Olericulture Hort 320 Mid-term Exam Review

Olericulture – Hort 320Mid-term Exam ReviewJeremy S. CowanWSU Spokane County Extension222 N. Havana St.Spokane, WA 99202Phone: 509-477-2145 Fax: 509-477-2087Email: jeremy.cowan@wsu.edu

Olericulture - definitionWebster’s definition of vegetable“A usually herbaceous plant (as the cabbage, bean, orpotato) grown for an edible part that is usually eaten as partof a meal; also : such an edible part ”(Legally defined under the tariff act of 1883; declarationthat import duties be collected for vegetables but not forfruits)

Human Nutrition Understand Macro & Micro-nutrients Carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, etc. Factors affecting human nutrients in plants Genetics, environment, etc. Crops that supply various nutrients What has high carbs, high fiber, high protein, high vitamin C, etc. Toxicants and anti-nutrients Alkaloids, glycosides, proteinaceous, alcohols, etc. Examples of plants with toxic potential

Fig. 2.1 Centers of Origin

Centers of OriginDetermination of centers:1. Botanical evidence2. Archeological evidence3. Historical evidence4. Linguistic evidence(Items 2-4 most likely to determine center ofdomestication (secondary centers of origin)

Centers of OriginFeatures:Geographical location of speciesoriginSite of maximum adaptationSite of maximum diversityPresence of related speciesUsually associated with site ofdomestication

Crop domestication Know at least a few examples of crops from each centerof origin Understand crop domestication process and generaltimeline Foraging, early cultivation, domestication, large-scale production What kind of crops are favored in tropical vs. temperateregions Characteristics of wild vs. cultivated species Define ploidy

ClassificationClassified by:Adaptation and hardinessLife CycleParts used for foodTaxonomic grouping

Botanical Class:Subclass:Land Plants (Embryophyta)Seed Plants (Magnoliophyta)Cone Bearing (Gymnospermae)Flowering (Angiospermae)Monocotyledon (Liliopsida)Dicotyledon (Magnoliopsida)Know complete taxonomy of at least one vegetable crop(Kingdom on down)

Botanical ClassificationFamily:An assemblage of genera that closely or uniformlyresemble one another in general appearance andtechnical characters

Botanical ClassificationGenus:Identifies a more or less closely related and definablegroup of plants that may include one or more species.The species within a genus are usually structurally orphylogenetically related.

Botanical ClassificationSpecies:A group of similar organisms capable of interbreedingand are distinctly different in morphological or othercharacteristics from other species in the same genus.

Botanical ClassificationVariety:A subdivision of a species consisting of a populationwith morphological characteristics distinct from otherspecies forms.(considered a naturally occurring taxonomic division)

Botanical ClassificationCultivar (cultivated variety):Denotes certain cultivated plants that are alike in mostimportant aspects of growth but are clearlydistinguishable from others by one or more definitecharacteristics.

Botanical ClassificationClone:Identifies material derived from a single individual andmaintained by vegetative propagation. (geneticallyidentical)Line:A uniform sexually reproduced population, usually selfpollinated, that is seed propagated and maintained tothe desired standard of uniformity by selection.(genetically similar)

Botanical ClassificationStrain:A term used to identify plants of a given cultivar thatpossess similar characteristics but differ in some minorfeature or quality

Botanical ClassificationAdditional Taxonomy FamilyGenusSpeciesCultivarComplete Latin Binomial includes the name of theindividual who first described the species.

Botanical ultivar:Strain:Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)Brassicaoleraceacapitata‘Golden Acre’‘Golden Acre YR’Complete Latin Binomial - cabbageBrassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. cv. Golden Acre YRCommercially:Brassica oleracea cv. Golden Acre YR

Growth and DevelopmentProcesses and characteristics of each growthstage:GerminationEstablishmentVegetative growthReproductive growthRipening and senescence

Factors Affecting Growth Light Photoperiodicity, etc. Temperature Cardinal temperatures, VanHoff’s law, etc. Heat GDD, thermoperiodicity,vernalization, hardening, etc. Water availability Fertility Genetics & physiology Crop management

Vegetable PropagationTypes of propagules:Botanical seedTransplantsVegetative cuttings, tubers,bulbs, rhizomes, roots, etc.Tissue culture

SeedCharacteristics of good seed:Genetically pureHigh germinationHigh vigorNo dormancyDisease freeFree of weed seed andforeign matter

Vegetative PropagationMethods:Cuttings (sweet potatoes, taro, cassava)Tubers or bulbs (potatoes, onions, garlic)Root division (asparagus, rhubarb)

Soil ManagementSoil Types:OrganicPeat soils ( 50% OM, partly decomposed)Muck soils ( 50% OM, mostly decomposed)MineralSand (large particles, low WHC, low nutrients)Silt (medium particles, high WHC, med nutrients)Clay (small particles, med WHC, high nutrients)

Soil Management

Fertility - Mineral agnesium(K) PotassiumSulfur

Fertility - Mineral NutrientsMicronutrients:(Fe) Iron(Cu) Copper(Mn) Manganese(Zn) ZincBoronCobalt(Cl) ChlorineMolybdenum

Fertility - Mineral Nutrientsm2ofkg%fertilizerinnutrienta hectaredesiredareato befertilized 43,560 ft2 1 acre

IrrigationTypes of irrigation equipment:Surface or floodSprinklerhand moveside rollbig guncenter pivotTrickle or drip systemsSub-irrigation

Weed ControlCommon weeds in vegetables:Grassesfoxtail, wild oats, barnyard grassBroadleafredroot pigweed, lambsquarter,purslane, kochia, Canada thistle,bindweedSedgesyellow nutsedge

Disease Cycle – Pathogen Life CycleStages of Disease ection

Virus DiseasesGiven name based on host and symptoms:Tomato Ringspot VirusCucumber Mosaic VirusTobacco Mosiac VirusPotato Leaf Roll Virus

General Disease Control StrategiesDisease control strategies:Utilize certified seedControl refuge speciesSelect disease-free production sitesUse disease resistant cultivarsUtilize crop rotationOptimize planting date for avoidanceApply appropriate pesticides when necessaryControl vectors

Insect ControlInsect control strategies:Eliminate refugesProtect beneficial insectsUnderstand the life cycle of importantpestsDesign an effective scouting programTimely insecticide applications

Insect Control

Production systems Understand general features of modern intensive, marketgarden, subsistence Be able to compare and contrast each

Post-harvest Next exam – YAY!!!

Olericulture – Hort 320 Mid-term Exam Review Jeremy S. Cowan WSU Spokane County Extension 222 N. Havana St. Spokane, WA 99202 Phone: 509-477-2145 Fax: 509-477-2087