SECTION 3 Grassland, Desert, And Tundra Biomes
SECTION 3Grassland, Desert, and Tundra BiomesSavannasParts of Africa, western India, northern Australia, and some partsof South America are covered by grassland called savanna.Savannas are located in tropical and subtropical areas near theequator and between tropical rain forest and desert biomes.Because savannas are full of grasses, scattered trees, and shrubs,savannas contain a large variety of grazing animals and the predators that hunt them. As shown in Figure 16, savannas receive little precipitation throughout the year. Savannas have a wet seasonand a dry season. Many animals of the savanna are active onlyduring the wet season. Grass fires sweep across the savanna during the dry season and help restore nutrients to the soil.왘 Describe the difference betweentropical and temperate grasslands.왘 Describe the climate in a chaparralbiome.왘 Describe two desert animals andthe adaptations that help themsurvive.왘 Describe one threat to the tundrabiome.Key Termssavannatemperate grasslandchaparraldeserttundrapermafrostFigure 16 왘 Savannas have periodsof heavy rainfall followed by periodsof drought.Tropical Savanna(Nairobi, Kenya)Precipitation (cm)Plants of the Savanna Because most of the rain falls duringthe wet season, plants must be able to survive prolonged periods without water. Therefore, some trees and grasses havelarge horizontal root systems by which they obtain water during the dry season. These root systems also enable plants toquickly grow again after a fire. The coarse savanna grasseshave vertical leaves that expose less of their surface area to thehot sun to further help the grasses conserve water. Some treesof the savanna also lose their leaves during the dry season toconserve water. Trees and shrubs often have thorns or sharpleaves that keep hungry herbivores –3010–405–500Temperature ( C)In climates that have less rainfall, forest biomes are replaced bysavanna, grassland, and chaparral biomes. As less rain falls inthese biomes, they change into desert and tundra biomes. As precipitation decreases in an area, the diversity of the species in thearea also decreases. But while the number of different species isoften smaller in areas that have less precipitation, the number ofindividuals of each species present may be very large.–60J F MAM J J A S ONDMonthsSection 3 Grassland, Desert, and Tundra Biomes 155Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Figure 17 왘 Herbivores of thesavanna reduce their competition forfood by feeding on vegetation locatedat different heights. Elephants feed ontree leaves, while impala graze ongrasses.GeofactDeep Soil Gravel or sand becomesfertile soil when decomposersslowly break down organic mattersuch as dead leaves. Decomposerswork most effectively in hot, wetweather. As a result, the world’sdeepest soil is in grasslands. Ingrassland biomes, winters are coldand summers are dry, which causesleaves to break down slowly. So,organic matter builds up over time.Some North American prairies hadmore than 2 m of topsoil when thefirst farmers arrived.Animals of the Savanna Grazing herbivores such as the elephantsshown in Figure 17, have adopted a migratory way of life. Theyfollow the rains to areas of newly sprouted grass and wateringholes. Some predators follow and stalk the migratory animals forfood. Many savanna animals give birth only during the rainy season, when food is most abundant and the young are more likely tosurvive. Also, some species of herbivores reduce competition forfood by eating vegetation at different heights than other species do.For example, small gazelles graze on grasses, black rhinos browseon shrubs, and giraffes feed on tree leaves.Temperate GrasslandsA temperate grassland is a biome that is dominated by grassesand that has very few trees. Most temperate grasslands have hotsummers and cold winters. The amount of rainfall that a temperate grassland receives is moderate compared to the amount a forest receives. On average, a temperate grassland can receive 50 to88 cm of precipitation per year, as shown in Figure 18. Althoughtemperate grasslands may seem harsh and dry, they have the mostfertile soil of any biome. So, many grassland biomes have beenreplaced with crops such as corn, soybeans, and wheat. Few natural temperate grasslands remain because many have been replacedby farms and grazing areas.Figure 18 왘 Temperate grasslandsare characterized by small amountsof rainfall, periodic droughts, andhigh temperatures in the ��405–500Temperature ( C)Precipitation (cm)Temperate Grassland(Wichita, Kansas)–60J F MAM J J A S ONDMonths156 Chapter 6 BiomesCopyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Temperate grasslands are located on the interiors of continentswhere too little rain falls for trees to grow. Grassland biomesinclude the prairies of North America, the steppes of Russia andUkraine, and the pampas of South America, as shown in Figure 19.Mountains often play a crucial role in maintaining grasslands. Forexample, in North America, rain clouds from the west are blockedby the Rocky Mountains, so the shortgrass prairie east of the mountains receives only about 25 cm of rain a year. Rainfall increases asyou move eastward, so taller grasses and some shrubs can grow inareas where more rain falls. Heavy precipitation is rare in the grasslands, so sizzling temperatures in the summer make the grasslandssusceptible to fires, which are common in grassland biomes.Plants of Temperate Grasslands Prairie grasses and wildflowersare perennials, plants that survive from year to year. The root systems of prairie grasses form dense layers that survive drought andfire as well as hold the soil in place. The amount of rainfall in anarea determines the types of plants that will grow in that area.Figure 20 shows how root depth and grass height vary dependingon the amount of rainfall. Few trees survive on the grasslandsbecause of the lack of rainfall, fire, and the constant winds.Shortgrass prairie(about 25 cmrain per year)Mixed ormiddlegrass prairie(about 50 cmrain per year)Tallgrass prairie(up to 88 cmrain per year)Figure 19 왘 Temperate grasslandscan be named according to the vegetation that grows there. Steppes (left),have shorter grasses and are located inEurope and Asia. Pampas (right), aremade up of clusters of feathery grassesand are located in South America.Connection toHistoryThe State of Bison More than60 million bison once roamed thetemperate grasslands of NorthAmerica. But these large grasseating mammals were almostbrought to extinction by the late1800s because of hunting bywestern settlers. By 1889, fewerthan 1,100 bison remained inNorth America! The first bill tosave the bison was introduced byCongress in 1874. In 1903,President Theodore Rooseveltstarted the National WildlifeRefuge System to provide protected areas for bison and otheranimals. Today, North Americahas more than 200,000 bison.Figure 20 왘 The height of grasslandplants and the depth of their rootsdepend on the amount of rainfallthat the grasslands receive.Section 3 Grassland, Desert, and Tundra Biomes 157Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Figure 21 왘 Prairie dogs, such asthose shown here, live in temperategrasslands. Prairie dogs live incolonies and burrow in the groundto build mounds, holes, and tunnels.QuickLABSponging It UpProcedure1. Completely saturate two smallsponges with water and allowthe excess water to drain off.2. Measure each sponge’s mass byusing an electric balance.Record the mass.3. Using plastic wrap, completelycover one of the sponges.4. Place the sponges outside ina sunny place for 10 to 15minutes.5. Measure each sponge’s massafter removing it from outside.Record the mass.Analysis1. Which sponge lost the mostmass? Why?2. How was the covering you created for the sponge similar tothe adaptations of the plants inthe chaparral biome?Animals of Temperate Grasslands Grazing animals, such aspronghorn antelope and bison, have large, flat back teeth forchewing the coarse prairie grasses. Other grassland animals, suchas badgers, prairie dogs, and owls, live protected in undergroundburrows as shown in Figure 21. The burrows shield the animalsfrom fire and weather and protect them from predators on theopen grasslands.Threats to Temperate Grasslands Farming and overgrazing havechanged the grasslands. Grain crops cannot hold the soil in placeas well as native grasses can because the roots of crops are shallow, so soil erosion eventually occurs. Erosion is also caused byovergrazing. When grasses are constantly eaten and trampled, thegrasses cannot regenerate or hold the soil. This constant use canchange fruitful grasslands into less productive, desertlike biomes.ChaparralPlants that have leathery leaves are commonly found in temperatewoodland biomes. Temperate woodland biomes have fairly dryclimates but receive enough rainfall to support more plants thana desert does. Temperate woodlands consist of scattered treecommunities made up of coniferous trees such as piñon pines andjunipers, as shown in Figure 22.Chaparral is a type of temperate woodland biome that isdominated by more broad-leafed evergreen shrubs than by evergreen trees. Look at the famous white letters that spell HollywoodFigure 22 왘 Temperate woodlandsare usually too dry to support a forest, but they receive sufficient precipitation to support vegetation thatgrows in bunches, such as the piñonand juniper trees shown here.158 Chapter 6 BiomesCopyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
