2018 IJRAR E -ISSN 2348 1269, P ISSN 2349 5138 .
2018 IJRAR September 2018, Volume 5, Issue 3www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)Determinants of Foreign Policy: A Global PerspectiveNabin Kumar Khara1Abstract: This article intends to explain the need for a country to conduct a foreign policy and some of the prominentdefinitions of foreign policy that are in discussion for many years. This article will look into some of the common factors thatdetermine the foreign policy of all the countries in modern era. Similarly, there are common factors, both internal and external,of foreign policy in almost every country. Foreign policy making should not only be viewed as operating of internal and externalfactors but also the emerging developments in the competitive global scenario. Foreign policy has played a vital role in formingpublic opinion in international politics. Foreign policy conducts different tasks in the study of international politics.Keywords: Foreign Policy, Globalization, International Relations, Nation-States, United NationsIntroductionIn the modern times, growth and development of nation-states and increased relations and communicationsamong them has led to the creation and formulation of foreign policy. Emergence of United Nations alongwith the process of de-colonization that has given the liberty to many countries to exist and function assovereign states, have further privileged the states with the momentum to foster and maintain relations withother countries. There is harmony, to some extent, among the scholars and eminent personalities of the stateon the prerequisite of a foreign policy for every country, since no country would prefer to perform inseparation from other countries of the world. A country without foreign policy is viewed as a football teamplaying the game without any master plan to post the goals, hence all the players of the team aredirectionless on what rile and functions they are supposed to perform on the playground. Therefore, it canbe asserted that foreign policy will continue to exist as far as sovereign countries exist and function in theworld system. Foreign policy is conducted in an environment of multiple linkages between home and abroadin the forms of NGOs, MNCs, academics, political leaders, interventions of several foreign governments, aswell as intense media scrutiny (Chong 2007: 05).Foreign policy is a method adopted by countries to engage with other countries through discussion andnegotiation. It helps countries to engage politically, socially, economically and militarily with each other.When foreign policy is studied, it should analyse the interests of specific nations. Moreover, foreign policyhas played a significant role in the process of globalization. It has created a world where there are vitalrelations between countries. It is not a zero sum game, but has a positive quality. It also has the skills todevelop multi-dimensional issues. It is a tool of engagement with neighbours. It connects the powers of theworld. It also engages with safety reasons, peace and development of a country. Foreign policy is animportant aspect in the affairs of nation-states. It uses diplomacy as a tool to manage a country’s affairs. It isa decision-making process. Kenneth Waltz’s conception of foreign policy preferences is only marginally1The author is currently a Doctoral Candidate at the Centre for Diaspora Studies, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India.IJRAR1903915International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org105
2018 IJRAR September 2018, Volume 5, Issue 3www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)different. He assumes that some variation may occur, but that change in preferences based on experienceand observation (in my terminology, foreign policy learning) will be unidirectional (Goldsmith 2005: 29).Foreign policy has not been significantly effective. Foreign policy decisions design relations between acountry and the international system. The decision-making approach engages with the coalition decision offoreign policy. There lies a lot of difference in the process of a decision taken by an individual and that of agroup. Moreover, if there is more than one group involved, then the process would be altogether somethingelse. Foreign policy analysis is the development of conceptualization. Foreign policy decision-making is amechanical system. It is devoted to establishing legitimacy. The decision-making process has developed thetheoretical outlooks in foreign policy.Definitions of Foreign PolicyForeign policy has been defined by many scholars in various different ways that underlines their personalperspectives. Though the scholars have differences regarding the definition of foreign policy, they sharecommon views on the fact that foreign policy is majorly concerned with interests and its conduct towardsother countries. The role of foreign policy is to attempt to reduce the effects of unfavorable conditions andincrease the effects of favourable conditions and actions of other countries. Foreign policy is a complicatedand diversified political relation that a country is engaged in for fostering relations with other countries andnon-state actors beyond the concerns of its own authority. Its objective is to promote and protect theinterests of other countries as well. Foreign policy, by definition, operates in spaces constructed by states(Chong 2007: 38).A doctrine of foreign policy can be clear and understandable or it may be ambiguous and complicated. Itshould