CARTILAGE, BONE AND OSTEOGENESIS
CARTILAGE, BONE ANDOSTEOGENESISDr. Larry JohnsonTexas A&M University
Objectives Histologically identify and functionally characterize eachof the various forms of supporting connective tissue. Recognize the structure and characterize the function ofcells, fibers and ground substance components of each ofthe supporting connective tissues examined. Describe the cellular mechanisms that provide forintramembranous and endochondrial bone development. Compare and contrast the structure and function ofcompact and sponge bone.From: Douglas P. Dohrman and TAMHSC Faculty 2012 Structure and Function of Human Organ Systems, HistologyLaboratory Manual
FUNCTIONS OF CARTILAGEFLEXIBLE SUPPORT - RETURN TO ORIGINALSHAPE (EARS, NOSE, AND RESPIRATORY)
FUNCTIONS OF CARTILAGESLIDES ACROSS EACH OTHER EASILYWHILE BEARING WEIGHT (JOINTS,ARTICULAR SURFACES OF BONES)CUSHION - CARTILAGEHAS LIMITEDCOMPRESSIBILITY(JOINTS)No nerves and,thus, no painduring compressionof cartilage.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CELLS OF CTFIBROBLASTSMESENCHYMALCELLS and RBCADIPOSE CELLSMACROPHAGEPLASMA CELLSMAST CELLS and STEOCLASTS
GENERAL ORGANIZATIONOF CARTILAGEPERICHONDRIUMCAPSULE-LIKE SHEATH OFDENSE IRREGULARCONNECTIVE TISSUETHAT SURROUNDSCARTILAGE (EXCEPTARTICULAR CARTILAGE)FORMS INTERFACE WITHSUPPORTED TISSUEHARBORS A VASCULARSUPPLY
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OFCARTILAGEMATRIXTYPE II COLLAGEN (LACK OFOBVIOUS PERIODICITY)
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OFCARTILAGEMATRIXTYPE II COLLAGEN (LACK OFOBVIOUS PERIODICITY)SULFATED PROTEOGLYCANS(CHONDROITIN SULFATE ANDKERATAN SULFATE) - STAINBASOPHILICCAPABLE OF HOLDING WATER /DIFFUSION OF NUTRIENTSAVASCULAR - GETSNUTRIENT/WASTE EXCHANGEFROM PERICHONDRIUM
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OFCARTILAGEMATRIXTYPE II COLLAGEN (LACK OFOBVIOUS PERIODICITY)SULFATED PROTEOGLYCANS(CHONDROITIN SULFATE ANDKERATAN SULFATE) - STAINBASOPHILICCAPABLE OF HOLDING WATER /DIFFUSION OF NUTRIENTSAVASCULAR - GETSNUTRIENT/WASTE EXCHANGEFROM PERICHONDRIUM
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OFCARTILAGECHONDROCYTES /CHONDROBLASTS
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OFCARTILAGECHONDROCYTES /CHONDROBLASTS
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OFCARTILAGECHONDROCYTES /CHONDROBLASTS
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OFCARTILAGECHONDROCYTES /CHONDROBLASTSType II
Cartilage040 Hyaline cartilage Glassy matrix (GAGs, proteoglycans, collagen II)devoid of blood vessels, surrounded by fibrous sheathperichondrium Elastic cartilage037 Similar to hyaline except chondrocytes become trappedin their secretions (enmeshed within the matrix,lacunae), has elasticity thus maintains its shape Fibrocartilage Course collagen I fibers form dense bundles towithstand physical stresses, strengthen hyalinecartilage017
DevelopingCartilage040Cartilage grows byboth interstitial growth(mitotic division ofpreexistingchondroblasts) and byappositional growth(differentiation of newchondroblasts from theperichondrium).perichondrium
Slide 40: TracheaPerichondriumChondrogenic regionChondroblastsHyaline cartilageC-ringIsogenous group of Territorial matrixchondrocytes inInter-territorial matrixindividual lacunae
Slide 40: TracheaPerichondriumStaining variations within the matrixreflect local differences in itsmolecular composition. Immediatelysurrounding each chondrocyte, theECM is relatively rich in GAGscausing these areas of territorialmatrix to stain differently from theintervening areas of interterritorialmatrix.Territorial matrixInter-territorial matrix
Slide 37: EpiglottisFold artifactElastic cartilagePerichondrium Elastic cartilage has obvious elastic fibers in anotherwise heterogenous matrix with moreindividual cells and fewer isogenous groups.
