). Stalking victims were about twice as likely asharassment victims to feel anxious or concerned at theTable 9. Types of help sought by stalking or .5*8.74.01.91.80.9Changed personal informationChanged email addressChanged social security number5.9%0.36.9%0.2*4.4%0.3*Did not change behaviors listed55.1%39.7%76.9%NumberFor stalking victims, the most common fear cited was notknowing what would happen next (table 10). Nine percentof stalking victims reported their worst fear was death.Twenty-nine percent of stalking victims feared the behaviorwould never stop. More than half of the stalking victimsfeared bodily harm to themselves, their child, or anotherfamily member.5,857,0303,424,100 2,432,930Note: Details sum to more than 100% because multiple responseswere permitted.*Estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases.6 Stalking Victimization in the United StatesAllTotalEnlisted help of friends/familyAsked people not to releaseinformationTalked to boss/employerTalked to an attorneyObtained a restraining/protection/stay away orderTalked to a mental healthprofessionalContacted building/office securityTalked to clergy/faith leaderTalked to a doctor or nurseContacted victim services/shelter/help lineHired a private investigatorDid not seek help**Number of victimsPercent of victimsStalking 57,030 3,424,1002,432,930Note: Details sum to more than 100% because multiple responseswere permitted.*Estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases.**Victimsmight have sought help from someone other than thoselisted above.
beginning of the unwanted contacts (52.7% versus 25.4%).As the unwanted contacts progressed, about 15% of stalk ing victims felt depressed or sick, and 1% reported feelingsuicidal.Workplace impactOf the 79% of stalking victims who had a job during the12 months preceding the interview, about 1 in 8 lost timefrom work because of fear for their safety or to pursueactivities such as obtaining a restraining order or testifyingin court (appendix table 8). Seven percent of victims losttime from work for activities such as changing a phoneTable 10. Victims’ worst fears resulting from stalkingPercent of victimNot knowing what would happen nextBehavior would never stopBodily harmHarm or kidnap childHarm other family memberLoss of freedomDeathLoss of jobHarm current partnerLosing one's mindOtherDon't knowNumber of 3number, moving, or fixing or replacing damaged property.For 1 in 7 of these victims, a day or less was lost from work(appendix table 9). More than half of victims lost 5 or moredays from work. About 130,000 victims reported that theyhad been fired from or asked to leave their jobs because ofthe stalking (not referenced in table).Financial impact of stalking on victimAbout 3 in 10 of stalking victims accrued out-of-pocketcosts for things such as attorney fees, damage to property,child care costs, moving expenses, or changing phonenumbers (appendix table 10). About a tenth of victimsspent less than 250, while 13% spent 1,000 or more.About 296,000 stalking victims lost pay from work (appen dix table 11). Over half of the victims lost less than 1,000of pay, and 8% of victims lost 5,000 in pay or more.Stalkers commit various types of crimes againsttheir victimsStalking offenders committed identity theft against about204,000 victims. Over half of these victims had financialaccounts opened or closed in their names or money takenfrom their accounts, and 3 in 10 of these victims had itemscharged to their credit cards without their consent.Any identity theft204,230 100%Opened/closed accounts110,850 54.3Took money from accounts 105,130 51.5Charged items to credit card 60,790 29.83,416,900Note: Table excludes 0.2% of stalking victims due to miss ing data. Details sum to more than 100% because multipleresponses were permitted.Note: Estimates exclude 0.1% of missing data.Details sum to more than 100% because multipleresponses were permitted.Table 11. How the victim felt when the stalking or harassment began and progressedAllBeginning HelplessDepressedSickSuicidalOther wayNumber of 2%36.225.716.410.29.80.910.15,530,940Percent of victimsStalkingBeginning ProgressedHarassmentBeginning 41.723.415.214.71.48.978.1%25.43.2*4.82.82.2* 12.481.4%19.4 a5.12.31.8 b11.93,416,4303,406,2202,157,9802,124,720Note: Table excludes 4.8% of all victims, 5.6% of all stalking victims, and 0.2% of harassment victims at thebeginning of the behaviors and 0.5% of all victims, 11.3% of all stalking victims, and 12.7% of harassmentvictims as the behaviors progressed due to missing data. Details sum to more than 100% because multipleresponses were permitted.*Estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases. Not applicable.abHarassment victims, by definition, were not frightened as the unwanted behaviors progressed.Harassment victims, by definition, did not report feeling suicidal as a result of the unwanted behaviors.Stalking Victimization in the United States7
About 16% of all victims suffered property damage in con junction with the stalking (table 12). Among stalking victims,the most common type of violent crime experienced in con junction with stalking was to be hit, slapped, or knockeddown (12.3%). About 6% of the stalking victims had a fam ily member, friend, or co-worker who was attacked.Weapon involvement and injuriesAbout 139,000 stalking victims were attacked with aweapon. Stalkers were equally likely to use a knife, bluntinstrument, or other object, and 23% of the weapons usedwere handguns. Of the 279,000 victims who were injured inan attack, nearly all (99%) of these victims sustained minorbruises and other injuries. About a fifth sustained seriousinjuries, including gunshot or knife wounds, internal inju ries, or broken bones.Weapon used in attackKnife/other sharp objectHandgunBlunt or other stimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases.Injuries sustained in attacksRape/sexual assaultSerious injuriesMinor or other 2Note: Details sum to more than 100% becausemultiple responses were permitted.*Estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases.ThreatsStalkers made one or more threats to 43% of victims(table 13). Stalking offenders were most likely to threaten tohit, slap, or otherwise harm the victim (13.6%) or to kill thevictim (12.1%). Somewhat less likely was the stalker threat ening to kill himself or herself (9.2%). Less than 5% of thethreats involved harm to a child, friend, co-worker, pet, orthe threat of rape or sexual assault.Stalking victimization was equally likely to be reportedto po
Aug 15, 2012 · states vary regarding what level of fear is required. Some state laws require prosecutors to establish fear of death or serious bodily harm, while others require only that prosecutors establish that the victim suffered emotional distress. In
gang stalking methods, flashmob, noise campaigns, work place mobbing, electronic harassment, Stalking America, stalking behavior, stalking harassment, stalking research, electronic stalking, publicly funded victim groups, gang stalking list, gang stalking members, gang stalking group members, and stalking. (Id. at 24.) From this search .
frequency and duration of the stalking. FIGURE 1 Prevalence of stalking, by type of stalking, 2016 . Percent of all persons age 16 or older 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.5 † 0.3 † 1.5 0.7 Total Traditional stalking Stalking with Both traditional only. a . technology only. b . stalking and stalking with technology*
do anything to help. The portion of all stalking victims citing this reason grew from 27% to 33% during this period, while the percentage of traditional stalking victims citing this reason rose from 21% to 39%. Figure 2 Percent of stalking victims who reported to police, by type of stalking, 2016 and 2019. Percent of stalking victims 0 10 20 30 .
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
prevalence of stalking, summarizes different stalking behaviors and different types of stalkers, and looks at the crime of stalking from the perspective of its victims. Chapter 3 explores why stalking is so difficult to identify and investigate and why conventional policing techniques are inadequate in responding to the needs of stalking victims.
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
