“a Marvel Of Ingenuity”
TheA Magazine Exploring Indiana HistoryIndiana Historian“a marvel of ingenuity”
FocusCover illustration: Carolyn andSteve Carter, in period costume,pose on their 1889 Columbia tandemtricycle. According to Carter, onlyfive are now known to exist. IndianaHistorical Bureau; Patricia A. Pollard.The Indiana HistorianDecember 1996ISSN 1071-3301Bicycles are a common sight todayon paths and roads throughoutthe country. People, young andold, ride for fun, health, andtransportation. As the 1996Olympic games in Atlanta reinforced, bicycle racing is a popularamateur and professional sport.As a result of all this interest,there is an industry to produceand improve bicycles. Manufacturers and entrepreneurs are adeptat producing clothing and “necessities” to tempt the rider to invest.This is nothing new! As thenineteenth century was coming toan end, the bicycle was takingAmerica by storm and becomingone of the most significant inventions for social change in American history to that time.This issue focuses on thephenomenon of the bicycle when itwas a short-lived “craze” in the1890s.On page 3, there is a briefoverview of the significance of thebicycle. On pages 4-5, the eco-nomic impact of the bicycle isintroduced.On pages 6-10, the riders ofbicycles are the focus. The map onpage 11 provides a statewideoverview of some bicycle businesses and cycle clubs.On pages 12-13, the League ofAmerican Wheelmen is discussed.An exciting addition to theresearch and resources has beenan alliance with Steve Carter,Plainfield, Indiana, who is abicycle collector, restorer, andhistorian. His collection of bicycles, replicas, and accessorieshave been the basis for manyillustrations in the issue. On page14, we share some of Carter’sinteresting perspectives.On page 15, there is theusual sampling of sources andsuggested readings.On page 16, the photographand the quotation of an automobile pioneer provide some perspective of the past and for the presentand future.EditorPamela J. BennettLead ResearcherPaula A. BongenDesignerDani B. PfaffContributing EditorsCarole M. Allen, Janine Beckley,Alan Conant, Dani B. Pfaff,Virginia TerpeningThe Indiana Historian provides resources and models for the study of localhistory to encourage Indiana’s citizens ofall ages to become engaged with the history of their communities and the state ofIndiana.The Indiana Historian (formerly TheIndiana Junior Historian) is issued quarterly from September through June.It is a membership benefit of the Indiana Junior Historical Society. One complimentary subscription is provided to Indiana libraries, school media centers, andcultural and historical organizations.Annual subscriptions are available for 5.00 plus tax. Back issues are availableat individual and bulk pricing.This material is available to visuallyimpaired patrons in audio format, courtesy of the Indiana History Project of theIndiana Historical Society. Tapes are available through the Talking Books Program ofthe Indiana State Library; contact the Talking Books Program, 317-232-3702.The Indiana Historian is copyrighted.Educators may reproduce items for classuse, but no part of the publication may bereproduced in any way for profit withoutwritten permission of the Indiana Historical Bureau.2The Indiana Historian, December 1996“a marvel of ingenuity”The title of this issue is part of aquotation from Charles E. Pratt,The American Bicycler:From 1868 until the present time[1879] the patented improvementshave been numerous, and themechanical details of construction havebeen thoroughly worked out, until themachine has become a marvel ofingenuity and of workmanship; and themodern bicycle has been theredeveloped to its present state ofperfection in strength, lightness, easeof propulsion, certainty of control, andgracefulness of design and operation(19).Pratt goes on to quote an 1869source on velocipedes:. . . “The machines now in use areso radically different from those of fiftyyears ago, so perfect in propellingpower, so easy to ride, so swift ofmotion, so useful as a means ofconveyance, that it seems impossiblefor history to repeat itself with regard tothe present mania” (20).Pratt comments: “we can pity theman with the poor thing” that hewas describing.The quotations help to illustrate the role of perspective inhistory. Pratt in 1879 was describing the high-wheeler—or ordinary—as the modern bicycle. Keepin mind the technology of bicyclesof today as you learn more aboutthe development of the bicycle andattitudes toward it. Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1996
