The American Indian And Alaska Native Population: 2010
The American Indian and AlaskaNative Population: 2010Issued January 20122010 Census BriefsC2010BR-10INTRODUCTIONAccording to the 2010 Census,5.2 million people in the United Statesidentified as American Indian andAlaska Native, either alone or in combination with one or more other races.Out of this total, 2.9 million peopleidentified as American Indian andAlaska Native alone. Almost half ofthe American Indian and Alaska Nativepopulation, or 2.3 million people,reported being American Indian andAlaska Native in combination with oneor more other races. The AmericanIndian and Alaska Native in combination population experienced rapidgrowth, increasing by 39 percentsince 2000.This report provides a portrait ofthe American Indian and Alaska Nativepopulation in the United States and discusses that population’s distribution at thenational level and at lower levels of geography.1 It is part of a series that analyzespopulation and housing data collectedfrom the 2010 Census.The data for this report are based on the2010 Census Redistricting Data (PublicLaw 94-171) Summary File, which was thefirst 2010 Census data product releasedwith data on race and Hispanic origin,including information on the AmericanIndian and Alaska Native population,and was provided to each state for usein drawing boundaries for legislative1This report discusses data for the 50 states andthe District of Columbia, but not Puerto Rico.Figure 1.Reproduction of the Question onRace From the 2010 CensusSource: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census questionnaire.districts.2 Data for this report alsocome from the 2010 Census SummaryFile 1, which was the first 2010 Censusdata product to provide information onselected detailed American Indian andAlaska Native tribal groupings, such asNavajo, Cherokee, or Inupiat.3, 42Information on the 2010 Census RedistrictingData (Public Law 94-171) Summary File is availableonline at ng-data.php .3Information on the 2010 Census Summary File 1is available online at e-1.html .4American Indian tribal groupings refer to thecombining of individual American Indian tribes, suchas Fort Sill Apache, Mescalero Apache, and San CarlosApache, into the general Apache tribal grouping. ForAlaska Natives, tribal groupings refer to the combiningof individual Alaska Native tribes, such as King SalmonTribe, Native Village of Kanatak, and Sun’aq Tribe ofKodiak, into the general Aleut tribal grouping.U.S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics AdministrationU.S. CENSUS BUREAUByTina Norris,Paula L. Vines,andElizabeth M. Hoeffel
UNDERSTANDING RACEDATA FROM THE 2010CENSUSThe 2010 Census usedfederal standards to collectand present data on race.For the 2010 Census, the questionon race was asked of individuals living in the United States (seeFigure 1). An individual’s responseto the race question was basedupon self-identification. The U.S.Census Bureau collects informationon race following the guidance ofthe U.S. Office of Management andBudget’s (OMB) 1997 Revisions tothe Standards for the Classificationof Federal Data on Race andEthnicity.5 These federal standardsmandate that race and Hispanicorigin (ethnicity) are separate anddistinct concepts and that whencollecting these data via self- identification, two different questions must be used.6Starting in 1997, OMB requiredfederal agencies to use a minimumof five race categories: White, Blackor African American, AmericanIndian or Alaska Native, Asian, andNative Hawaiian or Other PacificIslander. For respondents unableto identify with any of these fiverace categories, OMB approvedthe Census Bureau’s inclusion ofa sixth category—Some OtherRace—on the Census 2000 and2010 Census questionnaires. The1997 OMB standards also allowed5The 1997 Revisions to the Standards forthe Classification of Federal Data on Race andEthnicity, issued by OMB, is available at www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg1997standards .6The OMB requires federal agencies touse a minimum of two ethnicities: Hispanicor Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino. Hispanicorigin can be viewed as the heritage,nationality group, lineage, or country ofbirth of the person or the person’s parents orancestors before their arrival in the UnitedStates. People who identify their origin asHispanic, Latino, or Spanish may be of anyrace. “Hispanic or Latino” refers to a personof Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South orCentral American, or other Spanish culture ororigin regardless of race.2DEFINITION OF AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKANATIVE USED IN THE 2010 CENSUSAccording to OMB, “American Indian or Alaska Native” refers to aperson having origins in any of the original peoples of North andSouth America (including Central America) and who maintains tribalaffiliation or community attachment.The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes peoplewho marked the “American Indian or Alaska Native” checkbox