across green and brown California hills in Figure 23. Now imaginethe scrub-covered settings common in old westerns. Both of theselandscapes are part of the chaparral biome. As shown in Figure 24,chaparral is located in the middle latitudes, about 30 north andsouth of the equator. Chaparral is located primarily in coastalareas that have Mediterranean climates. Chaparral biomes typically have warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters.Figure 23 왘 The chaparral biome inthe Hollywood hills is home to plantssuch as the manzanita, which isshown above.Plants of the Chaparral Most chaparral plants are low-lying, evergreen shrubs and small trees that tend to grow in dense patches.Common chaparral plants include chamise, manzanita, scrub oak,olive trees, and herbs, such as sage and bay. These plants havesmall, leathery leaves that retain water. The leaves also contain oilsthat promote burning, which is an advantage because natural firesdestroy trees that might compete with chaparral plants for light andspace. Chaparral plants are so well adapted to fire that they canresprout from small bits of surviving plant tissue. The flammableoils give plants such as sage their characteristic taste and smell.Figure 24 왘 Chaparral biomes arelocated in areas that haveMediterranean climates.Chaparral(Santa Barbara, California)Precipitation (cm)Threats to the Chaparral Worldwide, the greatest threat to chaparral is human development. Because chaparral biomes get a lot ofsun, are near the oceans, and a have a mild climate year-round,humans tend to develop land for commercial and residential 05–500Temperature ( C)Animals of the Chaparral A common adaptation of chaparral animals is camouflage, shape or coloring that allows an animal toblend into its environment. Animals such as quail, lizards, chipmunks, and mule deer have a brownish gray coloring that lets themmove through the brush without being noticed.–60J F MAM J J A S ONDMonthsSection 3 Grassland, Desert, and Tundra Biomes 159Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
�500Temperature ( C)Precipitation (cm)Desert(Cairo, Egypt)–60J F MAM J J A S ONDMonthsFigure 25 왘 Deserts are the driestplaces on Earth. They typicallyreceive less than 25 cm of precipitation a year.DesertsWhen some people think of a desert, they think of the hot sandthat surrounds the Egyptian pyramids. Other people picture theSonoran Desert and its mighty saguaro cactuses, or the magnificentrock formations of Monument Valley in Arizona and Utah. Manykinds of deserts are located throughout the world, but one characteristic that they share is that they are the driest places on Earth.Deserts are areas that receive less than 25 cm of precipitationa year and have little or no vegetation. Deserts, as shown in Figure25, also have extreme temperatures. Hot deserts, such as Arizona’sSonoran Desert and the Sahara in Africa, are closer to the equatorthan are cold deserts, such as the Gobi Desert in China and theGreat Basin of the western United States. Deserts are often locatedin areas near large mountain ranges because mountains can blockthe passage of moisture-filled clouds, which limits precipitation.왘 The flapnecked chameleon livesin the deserts of Botswana.왘 The plants of the Sonoran Desertin Arizona collect and retain waterafter rain showers to survive thehot desert temperatures.160 Chapter 6 Biomes160Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Plants of the Desert All desert plants have adaptations forobtaining and conserving water, which allows the plants to live indry, desert conditions. Plants called succulents, such as cactuses,have thick, fleshy stems and leaves that store water. Their leavesalso have a waxy coating that prevents water loss. Sharp spineson cactuses keep thirsty animals from devouring the plant’s juicyflesh. Rainfall rarely penetrates deeply into the soil, so manyplants’ roots spread out just under the surface of the soil toabsorb as much rain as possible.Instead of living in dry conditions, some desert plants areadapted to survive for long periods of time without water. Whenconditions are too dry, some plants die and drop seeds that staydormant in the soil until the next rainfall. Then, new plants quicklygerminate, grow, and bloom before the soil becomes dry again.Some desert plants have adapted so that they can survive even iftheir water content drops to as low as 30 percent of their mass.Water levels below 50 to 75 percent are fatal for most plants.Animals of the Desert Reptiles, such as Gila monsters andrattlesnakes, have thick, scaly skin that prevents water loss.Amphibians, such as the spadefoot toad, survive scorching desertsummers by estivating—burying themselves in the ground andsleeping through the dry season. Some animals, such as the elfowl shown in Figure 26, nest in cactuses to avoid predators.Desert insects and spiders are covered with body armor that helpsthem retain water. In addition, most desert animals are nocturnal,which means they are active mainly at night or at dusk, when theair is cooler.FIELD ACTIVITYMiniature Desert Create aminiature desert by growing asmall cactus garden. Purchasetwo or three small cactus plants,or take several cuttings from alarge cactus. To take cuttings,carefully break off the shootsgrowing at the base of the parentcactus. Place the plants in rockyor sandy soil similar to the soil ina desert. Keep the cactuses inbright sunlight, and do not waterthem frequently. Record yourobservations of your cactus garden in your Ecolog.Figure 26 왘 Desert plants surviveharsh conditions by growing deeproots to reach groundwater and byhaving specialized structures thatlimit the loss of water. Desert animalsbury themselves underground or burrow in cactuses to avoid extremetemperatures and predators.왘 Elf owls burrow in cactuses to avoidhot temperatures during the day.왘 This sidewinder has a unique wayof moving so that only small portionsof its body are in contact with thehot sands at any one time.Copyright by Holt, Rinehartand Winston. All rights reserved.Section 3 Grassland, Desert, and Tundra Biomes 161
�500Temperature ( C)Precipitation (cm)Tundra(Reykjavik, Iceland)–60J F MAM J J A S ONDMonthsFigure 27 왘 The precipitation thatthe tundra biome receives remainsfrozen much of the year.TundraTundra is a biome that is dominated by grasses, lichens, andherbs and that is located primarily north of the Arctic Circle, asshown in Figure 27. The tundra soil supports mostly toughgrasses and shrubs. Summers are short in the tundra, so only thetop few centimeters of soil thaw. Plants flower in the summer, asshown in Figure 28. Underneath the topsoil is a layer of soilcalled permafrost, which is permanently frozen soil. The tundrabecomes dotted with bogs and swamps when the top layer of soilthaws. In summer, these wet areas are ideal breeding grounds forhuge numbers of swarming insects, such as mosquitoes andblackflies, and for the many birds that feed on the insects.Vegetation of the Tundra Mosses and lichens, which can growwithout soil, cover vast areas of rocks in the tundra. The soil isthin, so plants have wide, shallow roots to help anchor themagainst the icy winds. Most flowering plants of the tundra, such ascampion and gentian, are short. Growing close to the ground keepsthe plants out of the wind and helps them absorb heat from thesunlit soil. Woody plants and perennials such as willow and juniperhave evolved dwarf forms and grow flat or grow along the ground.Figure 28 왘 During its brief summer,the Alaskan tundra is covered byflowering plants and lichens.162 Chapter 6 Biomes162Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Figure 29 왘 Many migratory ani-mals, such as geese (left) and caribou(below), return to the tundra eachyear to breed.079 PFPOAnimals of the Tundra Millions of migratorybirds fly to the tundra to breed in the summer.Food is abundant in the form of plants, mollusks,worms, and especially insects. Caribou, as shownin Figure 29, migrate throughout the tundra insearch of food and water. Hunters such as wolvesroam the tundra and prey on caribou, deer,moose, and smaller animals, such as lemmings,mice, and rabbits. These rodents burrow underground during the winter but they are still active.Many animals that live in the tundra year-round, such as arctic foxes,lose their brown fur and grow white fur that camouflages them withthe winter snow. These animals are also extremely well insulated.Threats to the Tundra The tundra is one of the most fragilebiomes on the planet. The food chains are relatively simple, so theyare easily disrupted. Because conditions are so extreme, the land iseasily damaged and slow to recover. Until recently, these areas wereundisturbed by humans. But oil has been located in some tundraregions, such as Prudhoe Bay in northern Alaska. Oil exploration,extraction, and transport has disrupted the habitats of the plantsand animals in many parts of the tundra. Pollution caused by spillsor leaks of oil and other toxic materials may also poison the foodand water sources of the organisms that live in the tundra.SECTION 3MATHPRACTICEU.S. Oil Production Onaverage, the United Statesproduces an estimated 8.1million barrels of oil per day. Howmany millions of barrels of oil doesthe United States produce in 1 year?If all of the oil-producing countriesof the world produce an estimated74.13 million barrels of oil per day,what percentage of worldwide oildoes the United States produce?ReviewCRITICAL THINKING1. Describe two desert animals and the adaptationsthat help them survive.5. Making Inferences Former grasslands are amongthe most productive farming regions. Read thedescription of temperate grasslands in this sectionand explain why this statement is true. READING SKILLS2. Describe how tropical grasslands differ from temperate grasslands.3. Compare the plants that live in deserts with theplants that live in the tundra biome.6. Analyzing Relationships Explain why migratoryanimals such as elephants, giraffes, and bison usuallylive in temperate grasslands.4. Describe one threat to the tundra biome.Section 3 Grassland, Desert, and Tundra Biomes 163Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER6HighlightsKey TermsMain Ideasbiome, 143climate, 144latitude, 145altitude, 145왘 Scientists classify the ecosystems of the worldinto large areas called biomes.왘 Biomes are described by their plant lifebecause the plants that grow in an area determine what other organisms live there.왘 Temperature, precipitation, latitude, and altitude are factors that affect climate, whichdetermines the types of the plants that cangrow in an area.2 Forest Biomestropical rain forest,146emergent layer, 148canopy, 148epiphyte, 148understory, 148temperate rainforest, 151temperate deciduousforest, 152taiga, 153왘 The major forest biomes include tropical rainforests, temperate rain forests, temperate deciduous forests, and taiga.왘 Tropical rain forests receive heavy rains andhigh temperatures throughout the year. Theyreceive about 200 to 450 cm of rainfall a year.They are the most diverse of all biomes.왘 Temperate deciduous forests experienceseasonal variations in temperature and precipitation. They receive 75 to 125 cm of precipitation a year.왘 Forest biomes are threatened by deforestation through logging, ranching, and farming.3 Grassland, Desert, andsavanna, 155temperate grassland,156chaparral, 158desert, 160tundra, 162permafrost, 162왘 Savannas are located north and south oftropical rain forests and have distinct wet seasons. Savannas receive 90 to 150 cm of precipitation a year.왘 Temperate grasslands get too little rainfall tosupport trees. Grasslands are dominated mostlyby different types of grasses and floweringplants. Shortgrass prairies receive about 25 cmof precipitation a year.왘 Deserts are the driest biomes on Earth.Deserts receive less than 25 cm of precipitationa year.왘 Plants and animals found in each biomeadapt to the environment in which they live.1 What Is a Biome?Tundra Biomes164 Chapter 6 HighlightsCopyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CHAPTERUsing Key Terms6ReviewUse each of the following terms in a separatesentence.1. biome2. climate3. epiphyte4. tundra5. permafrostFor each pair of terms, explain how the meaningsof the terms differ.6. understory and canopy7. latitude and altitude8. chaparral and desert9. tropical rain forest and temperate deciduousforestSTUDY TIPConcept Maps Remembering words and understanding concepts are easier when information isorganized in a way that you recognize. For example, you can use key terms and key concepts tocreate a concept map that links them together ina pattern you will understand and remember.Understanding Key Ideas10. Approximately what percentage of the Earth’sspecies do tropical rain forests contain?a. 7 percentb. 20 percentc. 40 percentd. 50 percent11. Animal species of the tropical rain foresta. compete more for available resources thanspecies native to other biomes do.b. have specialized adaptations to avoid competition.c. have adaptations to cope with extremevariations in climate.d. are never camouflaged.Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.12. Migration of animals in the savanna ismostly a response toa. predation.b. altitude.c. rainfall.d. temperature.13. Spadefoot toads survive the dry conditionsof the desert bya. migrating to seasonal watering holes.b. finding underground springs.c. burying themselves in the ground.d. drinking cactus juice.14. The tundra is most suitable to an animalthata. requires nesting sites in tall trees.b. is coldblooded.c. has a green outer skin for camouflage.d. can migrate hundreds of kilometers eachsummer.15. A biome that has a large amount of rainfall,high temperature, and poor soil is aa. temperate woodland.b. temperate rain forest.c. tropical rain forest.d. savanna.16. The two main factors that determine whereorganisms live area. soil type and precipitation.b. temperature and precipitation.c. altitude and precipitation.d. temperature and latitude.17. Which of the following biomes containslarge trees?a. savannab. temperate rain forestc. chaparrald. desert18. The most common types of plants in thetaiga biome area. deciduous trees.b. short shrubs.c. coniferous trees.d. grasses.Chapter 6 Review 165