Bicycle mania—and changeFor most individuals, walking orusing a horse—with or without awheeled vehicle—were the standard transportation options onland until the late nineteenthcentury, even after railroads camein the mid-1800s.In 1876, Philadelphia held anexposition in honor of the centennial of the United States. It washere that the English highwheeler, or ordinary, was firstintroduced to the American public. It was not long thereafter thatthe bicycle mania gripped consumers.Robert Smith, a modernhistorian, has written ofthe impact of the bicycle on Americanlife, an influence far transcending itsuse for mere sport . . . . especially inthe areas of technological advancesand alterations of the transportationsystem (x).According to one contemporaryauthor, Maria Ward,The usefulness of the bicycle beginswhere that of the railroad ceases, for itconnects and opens districts of countrythat the railroad has not reached (2).Smith asserts thatthe old concepts of social morality andproper conduct were undermined bythe freedom conferred upon those whorode the wheel. As a result, aconsiderable part of American societyhad to re-evaluate its old ideas (112-13).For the firsttime, morepeople could gowhere and whenthey wanted, ifthey had enoughmoney to purchase a bicycle.Early bicycleswere expensive,and, for the mostpart, only thewealthy couldafford them.Others, includingwomen and children, got to ride asmechanical improvements weremade and prices came down.Social restrictions wererelaxed. Men and women met,talked, and even rode together,without the watchful eye of achaperone. The healthful benefitsof riding a bicycle were promoted.The bicycle also set the stagefor the coming automobile. Innovative manufacturing and marketing, safety accessories, insurance,service clubs, good roads movement, and road maps and signage,for example, were first developedwith the bicycle.General source: Smith, Social History.Toolroom of the IndianaBicycle Company, 1896.Indiana Bicycle Company, Waverly(Indianapolis, 1896), 5.You be the historian!The table of bicycle factories on thispage provides limited informationabout workers in Indiana in 18951896. Determine the number of workers. What percentages werewomen and boys? Which workers—in what city—had the highest and lowestwages? The catalogs of seven Indianacompanies in 1895 show sixteenbicycle models ranging from 30to 150, with an average pricejust over 90. How many hoursof work would it take a skilledlaborer in Richmond to pay for a 90 bicycle? Do you think mostbicycle workers were able to buya bicycle?Bicycle Factories 1895-1896 from Proprietors’ StatementsLocationIndianapolisPlymouthMichigan CityLa PorteGoshenNew CastleRichmondMarion91,063129262 4.12 1.41 .60 .712435551100125115010155512551964 3.25 1.37 .50 3.50 3.35 1.00 .75 2.75 1.25 .50 3.00 2.00 .605.001.50.75Number of yees—WomenHighest Daily Wages Skilled LaborHighest Daily Wages Unskilled LaborAverage Daily Wages Paid BoysAverage Daily Wages Paid Women & GirlsIndiana Department of Statistics, Biennial Report, 1895-1896, p. 42. Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1996The Indiana Historian, December 19963
The business of bicyclesstarted on the east coast, it movedwest. Indiana citizens joined in.Harry T. Hearsey was the manwho introduced the safety bicycleto Indianapolis.In addition to Hearsey, therewere many others who benefitedfinancially from the bicycle crazein Indiana. The standard historyof this period in Indiana notesthat there was in 1895a total of 17 establishments engaged inmaking bicycles and bicycle parts in 8cities, 9 shops being located inIndianapolis itself. The value ofproducts was estimated at 3,085,377(Phillips, 310-11).The Indiana Department of Statistics Biennial Report, 1895-1896notes that “This is the youngestindustry” and “it makes a fairlygood showing” in the number ofpeople dependent on it (43, 44).The total establishments reportedpeaked at nineteen in 1899; onlytwo were reported in 1904.As the map on page 11indicates, there is evidence ofmany more Indiana establishments whose business had to dowith bicycles. The table on page 3is probably a low indication of themany people who earned a livingfrom those establishments.Many related businesses tookadvantage of the bicycle craze:clothing and shoes, roadsidetaverns, bicycle theft insurance,publishers of newsletters, manuals, and maps, etc.General source: Smith, Social History.Indiana Historical Bureau.When the English ordinary wasintroduced at the CentennialExposition in Philadelphia in1876, Albert A. Pope, a successfulBoston industrialist, was