be understood clearly that foreign policy is not merely associated with meetings among thediplomats, political and formal statement from prominent personalities of the state, and public statements ofstate leaders. On contradictory to this, foreign policy is focused on the contemporary nature of the goals andobjectives of the country and interests and values that are perceived for adequate behaviour in negotiatingwith other countries. Foreign policy is designed on the basis of number of factors and aspects that defineand frame its agenda. It cannot survive and exist in isolation. Foreign policy of any country originates fromevents of the past that are responsible for enhancing and promoting unity and sovereignty of the country,basic values and foundations based on ideology for growth and development of the country and goals andobjectives of the country. It can be understood in the wider spectrum in the formation of the government,economic growth and stability, political scenario, geographical conditions and prevailing environment in thecountry.Foreign policy analysis focuses on ethnic and interest groups. American politics mostly overlooks foreignpolicy events. Foreign policy in the United States has been one of the consequences of ethnic lobbying. Theethnic lobbying in foreign policy makes an influential dimension. “The lack of consensus about theIJRAR1903915International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org106
2018 IJRAR September 2018, Volume 5, Issue 3www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)dynamics behind the formation and power of ethnic lobby groups can be seen as rooted in an unclearevidentiary pattern and an understudied set of phenomena” (Haney 2008: 07).Exposure to events in world politics, whether through news media or observations of political pundits, givesthe clear impression that leaders are active players in international relations and the making of foreignpolicy (Grove 2007: 01). Foreign policy has played a vital role in forming public opinion in internationalpolitics. It is concerned by the influenced public opinions in international politics. Creating a foreign policyneeds complex decision making, knowledge of crucial factors and high level reasoning which is not foundin the masses. Realists influence the public opinions on foreign policy. Neorealists such as Kenneth Waltzdistinguish between theories of foreign policy choice and systemic theories of international outcomes butstill echo the sentiments of classical realists regarding public opinion and foreign policy (Foyle 1999: 05).International relations theories have used the modernist theory and theoretical pluralism in internationalpolitics. Foreign policy and its strategies are related to the concept of control. It makes the relation betweenother countries’ peace, coalition, diplomatic relations, implementation of nuclear status, political supportetc. Diplomacy is the most important part of the implementation of foreign policy. The democracy foreignpolicy talks about the value of democracy and the non-democratic foreign policy interrelates is the mostcollective strategy ability is the inexpert democracy foreign policy making. The emphasis ondemocratization as a tenet of foreign policy had, however, generally been on liberation and not on control(Pierce 2003: 205).National Interest and Foreign PolicyFor consistency and continuity of a foreign policy, in the modern times, it has to gain credibility andauthority with citizens of a country. This can be achieved by continuous efforts for pursuing definednational interests with the help of country’s foreign policy. National interests are decided in the term ofneeds, aims or expectations that are communicated to the policymakers through the citizens of a country.National interest can also be defined in the context of protection against aggression, increasing the standardsof living or considering right place in international institutions such as United Nations. National Interests aremajorly divided in two categories; core interests and secondary interests. Core interests are more importantfrom the point of view of foreign policy of county. Internationally, there appeared to be a clear mandate forgreater American involvement in global affairs, the foreign policy establishment wanted to convincepolitical elites and the American public that it was in America’s interest to play a greater role ininternational politics (Arin 2014: 15).Foreign policy involves designing, management and control. The countries use diplomacy as an instrumentof foreign policy. Foreign policy is the strategy applied in international circles. Foreign policy process is aprocedure of decision-making. It is influenced by the intimate dynamics of decision-making. The decisionmaking approach denied that power is necessarily structured in the way that the elitists said it is, and arguedIJRAR1903915International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org107