Slide 16: External auditory tube (Verhoff’sstain for elastin)Elastic fibersPerichondriumChondrocyteLacunae
FIBROCARTILAGEINTERMEDIATE BETWEENDENSE REGULARCONNECTIVE TISSUE ANDHYALINE CARTILAGENO PERICHONDRIUM
FIBROCARTILAGEFOUND IN : INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS ATTACHMENT OF LIGAMENTS TO CARTILAGINEOUSSURFACE OF BONESType I collagenof tendonType II collagenaround eachcondocyte
Slide 17: VertebraHyaline cartilageFibrocartilageChondrocytein artilageBone
194Fibrocartilage of Fetal elbowFibrocartilageFibrocartilage
194Fibrocartilage of Fetal elbowFibrocartilage
220Fetal finger – fibroblasts in tendonTendon
220Fetal finger – fibroblasts in tendonTendonFibrocartilage
SUMMARY OF CARTILAGEHYALINEELASTICFIBROCARTILAGE
SUMMARY OF CARTILAGEHYALINEELASTICFIBROCARTILAGE
FUNCTIONS OF BONESKELETAL SUPPORTLAND ANIMALSPROTECTIVEENCLOSURESKULL TOPROTECT BRAINLONG BONE TOPROTECTHEMOPOIETIC CELLS
FUNCTIONS OF BONECALCIUM REGULATIONParathroid hormone (BONERESORPTION)
FUNCTIONS OF BONECALCIUM REGULATIONParathroid hormone (BONERESORPTION)Calcitonin (PREVENTSRESORPTION)These HORMONES are INVOLVEDIN TIGHT REGULATION as1/4 OF FREE CA IN BLOOD ISEXCHANGED EACH MINUTE.
FUNCTIONS OF BONECALCIUM REGULATIONParathroid hormone (BONERESORPTION)Calcitonin (PREVENTSRESORPTION)These HORMONES are INVOLVEDIN TIGHT REGULATION as1/4 OF FREE CA IN BLOOD ISEXCHANGED EACH MINUTE.HEMOPOIESIS
CELLS OF BONEOSTEOBLASTS - SECRETE OSTEOID - BONE EXPAND BONE BY APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
CELLS OF BONEOSTEOBLASTS - SECRETE OSTEOID - BONE EXPAND BONE BY APPOSITIONAL GROWTHOSTEOCYTE OSTEOBLASTTRAPPED INMATRIX OFBONE
CELLS OFBONEOSTEOBLASTSOSTEOCYTES –OSTEOBLASTSTRAPPED INMATRIX OF BONE
CELLS OF BONEOSTEOCLASTS - MULTINUCLEATED PHAGOCYTICCELLSFROMMONOCYTES
CELLS OF BONEOSTEOCLASTS - MULTINUCLEATED PHAGOCYTICCELLSFROMMONOCYTES
Slide 17: VertebraFibrous periosteumcontaining fibroblastsCancellousboneOsteocyte inlacunaeOsteoblasts liningbony trabeculae
Developing BoneMethods of bone development Endochondrial ossification:formation within cartilage model with Intramembranous: formation withindistinct zones of development,fibrous/collagenous membranesformation fibroblast like precursor cells formation by replacing cartilage cellsand matrixCopyright McGraw-Hill CompaniesCopyright McGraw-Hill Companies
HISTOGENESIS OF BONEINTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATIONDIRECT MINERALIZATION OF MATRIX SECRETED BYOSTEOBLAST WITHOUT A CARTILAGE MODEL
HISTOGENESIS OF BONEINTRAMEMBRANOUSOSSIFICATIONFLAT BONESOF SKULL
Slide 36: Nasal septum s inHowship’s lacunaeBone spicule
HISTOGENESIS OF BONEENDOCHONDRALOSSIFICATIONDEPOSITION OF BONE MATRIX ONA PREEXISTING CARTILAGEMATRIXCHARACTERISTIC OF LONG BONEFORMATION
Slide 20: Long bone (longitudinal section;epiephysial plate)Zone of resting/Zone ofreserve cartilage proliferationZone ofhypertrophyboneEpiphysial plateZone ofcalcificationZone ofossification