impressed with the new machine. Hesoon visited England to learnabout the cycle industry. He lateropened a bicycle import house inBoston.Pope hired a patent attorney,Charles E. Pratt, to secure foreignand U.S. bicycle patents so thathe would not have to pay royalties. Pope hired a mechanic toconstruct a new bicycle based onthe English design of the ordinary.Allegedly, this—the 1878 “Columbia” model ordinary—was the firstAmerican-made bicycle.Although the bicycle crazeBicycle TimelineA pair of 1892 Columbia springfork light roadster safetybicycles from the CarterCollection. Note thedifferences between themen’s frame (left) and thewomen’s frame (right).Velocipede exhibitedin France; “a threewheeled vehiclepropelled and directedby both hands and feet”(Pratt, 5).Other Events in History17794“Makespeed” (later Draisine) ;invented by Baron Karl von Drais inGermany; moved “by thrusting hisfeet on the ground”; illustrationbelow is from the French patent(Pratt, 7, 8; Smith, 4).18161789“Pedestrian curricle”patented in England by DenisJohnson; improved on theDraisine; called “hobbyhorse”; illustration below fromthe patent (Pratt, 8).1818“Hobby-horse”“Pedestrian curricle”from England introducedin New York City (Pratt, 9).18191816March 4December 11The first sessionof the UnitedStates Congressconvenes(Carruth, 61).Indianabecomesthenineteenthstate.The Indiana Historian, December 1996improvedby LouisGompertz(Pratt, 10).18211821Indianapolis isplatted.The DraisineJohnson’s Pedestrian Curricle Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1996
The Cycle Club Bulletin, Indianapolis, Vol. 1,No. 41, June 13, 1896, p. 7.The Cycle Club Bulletin, Indianapolis, Vol. 1,No. 41, June 13, 1896, p. 7.The Official L.A.W. Road Book of Indiana (IndianaDivision League of American Wheelmen, 1896), n.p.Harry T. Hearsey: an Indianapolis entrepreneur“Pedal-poweredbicycle” inventedby Scottish blacksmithKirpatrick Macmillan;illustration on page 14(Wilson, 21).18391825October 26Sources: Jacob Piatt Dunn, Indianaand Indianans (Chicago: The American Historical Society, 1919), 4:17046; Indianapolis Star, June 27, 1937;Indianapolis Times, October 1, 1948.“Two-wheeled velocipede”“Two-wheeled velocipede” patented in Novemberdemonstrated in Paris byPierre Lallement, Frenchmechanic instrumental increation (Pratt, 13).in U.S. by Lallement (who had emigrated) andJames Carrol; “two wooden wheels, with irontires, of nearly equal size, one before the other,surmounted by a wooden perch”; illustration fromthe patent (Pratt, 13-14; Smith, 6).18651867U.S. purchasesAlaska fromRussia (Carruth,170).U.S. Civil War.Erie Canal officiallyopens, connecting theGreat Lakes with theAtlantic Ocean(Carruth, 103). Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 19961867-186918661861-1865Lallement’s Velocipede (Pratt, 14)Development and useof bicycle expand inFrance and Englandand then in U.S. (Pratt,18, 20).Bicycle TimelineThemanufacturer’splate of a 1915safety bicycle bythe H. T. HearseyCycle Company,Indiana from theCarter Collection.professional bicycle racing.In the spring of 1889,Hearsey introduced Indianapolisto the “Rudge,” a new Englishsafety bicycle. With great ceremony, he unveiled the bicycle toa packed Tomlinson Hall, thelargest assembly place in Indianapolis.Hearsey also introduced the“Swift,” an English pneumatictired safety, that really caught on.Hearsey publicized this modelwith a relay road trip to Rushville.18671868IndianaUniversityadmits firstwoman student(Thornbrough,507).The Studebaker Corporationis formed from theStudebaker Wagon Works.Located in South Bend, it isthe largest Indiana wagonand carriage manufacturer(Thornbrough, 420-21).The Indiana Historian, December 1996Other Events in HistoryIndiana Historical Bureau.Harry T. Hearsey was atrained mechanic, having workedfor the Cunningham-Heath Company, a Boston manufacturer ofbicycles, and an expert rider. Onan 1885 exhibition tour for hiscompany, he visited Indianapolis.In 1886, he opened a bicycleshop in Indianapolis at Delawareand New York streets. He thenopened a bigger shop at 116-118North Pennsylvania Street. It wasthe first sales room and ridingacademy in Indianapolis. Heinstalled the “town pump,” a footpump for blowing up the newpneumatic, or air-filled rubbertires. His shop became the popular “hang out” for the city’s bicyclists and the biggest names in5