2018 IJRAR September 2018, Volume 5, Issue 3www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)that the only valid evidence about power had to be derived from a study of action in the decision-makingarena (Debnam 1984: 01). Therefore, realists emphasize on political control and decision-making.The impact of foreign policy making is on culture and politics. The world of foreign policy is a complexphenomenon. It involves in dealings with several countries. These international dealings have become avital component of foreign policy controls. Most accounts of the foreign policy process either directly orimplicitly draw on the metaphor of the foreign policy apparatus as a self-contained system that reacts tostimuli in the external environment, consumes resources, and produces actions and decisions as outputs backinto an external environment (Gyngell and Wesley 2003: 21). Foreign policy is foreign relations anddiplomacy. It has another dimension of public policy which deals with the outer world. It tries to create aninternational milieu which is conducive to the national interests of the countries. It is relations between acountry’s diplomacy and its sovereignty.Objectives of Foreign PolicyThe objectives of foreign policy are not limited to make a shift but also to manage the behaviour of othercountries by determining the persistence of favourable actions. Foreign policy is directed by the values andethics of a country. The countries are guided by the goals and objectives of development at global level. Themajor component in foreign policy is the reaction to the events in international domain. Foreign policy is themost significant aspect in conducting international politics. The purpose of foreign policy is aimed atprevailing and protecting sovereignty of the country. Following are some of the objectives that are vital inthe formulation of foreign policy of a country: foreign policy promotes unity and integrity of a country,foreign policy is aimed at fulfilling the interests of its citizens within and beyond the borders, foreign policyalso focuses on maintain the dignity and sentiments of the globe, and it tries to foster relations and developsustainable relations with all other countries to increase economic and technological co-operation amongthemselves in order to pursue its own interests.The study of foreign policy helps to solve the issue of the nation-states regarding the process of planningand executing their activities in international affairs. The foreign policy of a country seeks to makeunderstand the nature and scope of the existing structure of power in the politics of international affairs. Itbasically attempts to achieve the goal and objective of receiving honour for the country and getting edgeover other states at the international platform. It is designed, formulated and implemented to attempt toresolve the issues and problems which are different in nature for every country in the world. The approachesto foreign policy that are theoretical propose that countries across the globe are competing with other forsuccessful and productive decision-making and implementation. Foreign policy is one of the dynamicconcepts in the study of international politics, which aims to focus and explain various aspects that arenecessary to fulfill the interests of the country. The goal of the foreign policy is to ascertain the interests ofthe nation-state and their attainment in effective manner.IJRAR1903915International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org108
2018 IJRAR September 2018, Volume 5, Issue 3www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)Determinants of Foreign PolicyForeign policy attitudes have not been measured or conceptualized in a secure way. Foreign policy is themost important factor of political development. Foreign policy evaluations depend upon the caliber of boththink again results and equally the general policy-oriented phenomenon. The impact of foreign policy onpolitical evaluations is its tendency to focus on dramatic events such as wars and crises. There aretheoretical grounds to expect the same attribution process to mediate the relationship between foreign policyviews and political evaluation in foreign than in domestic or economic policy. At the analytical level thefield of foreign policy attitudes can be made by proposing and demonstrating the usefulness of afundamentally different approach. From American politics, two strands of democratic theory suggestalternative views of the manner in which elected officials respond to public opinion (Foyle 1999: 02).Kaarbo and other scholars view that “The lack of an overarching government in the international system isone of the most important external conditions that affects foreign policy. Realist theory proposes thatanarchy is the characteristic of the international environment that makes international politics sodramatically different from domestic politics” (Kaarbo et al. 2012: 07).Long-standing concerns in both the US government and foreign relations point out to the normativepressures of the neighboring role of public opinion in influencing foreign policy. As Bernard Cohen (1973)demonstrated in a critical survey of the literature, “the constraining role of public opinion was often assertedbut rarely demonstrated—or even put to a systematic test” (Cohen 1973). Although not usually concernedwith public opinion and foreign policy, moralist views on this case are alike to the thinking of classicalrealists. Kenneth Waltz and other Neo-realists decide among theoretical formulations and frameworks offoreign policy and theoretical aspects of global effects, all the same, still bound the minds of classicalrealists about public opinion and foreign policy. For example, John Mearsheimer observes, “Public opinionon national security issues is notoriously fickle and responsive to elite manipulation and world events”(Mearsheimer 1990).In contrast, foreign policy analysis does not assume interests; rather, it seeks to empirically determine howdecision makers actually define their state’s interests (Breuning 2007: 167). Foreign policy makers