orreported entries such as Navajo, Blackfeet, Inupiat, Yup’ik, or CentralAmerican Indian groups or South American Indian groups.for respondents to identify withmore than one race. The definitionof the American Indian or AlaskaNative racial category used in the2010 Census is presented in thetext box above.Data on race have been collectedsince the first U.S. decennial censusin 1790. The 1860 Census was thefirst to enumerate American Indiansas a separate race group, and the1890 Census was the first to countAmerican Indians throughout thecountry. Alaska Natives, in Alaska,have been counted in variousrespects since the 1880 Census,generally under the AmericanIndian category, but were enumerated as a separate group startingwith the 1940 Census. All statesbegan collecting data separatelyfor Eskimos and Aleuts in 1980.Census 2000 used a combinedresponse category, “AmericanIndian or Alaska Native,” and adedicated write-in line to collectinformation on the American Indianand Alaska Native population,which is similar to the way in whichthe data were collected for the2010 Census.77For information about comparabilityof 2010 Census data on race and Hispanicorigin to data collected in previous censuses,see the 2010 Census Redistricting Data(Public Law 94-171) Summary File—TechnicalDocumentation at www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf .In Census 2000, for the first time,individuals were presented with theoption to self-identify with morethan one race, and this continuedwith the 2010 Census, as prescribed by OMB. There are 57 possible multiple-race combinationsinvolving the five OMB race categories and Some Other Race.8The 2010 Census question on raceincluded 15 separate responsecategories and three areas whererespondents could write in detailedinformation about their race (seeFigure 1).9 The response categories and write-in answers can becombined to create the five minimum OMB race categories plusSome Other Race. In addition toWhite, Black or African American,American Indian and Alaska Native,8The 2010 Census provides informationon the population reporting more than onerace, as well as detailed race combinations(e.g., American Indian and Alaska Native andWhite; American Indian and Alaska Nativeand White and Black or African American). Inthis report, the multiple-race categories aredenoted with the conjunction and in boldand italicized print to indicate the separaterace groups that constitute the particularcombination.9There were two changes to the questionon race for the 2010 Census. First, the wording of the race question was changed from“What is this person’s race? Mark one ormore races to indicate what this person considers himself/herself to be” in 2000 to “Whatis this person’s race? Mark one or moreboxes” for 2010. Second, in 2010, exampleswere added to the “Other Asian” responsecategory (Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani,Cambodian, and so on) and the “Other PacificIslander” response category (Fijian, Tongan,and so on). In 2000, no examples were givenin the race question.U.S. Census Bureau
and Some Other Race, 7 of the15 response categories are Asiangroups and 4 are Native Hawaiianand Other Pacific Islander groups.10For a complete explanation of therace categories used in the 2010Census, see the 2010 Census Brief,Overview of Race and HispanicOrigin: 2010.11RACE ALONE, RACE INCOMBINATION, AND RACEALONE-OR-IN-COMBINATIONCONCEPTSThis report presents data for theAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativepopulation and focuses on resultsfor three major conceptual groups.First, people who responded tothe question on race by indicatingonly one race are referred to as therace alone population, or the groupwho reported only one race. Forexample, respondents who markedonly the “American Indian or AlaskaNative” category on the censusquestionnaire would be includedin the American Indian andAlaska Native alone population.Respondents who reported morethan one tribe, such as Navajo andPima, would also be included inthe American Indian and AlaskaNative alone population. TheAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativealone population can be viewed asthe minimum number of people10The race categories included in thecensus questionnaire generally reflect a socialdefinition of race recognized in this countryand are not an attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically, or genetically. In addition, it is recognized that the categories ofthe race question include race and nationalorigin or sociocultural groups.11Humes, K., N. Jones, and R. Ramirez.2011. Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010, U.S. Census Bureau, 2010Census Briefs, C2010BR-02, available at www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf .U.S. Census Bureaureporting American Indian andAlaska Native.Second, individuals who chosemore than one of the six race categories are referred to as the racein combination population, or asthe group who reported more thanone race. For example, respondentswho reported they were AmericanIndian and Alaska Native and Whiteor reported they were AmericanIndian and Alaska Native and Whiteand Black would be included in theAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativein combination population.12 Thispopulation is also referred to as themultiple-race American Indian andAlaska Native population.Third, the maximum number ofpeople reporting American Indianor Alaska Native is reflected inthe American Indian and AlaskaNative alone-or-in-combinationpopulation. One way to definethe American Indian and AlaskaNative population is to combinethose respondents who reportedAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativealone with those who reportedAmerican Indian and AlaskaNative in combination with oneor more other races. The additionof these two groups creates theAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativealone-or-in- combination population. Another way to think of theAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativealone-or-in-combination population is the total number of peoplewho reported American Indian orAlaska Native, whether or not theyreported any other race(s).Throughout the report, the discussion of the American Indian andAlaska Native population includes12The terms “Black” and “Black or AfricanAmerican” are used interchangeably in thisreport.results for each of these groupsand highlights the diversity withinthe entire American Indian andAlaska Native population.13THE AMERICAN INDIANAND ALASKA NATIVEPOPULATION: A SNAPSHOTThe 2010 Census showed that theU.S. population on April 1, 2010,was 308.7 million. Out of the totalU.S. population, 2.9 million people,or 0.9 percent, were AmericanIndian and Alaska Native alone (seeTable 1). In addition, 2.3 millionpeople, or another 0.7 percent,reported American Indian andAlaska Native in combination withone or more other races.14 Together,these two groups totaled 5.2 million people. Thus, 1.7 percent of allpeople in the United States identified as American Indian and AlaskaNative, either alone or in combination with one or more other races.The American Indian andAlaska Native populationincreased at a faster rate thanthe total population.The total U.S. population grew by9.7 percent, from 281.4 millionin 2000 to 308.7 million in 2010(see Table 1). In comparison, theAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativealone population increased almosttwice as fast as the total U.S.13As a matter of policy, the Census Bureaudoes not advocate the use of the alonepopulation over the alone-or-in-combinationpopulation or vice versa. The use of the alonepopulation in sections of this report does notimply that it is a preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The same is truefor sections of this report that focus on thealone-or-in-combination population. Data onrace from the 2010 Census can be presentedand discussed in a variety of ways.14For the purposes of this report, theterms “reported,” “identified,” and “classified” are used interchangeably to refer to theresponse provided by respondents as well asresponses assigned during the editing andimputation process.3
Table 1.American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2000 and 2010(For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 010Percentageof totalNumber populationRaceTotal population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian and Alaska Native alone orin combination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian and Alaska Native alone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian and Alaska Native in combination. . . . . . . . .American Indian and Alaska Native; White. . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian and Alaska Native; Black orAfrican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian and Alaska Native; White; Black orAfrican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian and Alaska Native; Some Other Race. . . .American Indian and Alaska Native; Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . .All other combinations including American Indian andAlaska Native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Not American Indian and Alaska Native alone orin combination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281,421,906Change, 2000 to 2010Percentageof totalNumber population100.0 308,745,538100.0Number 61,48251.498.5 303,524,95998.326,222,3549.5277,302,605– Percentage rounds to 0.0.Note: In Census 2000, an error in data processing resulted in an overstatement of the Two or More Races population by about 1 million people (about 15percent) nationally, which almost entirely affected race combinations involving Some Other Race. Therefore, data users should assess observed changes in racecombinations involving Some Other Race between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census with caution. Changes in specific race combinations not involving SomeOther Race, such as American Indian and Alaska Native and Black or African American, or American Indian and Alaska Native and Asian, generally should bemore comparable.Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table PL1; and 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law94-171) Summary File, Table P1.population, growing by 18 percentfrom 2.5 million to 2.9 million.15, 16The American Indian and AlaskaNative alone-or-in-combination population experienced faster growththan both the total U.S. populationand the American Indian and AlaskaNative alone population, growingby 27 percent from 4.1 million in2000 to 5.2 million in 2010.15Percentages shown in text generally arerounded to the nearest integer, while thoseshown in tables and figures are shown withdecimals. All rounding is based on unroundedcalculations. Thus, due to rounding, somepercentages shown in tables and figuresending in “5” may round either up or down.For example, unrounded numbers of 14.49and 14.51 would both be shown as 14.5 ina table, but would be cited in the text as 14and 15, respectively.16The observed changes in the race countsbetween Census 2000 and the 2010 Censuscould be attributed to a number of factors.Demographic change since 2000, whichincludes births and deaths in a geographicarea and migration in and out of a geographicarea, will have an impact on the resulting 2010Census counts. Additionally, some changes inthe race question’s wording and format sinceCensus 2000 could have influenced reportingpatterns in the 2010 Census.4MULTIPLE-RACE REPORTINGAMONG THE AMERICANINDIAN AND ALASKANATIVE POPULATIONOther Pacific Islander population had the largest percentage(56 percent) reporting more thanone race.18Nearly half of the AmericanIndian and Alaska Nativepopulation reportedmultiple races.American Indians and AlaskaNatives reporting more thanone race increased at a fasterrate than the American Indianand Alaska Native alonepopulation.Of the 5.2 million people whoreported American Indian andAlaska Native, 2.9 million identified as American Indian and AlaskaNative alone (see Table 1). An additional 2.3 million people reportedAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativein combination with one or moreother races. Of the five OMB racegroups, the American Indian andAlaska Native population had thesecond-largest percentage (44percent) reporting more than onerace.17 The Native Hawaiian and17Humes, K., N. Jones, and R. Ramirez.2011. Overview of Race and HispanicOrigin: 2010, U.S. Census Bureau, 2010Census Briefs, C2010BR-02, available at www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf .From 2000 to 2010, the multiplerace American Indian andAlaska Native population grewby 645,000. The multiple-raceAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativepopulation grew at a considerablyfaster rate (39 percent) than theAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativealone population (18 percent) from2000 to 2010 (see Table 1).18Information on national-level 2010Census redistricting data (Public Law94-171) for race groups is available online at ng.html .U.S. Census Bureau
Among American Indians andAlaska Natives, the largestmultiple-race combination wasAmerican Indian and AlaskaNative and White.Among the 2.3 million peoplewho reported they were AmericanIndian and Alaska Native andone or more additional races, themajority (1.4 million or 63 percent) identified as American Indianand Alaska Native and White (seeTable 1). This was followed byAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativeand Black, with 269,000, andby American Indian and AlaskaNative and White and Black,with 231,000. Together, thesethree combinations accounted forabout 84 percent of all AmericanIndians and Alaska Natives whoreported multiple races.The American Indian and AlaskaNative and White and Black population more than doubled in size,from about 112,000 in 2000 to231,000 in 2010. The AmericanIndian and Alaska Native and Whiteand Black population’s share of allmultiple-race American Indians andAlaska Natives also increased byabout 3 percentage points.The American Indian and AlaskaNative and Black population grewby about one-half in size, increasing from 182,000 to 269,000 overthe last 10 years. The AmericanIndian and Alaska Native and Blackpopulation increased slightly as aproportion of the American Indianand Alaska Native in combinationpopulation, rising by nearly 1 percentage point.The American Indian and AlaskaNative and White populationgrew by about one-third in size,U.S. Census BureauFigure 2.Percentage Distribution of the American Indian andAlaska Native Population by Region: 2000 and 2010(For informati
5.2 million people in the United States . identified as American Indian and Alaska Native, either alone or in com-bination with one or more other races. Out of this total, 2.9 million people identified as American Indian and Alaska Native alone. Almost half of the American Indian and Alaska Native population, or 2.3 million people,
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