CHAPTERShort Answer6ReviewConcept Mapping19. Unlike the jungles you see in movies, thefloor of an undisturbed tropical rain forestusually lacks much vegetation. Explain whyit lacks vegetation.20. What is the relationship between root systems and erosion in a grassland ecosystem?21. How might a mountain affect where particular types of biomes are located?22. Well-preserved mammoths have been foundburied in the tundra. Explain why the tundrapreserves animal remains well.23. How does deforestation contribute to achange in climate and increase the chance offloods in a biome?Interpreting GraphicsColdUse the diagram below to answer questions24–26.24. Why are tall trees found in taiga biomes butnot in tundra biomes?25. As moisture decreases, what happens to theamount of vegetation in an area?26. What does the diagram tell you about thetemperature of and precipitation in temperate grasslands?Arctic?27. Use the following terms to create a conceptmap: threats to an ecosystem, erosion, overgrazing, logging, grasslands, rain forests,tundra, deserts, oil extraction, and irrigation.Critical Thinking28. Comparing Processes American prairies andAsian steppes contain different plant speciesbut are dominated by grasses. Write a shortparagraph that explains why the two grasslands contain different species but the sametypes of plants. WRITING SKILLS29. Classifying Information Read the description of tropical rain forests in this chapter,and list two factors that are responsible forthe biodiversity of this biome. Describe tworeasons for the decline of tropical rainforests, and discuss actions that some countries have taken to protect tropical rainforests. READING SKILLS30. Analyzing Relationships If you took a population of squirrels from the southeasternUnited States and introduced them into aCentral American rain forest, they wouldprobably not survive. Why do you think thesquirrels would not survive even though theyare naturally adapted to life in a forest?31. Making Inferences How might prairie firesset from natural and human causes haveaffected the evolution of fire resistance inprairie grasses?ureTundra?Cross-Disciplinary eTemperate forestTemperate grasslandDesertHotTropicalTropical rain forestSavannaWetDesertDryDecreasing moisture166 Chapter 6 Review32. Geography Use a world map to find locations of the various biomes. Then, make aposter that contains photos or illustrationsof plants and animals native to each biome.Portfolio Project33. Food Webs in Your Community Do a specialproject on the ecosystems in your community.Use field guides of your area to find out whatplants and animals live in your community.Then, draw a food web that shows howorganisms in each ecosystem could be related.Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
MATH SKILLSUse the table below to answer quesions 34–35.Amount of Tropical RainforestCountryAmount oftropical rainforest (km2)Amount 03,300C22,0006,000D530,00012,000E80,00070034. Making Calculations What percentage oftropical rain forest is being destroyed eachyear in country A? in country D?35. Interpreting Statistics If the rate of tropical rain forest deforestation remains constant in country E, in how many years willall of the tropical rain forest in that country be destroyed?WRITING SKILLS36. Communicating Main Ideas Describe theimportance of conserving the biomes of theworld. What can you do to help conserve theworld’s biomes?37. Writing From Research Choose one biomeand research the threats that exist against it.Write a short essay that describes the threatsand any actions that are being taken to helpsave the biome.READING FOLLOW-UPRead the passage below, and then answerthe questions that follow.The Tropics and other regions of high biodiversity include some of the economically poorest countries on Earth. These countries aretrying to use their natural resources to buildtheir economies and to raise the standard ofliving for their citizens. Several conservationstrategies offer ways for developing countriesto benefit economically from preserving theirbiodiversity.For example, in a debt-for-nature swap,richer countries or private conservationorganizations will sometimes pay some ofthe debts of a developing country. Inexchange, the developing country agrees totake steps to protect its biodiversity, such assetting up a preserve or launching an education program for its citizens. Another idea tohelp local people make money from intactecosystems is to set up a national park toattract tourists. People who want to see theecosystem and its unique organisms will paymoney for nature guides, food, and lodging.This idea is called ecotourism.1. The main objective of both debt-fornature swap and ecotourism isa. economic gain.b. education of citizens.c. preservation of biodiversity.d. Both (a) and (c)2. According to the passage, which of thefollowing statements is true?a. Regions of high biodiversity are notworth saving.b. Intact ecosystems are those ecosystemsthat are most developed.c. Debt-for-nature swap is an example ofinternational compromise.d. Launching education programs for citizens does not help protect ecosystems.Now that you have read the chapter, take amoment to review your answers to the ReadingWarm-Up questions in your EcoLog. If necessary,revise your answers.Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.Chapter 6 Review 167
CHAPTERObjectives6왘 Collect information from interna-tional, national, and local resourcesabout the biome in which you live.왘 USING SCIENTIFIC METHODS Performfield observations to identify thename of the biome in whichyou live.Materialsbinoculars (optional)field guide to local flora andfaunaglobe or atlasgraph paper (optional)notebookpencil or penrulerExploration Lab:FIELD ACTIVITYIdentify Your Local BiomeIn what biome do you live? Do yo
Savannas have a wet season and a dry season. Many animals of the savanna are active only during the wet season. Grass fires sweep across the savanna dur-ing the dry season and help restore nutrients to the soil. Plants of the Savanna Because most of the rain falls during the wet season, plan
"desert"- largest is the Simpson desert! Deserts straddle Tropic of Capricorn! Australian Deserts!! Spinifex desert type: desert grassland dominated by Triodia grass hummocks! Australian Deserts!! Spinifex desert type: desert grassland dominated by Triodia grass hummocks Casuarina - desert oak - N2 fixing!! Grass trees, Xanthorrhoeaceae .
Desert Brand DB Total Sealer Desert Brand DB Total Sealer 0 VOC Desert Brand Del Rion Seal and Del Rio II Desert Brand Lacquer Sealer Clear and Matte Desert Brand LT 20, LT 30, LT 33 Latex Sealer -Clear Desert Brand Master Seal (Clear, Pigmented, Tint Based and WB (water base) Desert Brand Paver Tile Sealer
- 10-15% will be on Natural History of the Sonoran Desert You already have a study guide (outlines and key concepts) Review session: Wed the 10th 11 AM Koffer 204 Natural History of the Sonoran Desert Natural History of the Sonoran Desert 1. What is a desert? 2. Desert regions and desert habitats 3. Adaptation in deserts (generally) 4.
Desert A. Hot and Dry desert B. Semi arid desert C. Coastal desert D. Cold desert Grassland A. Tropical Savannah B. Temperate Steppe A1. 10 N-S A2. 10 -25 N-S B. Eastern North America, N.E. Asia, W estern and Central Europe C. Broad belt of Eurasia and North America (parts of Siberia, Alaska, Canada a
Desert A. Hot and Dry desert B. Semi arid desert C. Coastal desert D. Cold desert Grassland A. Tropical Savannah B. Temperate Steppe A1. 10 N-S A2. 10 -25 N-S B. Eastern North America, N.E. Asia, Western and Central Europe C. Broad belt of Eurasia and NorthAmerica (parts of Siberia, Alaska, Canada
Evolution and origin of the Central Grassland of North America: climate, fire, and mammalian grazers1 . In this review, I summarize the results of more than fifty years of research studies of grassland ecosystems with a focus on the Central Grassland of North America. While these studies were conducted in a highly fragmented landscape,
A Grassland Food Chain A food chain tells who eats what. It shows how living things need each other. Let’s find out what’s for dinner in the grassland! In one grassland food chain, big bluestem grass comes first. A prairie dog chomps on this plant. But the little animal is also food. Soon, a black-footed ferret eats it up.
Deserts range from: hot deserts, such as the Sonoran Desert, Mojave Desert and Chihuahua Desert of North . America, and the Sahara Desert of Africa; temperate deserts, as in the Takla Makan Desert of China; and cold deserts, where precipitation falls mainly as snow or fog, such as the Atacama Desert of South America, the Gobi