advancefrom the concern of individual interests to the interests of the groups. The domestic and international affairs,their arrangements and their related social details stand as the platform on which the formulation of foreignpolicy takes place. Foreign policy consideration is one of the most significant ways of approaching andstudying world politics. So far, this same focal point has been very much far away from some of the modelmechanisms in the study of world politics, which specified the structure and layer of analysis towards betterachievements.Human rights have a topographic point in foreign policy. Baehr and Monique define that human rights areinternationally agreed values, standards or rules regulating the conduct of states towards their own citizensand noncitizens. Human rights are, in the words of the Preamble of the Universal Declaration of HumanIJRAR1903915International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org109
2018 IJRAR September 2018, Volume 5, Issue 3www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)Rights (UDHR): ‘a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations’ (Baehr and Monique2004: 03). But human rights change from these ideas of foreign policy in that they do not refer to suchpractical interests. As Banerjee puts it, Assertive human rights diplomacy, similarly, can range from beingwhat it claims to be to being imperialism or aggression in disguise. One must independently judge the truthof the claims of the instances of human rights diplomacy (Banerjee 2000: 181). Governments that want todefend human rights abroad do not arrange for themselves an easy responsibility. The opportunity gives theforce to sustain international support from maintenance and advancement of human rights, and to addressthe essential problems of law and government. Like most governments, the corporate world also becamemore capable in the nomenclature of human rights and democracy.The international human rights values that have been basically developed in the last decades help as a policyfor governments in protecting the rights of people of their own countries. Human rights have similarlybecome part of the foreign policy of many nations. After its independence India became one of the pioneersin championing the cause of human rights. India’s human rights diplomacy existed on the set up of anethical agreement on activating power within the governing body depending upon the part of the leaders. Inthe present era of globalization, the ability of natural procedures that give way above national borders hascritically achieved better goals. Human rights concerns by policy makers in foreign policy can affect othergovernments to improve the respect for human rights. Foreign policy concerning human rights must bepartly a policy for improving this machinery (Luard 1981: 22).During the period of 1990s, human rights continued to be a root of doubt in the study of internationalrelations. International agencies responsible for checking the execution of international human rightsagreements keep on underfunded, weak and unable to discharge effectively a primary function for whichthey were made, namely the resolution of conflict. Western policies were changeable, making manygovernmental and Non-Governmental Organizations to ask, whether human rights we
Determinants of Foreign Policy: A Global Perspective Nabin Kumar Khara1 . Foreign policy is the strategy applied in international circles. Foreign policy process is a . The impact of foreign policy making is on culture and politics. The world of foreign policy is a complex phenomenon. It involves in dealings with several countries.
2018 IJRAR October 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4 www.ijrar.org (E -ISSN 2348 1269, P ISSN 2349 5138)
Abstract: Merger announcement is a part of corporate actions undertaken by the companies. This study aims to examine the quantum of merger announcements impact on banks pre and post stock prices movements. Recent Bank mergers in the previous 8 years from 2010-2018 are considered for the study i.e two Private and Public sector Banks.
Any online platform that allows interaction between two or more people can facilitate a C2C trade. Cons The cost charged for each sale using the C2C eCommerce model on a third-party site like eBay may eat into the profit of the merchant. C2C poses a high level of risk in terms of product quality than other eCommerce business models.
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Material details: (a) Concrete grade: M35 (b) Steel grade: HYSD reinforcement of Fe 500 (c) Bearing capacity 2of soil: 200 kN/m 6. Type of construction: R.C.C Framed OBJECTIVES- To study the existing literatures for the preparation of plan, analysis, design, and reinforcement detailing of a regular structure.
Oct 23, 2018 · launched Paytm Gold, a product that allowed users to buy as little as 1 of pure gold online. It also launched the Paytm Payments Bank and ‘Inbox’, a messaging platform with in-chat payments among other products. By 2018, it started allowing merchants to accept Paytm, UPI and Card
in general 24 consonant sounds and 20 vowel sounds in English language. The teachers and the students . (2001) opines that alliteration is “the repetition of the initial consonant in two or more words” (
Last previous edition approved in 2018 as A234/A234M – 18. DOI: 10.1520/A0234_A0234M-18A. 2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-cation SA-234 in Section II of that Code. 3 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer .
