UNIT 3: BODY SYSTEMS - Maine
UNIT 3: BODY SYSTEMSTable of ContentsOVERVIEW. . 1UUOBJECTIVES . 1UUNOTES . 2UUSYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY . 3UUTHE SKIN (INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM) . 5UUMEDICATIONS USED TO TREAT DISORDERS OF THE SKIN . 7UUTOPICAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION . 9UUNITROGLYCERIN OINTMENT GUIDELINES . 10UUTRANSDERMAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION . 11UUTHE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM. 13UUMEDICATIONS USED IN TREATING MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM DISORDERS . 17UUTHE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM . 24UUMEDICATIONS USED IN TREATING RESPIRATORY DISORDERS . 26UUADMINISTRATION OF NOSE DROPS/SPRAYS . 31UUADMINISTRATION OF INHALANT MEDICATIONS . 32UUNEBULIZERS . 33UUTHE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM . 36UUCARDIAC BLOOD FLOW . 37UUCIRCULATORY VESSELS . 37UUMEDICATIONS USED IN TREATING CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. 41UULYMPHATIC SYSTEM . 51UUMEDICATIONS USED IN TREATING INFECTIOUS DISORDERS . 52UU
Table of Contents ContinuedTHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM . 59UUMEDICATIONS USED IN TREATING GASTROINTESTINAL (DIGESTIVE) DISORDERS. 60UUADMINISTRATION OF ORAL MEDICATIONS . 65UUADMINISTRATION OF RECTAL MEDICATIONS . 66UUENDOCRINE SYSTEM . 69UUMEDICATION USED IN TREATING ENDOCRINE DISORDERS . 72UUGENITOURINARY -- URINARY SYSTEM . 78UUMEDICATIONS USED IN TREATING GENITOURINARY DISORDERS . 80UUTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM . 85UUMEDICATIONS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PSYCHIATRICDISORDERS . 94UUFEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM . 108UUMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM . 112UUMEDICATIONS USED IN TREATMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS. 114UUADMINISTRATION OF VAGINAL MEDICATIONS . 116UUSENSORY SYSTEM . 120UUEAR . 120UUEYE. 120UUMEDICATIONS USED IN TREATMENT OF EAR, EYE DISORDERS . 121UUADMINISTRATION OF EYE DROPS . 124UUADMINISTRATION OF EAR DROPS . 125UUTHE AGING PROCESS AND MEDICATIONS. 127UUTHE AGING PROCESS AND MEDICATIONS. 127UUINJECTABLE MEDICATIONS . 128UUA designated Instructor or an employee of the State of Maine Department of Health and Human Services(DHHS) may reproduce this publication in whole or in part. All other reproduction is prohibited unlesswritten permission is obtained from DHHS.Last updated 03/08/2010
NOTESOverview0BIn order to completely understand the effects different medicationshave on the human body, it is important to better understand the“systems of the human body.” This unit will focus on thefollowing systems: ratorySensoryGenitourinaryAdditionally, this unit will also look at the emotional and physicalchanges on the human body that are associated with the agingprocess. Objectives3B Explain the Systems of the Human Body.Explain the Physical and Emotional Changes Associatedwith the Aging Process.Discuss common disorders in connection with medicationsused to treat these disorders.CRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 1
NOTES Notes4BTHE STUDENT IS NOT EXPECTED TO KNOW EVERYTHING THAT ISPRESENTED IN THIS UNIT. MODIFY AND FOCUS ON THE AREAS OFPRACTICE BASED ON THE POPULATION THE PARTICIPANTS WILL BESERVING. SELECT QUESTIONS BASED ON THE FOCUS OF THEDISCUSSION FOR QUIZZES AND FINAL EXAM.DISCUSS THE OBJECTIVES FOR THE UNIT WITH THE CLASSPARTICIPANTS.BE SURE TO UTILIZE AS MANY PICTURES AND/OR OVERHEADS OF THEDIFFERENT BODY SYSTEMS WITH THE PARTICIPANTS AS YOU TALKABOUT EACH BODY SYSTEM.IT IS IMPORTANT TO EXPLAIN OR REVIEW EACH BODY SYSTEM, THEFUNCTION OF THAT SYSTEM, AND THE ORGANS INCLUDED IN THATBODY SYSTEM. A MORE INDEPTH DISCUSSION OF COMMON DISEASES,THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF EACH OF THESE DISEASES AND THEMEDICATIONS THAT ARE SPECIFIC TO THE POPULATION THAT THEPATICIPANTS ARE SERVING SHOULD BE INCLUDED.The information in this unit does not replace specific facilitystandard operating procedures.Review this Unit and compile any additional resources or materialsyou may need to instruct this Unit.CRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 2
Systems of the Human Body1BThe study of the Human Body can be a very complex and in depth adventure. However, for the purposes of this course, it isimportant for each participant to be comfortable with the “systems” within the human body, the common diseases associatedwith particular human body systems, and the effects medications may or may not have on these systems.Therefore, this section will focus on an overview of the major Human Body Systems by discussing the following: FunctionsOrgansMedicationsDiseases (most common)Signs and SymptomsUndesired Medication EffectsCRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 3
CRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 4
THE SKIN (INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM)83B(Integumentary system)The skin is actually the largest organ of the body and makes up about 15% of the total body weight and receives about one third of the body’sblood supply.SYSTEM FUNCTIONORGANSDISEASESSigns and Symptoms CARE (may include)BurnsObserve for changes inconsumer's normal skintone to include redness,blistering, or skin loss.CancerSkin Protection fromenvironmentVitamin absorptionEczema Skin Hair folliclesPsoriasis Heat regulation Hair Sensory organ GlandsCRMA CurriculumUnit 3Depending on the depth ofthe burn, you may be askedto assist in care. A 1stdegree burn could be from asunburn or small contactburn from cooking. Cleanskin daily according toprimary care provider’sorders.Changes in skin orReport any changes to yourmoles.supervisor or primary careprovider.Itching, red skin andFollow the prmary caresmall blisters that burst, provider's orders.leaving the skin surfacemoist and crusty.Inflamed areas, red orFollow the primary carepink skin, plaques with provider’s orders.slivery, scaly surfaces.Usually found on theelbows, knees, shins,scalp, and lower back.Page 5
FUNCTIONORGANSINTEGUMENTARY(cont’d)DISEASESSigns and SymptomsCARE (may include)CellulitisSkin may be inflamed,red, warm to the touch,swollen, painful and mayhave some form ofdrainage present.Follow primary careprovider’s orders forantibiotic therapy and woundcare.Fungal InfectionsSigns are variableAntifungal medications anddepending on the area wound care as ordered byinfected but may include; the primary care provider.foul smelling discharge,thickened, discolorednails, open lesions, orwhite patches.ScabiesItching in moist areas of Follow primary careprovider’s orders.the body. A raised,weeping rash may bepresent.LiceMay see small whiteFollow directions of theeggs attached to hairprimary care provider.follicles. May see activelice (a bug thatresembles a crab andtakes on the color of thehair). Severe itching,redness, imflammationand/or infection mayoccur.Decrease in blood supply. Loss of adipose (fat) tissue. Decrease in sensation. Outer layer of the skin becomes thinand fragile.CHANGES WITHAGECRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 6
MEDICATIONS USED TO TREAT DISORDERS OF THE SKIN16BUTopical (Skin) Medication - General InformationUse gloves when applying topical medications. Apply to clean, dry skin. These products are for external use only. Avoid contact with the eyes.Topical (Skin) Anti-infectivesEXAMPLES:GENERIC NAMENeomycin Sulfate,Polymyxin B Sulfate,Bacitracin ZincEXAMPLES:TRADE NAMEINDICATIONS/USEThis is a combination of 3 antibiotics. The product is used to treat& prevent skin infections caused bybacteria.MAJOR SIDE EFFECTS(Does not include all side effects)1. Unless otherwise indicated by the primary careprovider’s orders, clean area with soap and waterand dry thoroughly before application.Bacitracin/PolymixinNeosporinOintment (TripleAntibiotic Ointment)ClotrimazoleLotrimin, MycelexThis drug is used to treat fungalinfections of the skin.rash; hives; burning or stinging upon Clean the affected area with soap & water andapplication; swelling, itching, redness, dry thoroughly (or clean the area accordingor other signs of skin irritationto the primary care provider's instructions) beforeusing.HytoneThese drugs are used to relieve theKenalog, Aristacortredness, itching & swellingdryness; irritation; burning; rash; skin 1. Apply sparingly & rub in gently.thinning; streaks in skin; acne;2. Do not bandage or wrap the treated areaimpairedunless directed by the primary care provider.wound healingDiprosone, Diproleneassociated with rashes and otherskin conditions such as eczema andpsoriasis.Topical (Skin) ethasoneDipropionateBetamethasone Valerate Valisone, Beta-ValOther Topical (Skin) DrugsPermethrinElimite, Nixitching; skin rash; redness; swellingSPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS2. If the skin problem does not improve after7 days or it gets worse, notify the primary careprovider.The shampoo is used to treat headlice. The cream is used to treatscabies.For systemic side effects, see thesteroidsection of "Drugs Used to TreatEndocrine Disorders".itching; redness; rash; burning;stinging; numbness or scalpdiscomfort.3. Do not use these drugs more often or for alonger time than ordered by the primary careprovider.4. The systemic adverse effects may be a signthat the body is absorbing too much drug. Inthis case, notify the primary care provider.1. Follow the primary care provider's orders or thedirections that accompany the product.2. If treating head lice, all clothing, bedding,towels, & washcloths should be washed in hotwater and bleach.CRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 7
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK FOR FORMATTING PURPOSES.PLEASE USE AS A “NOTES” PAGE.CRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 8
Topical Medication Administration5BSome of the typical topical (dermatologic) applications may include patches petroleum-basedointments, water-based creams or powders. Administration Technique17B1. Equipmenta. Prescribed medicationb. Glovesc. Dressing materials if orderedd. Cleansing materials if ordered2. Techniquea.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.Wash hands and assemble equipment.Remember the EIGHT RIGHTS.Provide for the person/s privacy and explain the procedure.Ask the person to place the affected area in a position of comfort in order toapply topical medication.Cleanse area according to physician’s order prior to applying new topicalmedication.Apply gloves. Maintain cleanliness of medication. Apply medication directlyon dressing or glove, then, apply to affected areas.Clean area and all equipment used. Ensure that the person is comfortable.Wash hands thoroughly.NOTE: Fever enhances the release and uptake of the drug and the resident mayexperience a local skin reaction.CRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 9
Nitroglycerin Ointment Guidelines18B Don gloves. Remove old patch and cleanse area. Remove gloves. Select a new site for application. Lay measuring paper on clean surface so you can read measures. Don clean gloves. Squeeze a ribbon of ointment of proper length onto applicator paper. Place paper on skin, ointment side down. (DO NOT RUB INTO SKIN). Tape in place. Wash hands after procedure.CRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 10
Transdermal Medication Administration19B“Transdermal” means “through the skin” and medications that the CRMA may administerin this category include the following: Patches¾¾Fever enhances the release and uptake of the drug.May have local skin reactions. Administration Techniques Don gloves.Remove old patch and cleanse area. Remove gloves.Select a new site for application.Obtain new patch.Date and initial patch.Don clean gloves.Apply patch to new site.Remember to rotate sites.Wash hands after procedure.CRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 11
The Musculo-Skeletal SystemCRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 12
THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM84BGENERALTHE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMThis system is made up of all the muscles and bones in the body. We have 206 bones that serve as protection for our internal organs and the framework our muscles need to allow us to standand move. Our bones become very hard as we grow through our teenage years and they actually grow stronger with use just as our muscles do.We have over 600 muscles associated with the skeletal frame.There are other specialized muscles not connected to the skeleton, but they are not considered part of the musculoskeletal system. Examples of these muscles would be the muscles of thedigestive tract, muscles along the excretory tract, and the heart muscle.All muscles contract, and for every muscle that pulls in one direction there is at least one that pulls in the opposite direction. It may appear that there is a pull-push motion that makes us ableto bend our arm. We are able to do this because the bicep pulls our forearm up and the tricep pulls it back to the original position.Our muscles produce a great deal of energy and heat and require an adequate blood supply in order to receive oxygen and nutrients. Our skeletons make up our basic frame but our musclesare what determine our strength and agility.Our joints allow for our movement and are a combination of bone, muscle, tendons, and ligaments. Tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments connect bone to bone.SYSTEMFUNCTIONORGANS Structural support ofbody Blood cellproductionSkeletal Bones JointsDISEASESLeukemiaSigns and SymptomsCARE (may include)Anemia, fatigue, fever, and Follow the primary carebone and joint pain.provider's orders. Consumerstire easily, and daily tasksneed to done based on level ofenergy. Consumers mayrequire increased assistancewith ADL’s and/or IADL’s.Protect consumers frominfections whenever possible.DISEASESSIGNS AND SYMPTOMSCalcium storageCRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 13CARE (may include)
OsteoporosisArthritisRheumatoid Arthritis(most debilitating form ofArthritis and can occur at anyage.)BursitisCRMA CurriculumUnit 3Pain, swelling of joints,Report signs and symptoms todecreased range of motion supervisor and/or primary careof joints, extreme fatigue. providers. Protect from fallsMost commonly found inas bones are brittle andwomen but, also found in fracture easily.men and persons whohave limited mobility and/orare taking seizuremedications.Redness, swelling,Good posture and bodyinflammation, pain in one mechanics are Important.or more joints that causes Encourage ROM exercises ifpain and restriction ofthis has been prescribed.movement. DebilitationMaintain proper bodymay occur.alignment. Follow the primarycare provider's orders for painmanagement.Redness, swelling,Initially, rest and immobilize theInflammation and pain inaffected part. Heat andconnective tissuesanalgesics will help. After thesurrounding the joints.acute symptoms have passed,limited ROM will be helpful. Ifsymptoms persist, theconsumer should seek medicalattention.Page 14
MusclesCRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 15
GENERAL20B Smooth Muscle21BFound in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body (except the heart). Its contraction reduces the size of these structures and performs the following: Regulates the flow of blood in the arteries, Moves your breakfast along through your gastrointestinal tract, Expels urine from your urinary bladder, Sends babies out into the world from the uterus, and Regulates the flow of air through the lungs.The contraction of smooth muscle is generally not under voluntary control. Skeletal muscleAs its name implies, it is the muscle attached to the skeleton. The contraction of skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.2BSYSTEMMuscularFUNCTION Movement of body Flexibility of body Heat ProductionORGANSDISEASESSprains, strainsSigns and SymptomsPain, aches, swelling ofthe muscle.Muscular DystrophyWeakness of spinalTasks need to be spaced outmuscles and a gradualto help the client conservedecline of muscle function. energy. Promote the use ofassistive devices. Observe forweakness and decreasedenduranceMusclesCARE (may include)Initially, rest and immobilize theaffected part. Heat andanalgesics as ordered by theprimary care provider will help.CRMA CurriculumUnit 3Page 16
Medications Used in Treating Muscular and Skeletal System Disorders23BEXAMPLES:GENERIC NAMEEXAMPLES:TRADE NAMEAnalgesic (non-narcotic)Acetaminophen (orTylenol, Panadol,APA
CRMA Curriculum Unit 3 Page 3 1BSystems of the Human Body The study of the Human Body can be a very complex and in depth adventure. However, for the purposes of this course, it is important for each participant to be comfortable with the “systems” within the human body, the common diseases associated
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