The accomplished riderIn 1879, Charles Pratt noted thatwoe befell the rider who ‘skidded’ in arut . . . . Carl G. Fisher, who afterwardgained fame in the motor industry,drew for himself the nickname of Crip(cripple) because he frequently, inbursts of speed, took a spill and endedwith many bruises and cuts.Bicycle TimelineThe “safety” bicycle openedthe sport to many other people—including women—because it waseasier to ride and cheaper to buy.Many riders, however, refused togive up their ordinaries.Most people learned to ride12t,atPrAlthough Pratt may havebeen somewhat biased, ridingthe high-wheeler—or ordinary—was extremely difficult. Percheddirectly atop a wheel approximately fifty inches high, therider was always in danger oftaking a “header”—being pitchedforward up and over the handlebars. Hard rubber tires and roughroads added to the challenge.Even experienced riders werenot immune to falls. An Indianapolis News article, February 7,1931, with reminiscences aboutthe Indianapolis Zig Zag CycleClub (1890-1896), states,6.the ability to ride the bicycle easily andgracefully on occasion is already anaccomplishment which no gentlemancan afford to be without (Pratt, 32).on their own. During the mid1890s especially, many manufacturers of bicycles opened ridingacademies within their shops toencourage people to buy theirbicycles. Private academiesopened, generally for the rich.In Indianapolis, for example,Fred I. Willis, a stenographer forthe H. T. Hearsey Company, alsoserved as a riding instructor. AnIndianapolis News article, November 24, 1961 recounts his memoryof teaching Benjamin McKee, the“American” or “improved“Ordinary” or “high-wheeler”velocipede” also called a“bone-shaker” brought greatenthusiasm; journal TheVelocipedist begun (Pratt,20-21).production begun in England;“The wheel is made . . . of steelinstead of wood: the tire is ofround rubber instead of flat iron orsteel” (Dodge, 58-59; Pratt, 28).Other Events in History18696Coal miners in Clay County,Indiana earn 1.00 for everyton of coal. Miners furnish theirown tools and blasting powder(Thornbrough, 441).American Velocipede of 1869 (Pratt, 22)The Indiana Historian, December 1996General source: Smith, Social History,27, 28.“Ordinary”introduced to U.S.at Philadelphiacentennial exposition(Smith, 7-8).187618701870grandson of President BenjaminHarrison.Bicycle riders in this timefreely traveled. Zig Zag Cycle Clubmembers in 1931 reminiscedabout Sunday trips on ordinariesto “Greenfield, Columbus,Franklin, Shelbyville, Lebanon,Danville, Martinsville and otherpoints within easy riding distance.”Adolph Schmuck, writing inthe Indianapolis News, November13, 1920 remembers a trip withthe Indianapolis Bicycle Clubaround 1890. Twenty-five or thirtymembers—on both ordinaries andsafety bicycles—rode “to Cincinnati, averaging about forty miles aday, so that it took three days . . . .The intervening nights were spentat Rushville and Brookville.”Schmuck also notes that wiseriders enhance a trip “when itwould be much easier and moresensible to skip over a stretch ofbad road . . . by taking an interurban car or a train, or possibly asteamboat.”1874Lawn tennis, a new sportinvented in England,appears in the U.S.(Carruth, 182).Modern Bicycle (Pratt, 27) Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1996
Map of Gravel Roads in Central Indiana (Indianapolis: Hay & Willits, n.d.).An Indiana travelerAs riders took to the roads in Indiana, and elsewhere, theywere smart to take along essential repair tools. Items fromthe Carter Collection (left to right) are a tire pump, a small oilcan, a screw driver, a fixed wrench, an adjustable wrench, and aspoke wrench.Albert Pope, Boston,begins bicycle importhouse and riding school;commissions mechanic tobuild “allegedly the firstreal bicycle made inAmerica” (Smith, 8).1877Pope beganproducingthe Columbiamodelordinary(Smith, 8).League of AmericanWheelmen “organized to‘promote the generalinterests of bicycling . . .’ ”(Smith, 12).18781878Average pay per dayfor teachers inIndiana townshipschools is 1.90 formen and 1.70 forwomen(Thornbrough, 505). Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 19961880188070% of the school agepopulation of Indiana(ages 5 to 21) areenrolled in school—anincrease from less than50% in 1863(Thornbrough, 477).“Safety bicycle” of John Kemp Starley(third model Rover); two nearly equalwheels “with chain drive, diamondframe, and low wheels, influencedbicycle design to the present” (Oliverand Berkebile, 20).A system of standard time isadopted by railroads of theU.S. and Canada to eliminateproblems caused by theunsystematic setting of localtimes (Carruth, 195).Investigate the means of transportation in Indiana in the 1890s. What are interurbans? Whereare they located? When andwhy did they cease operations? Where were railroads located? Where are railroads locatedtoday? What has replacedmany railroads?Victor Bicycle(safety)patented byA. H. Overman,Massachusetts(Smith, 14).188718851883You be the historian!John Dunlop patentsthe pneumatic tire inEngland (Oliver andBerkebile, 20).Bicycle TimelineOne bright morning not long since two of us boarded the train at Southport, nearIndianapolis, and about four hours later wheeled westward out of New Albany, boundfor that greatest natural wonder in all Hoosierdom, Wyandotte cave, some 30 milesaway. The highway connecting New Albany and Corydon is macadamized pike, and oneof the oldest in the State. . . .We trundled along easily up hill and down dale for the rest of that afternoon, securedsupper at a wayside house, slept in a farmer’s hay mow, and the next morning wereawheel bright and early, blithe and fresh as larks. . . . Before long we approached theancient town of Corydon. . . . . . We reached there[Wyandotte Cave], a veryweary pair of travelers,afterpushingourpneumatics up a huge hillwhich seemed to us averitable mountain. It hasa top, however—an airyeminence where standsthe Rothrock hotellooking out over amagnificent prospect andthis we reached just asthe supper bell wasringing. . . .18881886The first successful natural gaswell in Indiana is bored nearPortland in Jay County settingoff a gas boom lasting almosttwo decades (Phillips, 192-93).The Indiana Historian, December 1996Other Events in HistoryIndiana Historical Bureau.In 1894, George S. Cottman published in four issues of the Indiana Farmer(October 27, November 10, 17, 24) a description of his bicycle trip with acompanion from New Albany to Wyandotte Cave in Crawford County.Selection
“a marvel of ingenuity” The title of this issue is part of a quotation from Charles E. Pratt, The American Bicycler: From 1868 until the present time [1879] the patented improvements have been numerous, and the mechanical details of construction have been thoroughly worked out, until the machine has become a marvel of
ASSOLUTA ELEGANZA. 01 Marvel Royal Calacatta 50x110 cm Marvel Royal Calacatta Polished/Lappato 75x150 cm Marvel Red Luxury Polished/Lappato 75x150 cm Marvel Gold Hex Gris-Calacatta 25,1x29 cm Marvel Royal Calacatta Corner 50 1,4x50 cm 02 Marvel Royal Calacatta 50x110 cm Marvel Red Lu
games eligible for this promotion - last updated 2/27/19 marvel pinball col vol 1 marvel pinball col vol1 marvel ult alliance 3 marvel vs capcom infini marvel vs capcom infinite max curse of brotherhood mega man 11 mega man 11 amiibo ed mega man legacy co 1 mega man legacy col mega man legacy col v2 mega man x leg col 1 &
Marvel Genuine Leather Slimfold Wallet 1st Edition & 1st App Apparel Marvel Premiere #3 on wallet 1 Marvel Silk Italian Tie Apparel 1 Marvel Super Heroes Baseball Hat Apparel with Dr. Strange and others 1 New Era 59Fifty Doctor Strange Marvel Fitted Cap 3D Eye of Agamotto Apparel Size: 7.75
His work for Marvel Comics has included CAPTAIN AMERICA HAIL HYDRA, BLACK PANTHER POWER, DOOMWAR, WOLVERINE FLIES TO A SPIDER, PUNISHER NAKED KILLS, the NY Times bestselling MARVEL ZOMBIES RETURN; as well as his own franchise within Marvel --MARVEL UNIVERSE vs THE PUNISHER, MARVEL UNIVERSE
Marvel BMS Subject to change without notice 3 120 5-IM (0217) General Purpose The Marvel BMS communications availability is designed to give a general control and monitoring ability to any of the Marvel controllers It is not designed to control the actual individual components of the units The Marvel controls
on her black t-shirt is a familiar lightning bolt—the symbol of Ms. Marvel. Kamala Khan has arrived. The release of Ms. Marvel (Wilson and Alphona 2014; figure 1) was arguably a watershed moment for Marvel Comics. The introduction of a new incarnation of the Ms. Marvel superheroine as a young, Pakistani-
POSTMASTER: SEND ALL ADDRESS CHANGES TO DESPICABLE DEADPOOL, C/O MARVEL SUBSCRIPTIONS P.O. BOX 727 NEW HYDE PARK, NY 11040. TELEPHONE # (888) 511-5480. . regarding advertising in Marvel Comics or on Marvel.com, please contact Vit DeBellis, Custom Solutions & Integrated Advertising Manager, at vdebellis@marvel.com. For Marvel subscription .
a paper animal. She tried over and over until she could finally fold a paper dog and wished that she could see Son just once more even though she knew that it was not possible. Looking at the paper dog she had made, she felt so weird that the paper dog seemed smiling at her. She felt that she would make more, many more animals out of paper. She collected all the papers in the house and started .