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIXOF BONEOSTEOID - MIXTURE OFTYPE I COLLAGEN ANDCOMPLEX MATRIXMATERIAL TOINCREASE THEAFFINITY AND SERVEAS NUCLEATION SITESFOR PARTICIPATION OFCALCIUM PHOSPHATE(HYDROXYAPATITE)
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX OF BONESECRETED byPOLARIZEDOSTEOBLASTsCALCIFICATION ADDS FIRMNESS,BUT PREVENTSDIFFUSIONTHROUGH MATRIXMATERIAL
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX OF BONEFORMS LACUNAE ANDCANALICULI -
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX OF BONEFORMS LACUNAE ANDCANALICULI - CAUSES THENEED FOR NUTRIENTS TOPAST THROUGH THE MANYGAP JUNCTIONS BETWEENOSTEOCYTES VIACANALICULI
COMPACT BONE - SHAFT AND OUTERSURFACE OF LONG BONES
COMPACT BONE-SHAFT AND OUTERSURFACE OF LONG BONESPERIOSTEUMFIBROBLAST createCIRCUMFERENTIALLAMELLAE APPOSITIONALGROWTH
COMPACT BONE-SHAFT AND OUTERSURFACE OF LONG BONESPERIOSTEUMFIBROBLAST createCIRCUMFERENTIALLAMELLAE APPOSITIONALGROWTH(NOTE: BONE HASNO INTERSITIALGROWTH AS DOESCARTILAGE)
COMPACT BONE-SHAFT AND OUTERSURFACE OF LONG BONESENDOSTEUM INSIDE COMPACTBONE, SURFACESOF SPONGY BONE,INSIDE HAVERSIANSYSTEMS
COMPACT BONEHAVERSIANSYSTEMS LAMELLAE OF BONEAROUND HAVERSIANCANAL LINKED BYVOLKMANN’S CANAL
Slide 19: Compact bone (ground crosssection)Volkmann’s canalCanaliculliConcentric lamellaeOsteon/ Haversian systemsHaversian canalLacunae containingosteocyteInterstitial lamellae
Slide 19: Compact bone (ground crossConnecting adjacent osteons,section)Volkmann’s canalperforating (Volkmann’s) canalsprovide communication for osteonsand another source ofmicrovasculature for the centralcanals of osteons (nutrients, blood,etc.).
Clinical CorrelationAn elderly patient is diagnosed withosteoporosis.Describe the cells involved thatproduce this imbalance in boneproduction and resorption.Which of these cell types wouldbe more active and which wouldbe less active?Image adapted from www.webmd.comWhat is the difference betweenosteoporosis and osteomalacia?p143&151
FUNCTIONS OF BONECALCIUM REGULATIONParathroid hormone(stimulates osteoclastproduction)
FUNCTIONS OF BONECALCIUM REGULATIONParathroid hormone(stimulates osteoclastproduction)Calcitonin (removesosteoclast’s ruffled boarderwhich PREVENTSRESORPTION
FUNCTIONS OF BONECALCIUM REGULATIONParathroid hormone (stimulatesosteoclast production)Calcitonin (removes osteoclast’sruffled boarder which PREVENTSRESORPTIONOsteoporosis is an imbalance inskeletal turnover so that boneresorption exceeds boneformation. This leads to calciumloss for bones and reduced bonemineral density.
FUNCTIONS OF BONECALCIUM REGULATIONParathroid hormone (stimulatesosteoclast production)Calcitonin (removes osteoclast’s ruffledboarder which PREVENTSRESORPTIONOsteoporosis is an imbalance in skeletalturnover so that bone resorptionexceeds bone formation. This leads tocalcium loss for bones and reducedbone mineral density.Osteomalacia is characterized bydeficient calcification of recently formedbone and partial decalcification ofalready calcified matrix.
Many illustrations in these VIBS Histology YouTube videos were modifiedfrom the following books and sources: Many thanks to original sources! Bruce Alberts, et al. 1983. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY.Bruce Alberts, et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. William J. Banks, 1981. Applied Veterinary Histology. Williams and Wilkins, Los Angeles, CA. Hans Elias, et al. 1978. Histology and Human Microanatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Don W. Fawcett. 1986. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA. Don W. Fawcett. 1994. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. Arthur W. Ham and David H. Cormack. 1979. Histology. J. S. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA. Luis C. Junqueira, et al. 1983. Basic Histology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, CA. L. Carlos Junqueira, et al. 1995. Basic Histology. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT. L.L. Langley, et al. 1974. Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. W.W. Tuttle and Byron A. Schottelius. 1969. Textbook of Physiology. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO. Leon Weiss. 1977. Histology Cell and Tissue Biology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, NY.Leon Weiss and Roy O. Greep. 1977. Histology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. Nature (http://www.nature.com), Vol. 414:88,2001. A.L. Mescher 2013 Junqueira’s Basis Histology text and atlas, 13th ed. McGraw Douglas P. Dohrman and TAMHSC Faculty 2012 Structure and Function of Human Organ Systems, Histology LaboratoryManual - Slide selections were largely based on this manual for first year medical students at TAMHSC
INSIDE COMPACT BONE, SURFACES OF SPONGY BONE, INSIDE HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS . COMPACT BONE HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS - LAMELLAE OF BONE AROUND HAVERSIAN CANAL LINKED BY . What is the difference between osteoporosis and osteomalacia? p143&151 Image adapted from www.webmd.com . FUNCTIONS OF BONE CALCIUM
bone vs. cortical bone and cancellous bone) in a rabbit segmental defect model. Overall, 15-mm segmental defects in the left and right radiuses were created in 36 New Zealand . bone healing score, bone volume fraction, bone mineral density, and residual bone area at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-implantation .
bone matrix (DBX), CMC-based demineralized cortical bone matrix (DB) or CMC-based demineralized cortical bone with cancellous bone (NDDB), and the wound area was evaluated at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-implantation. DBX showed significantly lower radiopacity, bone volume fraction, and bone mineral density than DB and NDDB before implantation. However,
underwent simultaneous bone and soft-tissue transport. Bone grafting with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) was performed in 25 (66%) patients. Distraction osteogenesis for bone transport or lengthening was performed in 20 (53%) patients with an average of 6.7-cm length (2.5-16) (SD 3.3). This was achieved at the proximal tibia in 13, distal .
20937 Sp bone agrft morsel add-on C 20938 Sp bone agrft struct add-on C 20955 Fibula bone graft microvasc C 20956 Iliac bone graft microvasc C 20957 Mt bone graft microvasc C 20962 Other bone graft microvasc C 20969 Bone/skin graft microvasc C 20970 Bone/skin graft iliac crest C 21045 Extensive jaw surgery C 21141 Lefort i-1 piece w/o graft C
when a bone defect is treated with bone wax, the num-ber of bacteria needed to initiate an infection is reduced by a factor of 10,000 [2-4]. Furthermore, bone wax acts as a physical barrier which inhibits osteoblasts from reaching the bone defect and thus impair bone healing [5,6]. Once applied to the bone surface, bone wax is usually not .
Keywords: Benign bone tumors of lower extremity, Bone defect reconstruction, Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, Rapid screening-enrichment-composite system Background Bone tumors occur in the bone or its associated tissues with a 0.01% incidence in the population. The incidence ratio among benign bone tumors, malignant bone tu-
There was a significant difference in Cu concentrations, among all the materials analyzed, with much more Cu found in spongy bone than in compact bone. Significant differ-ences were also noted in the case of Hg concentrations in cartilage with compact bone and the spongy bone, and between concentrations of this metal in compact bone and spongy .
For the EFIAP/d2 100 awards with 30 different works in 7 different countries For the EFIAP/d3 200 awards with 50 different works in 10 different countries 4.3. The candidate for an "EFIAP Level" distinction must submit: a) A complete application using forms prescribed by FIAP (which can be downloaded from FIAP’s website, see 9.1.). b) A number of photographs as indicated hereunder: These .
