Jonah Marbles. The Good Shepherd. (Central Turkey),
Jonah Marbles. The Good Shepherd.c. 270-280 CE. Asia Minor, probably Phrygia(Central Turkey), about 270-280 CELate Antiquity: Early Christian3rd – 5th c.Christianity, the religion developed by followers of Jesus ofNazareth, begun as a reforming sect of Judaism whose membersregarded Jesus as the promised messiah.
Meeting hallCentralcourtyardBaptisteryRestored cutaway view of the Christian community houseDura-Europos, Syria, ca. 240–256. Capacity - 70 people
BaptisteryReconstruction of the Christiancommunity house at DuraEuropos, Syria, ca. 240–256.
Christian catacombs. Rome. 1st - 4th c. CECatacombs: cemeteries of the earlyChristians and contemporary Jews,arranged in extensive subterraneanvaults and galleries. Besides serving asplaces of burial, the catacombs wereused as hiding places from persecution,as shrines to saints and martyrs, and forfuneral feasts.
Constantine the Great:Roman Emperor from306 to 337. The firstChristian emperor.Portrait of Constantine, fromthe Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, ca.315–330 CE. Marble, approx. 30’high.313: Edict of Milan proclaimed tolerance of all religions throughout theempire.(Christianity becomes official state religion of the Roman Empire in 380)325: Council of Nicaea- The first general council of bishops resulted in the first uniformChristian doctrine.337: Baptism of Constantine
The central plan was used primarilyfor baptisteries and mausoleums
Early Christian BasilicasOld St. Peter’s in RomeS. Apollinarein Classe atRavennaS. Apollinare Nuovo inRavennaThe fundamental elements of basilican church plans: a longitudinal axis leads from the entrance (through an atrium and or narthex)through the nave to the terminating apse, where the alter is located. The nave is illuminated by high (clerestory) windows. Aisles flanking the nave provide additional processional space.
Comparison: Basilica UlpiaRome, Italy, 112 CEBasilica-plan church
TriumphalArchSanta Sabina. Interior. Rome, Italy, 422–432.
St. PeterIn church tradition,Peter is said to havefounded the churchin Rome (withPaul), served as itsbishop, authoredtwo epistles, andthen metmartyrdom thexRelics: body parts,clothing or objectsassociated with a saint orChristAtriumOld Saint Peter’s. Restored view (a), plan (b), and section (c)Rome, Italy. Built ca. 320 CE and was demolished in the 16th c.
The custom of locating the apse andaltar in the eastern extremity of thechurch was the rule. Yet the greatBasilicas in Rome as well as theBasilica of the Resurrection inJerusalem and the basilicas of Tyreand Antioch, reversed this rule byplacing the apse in the westernextremity.
The central plan was used primarily for baptisteries and mausoleumsExterior view of theBaptistery of the Orthodox,Ravenna, ca. 458, showingthe brickwork embellishedprimarily by pilaster stripsand shallow arches near theeaves. These decorativeelements are known asLombard bands because theoriginated in Lombardy.Lombardy bands will be seenon Romanesque churches inGermany, France, and Spain.
Mausoleum: a monumentaltomb; especially: a buildingwith places for entombmentof the dead above groundSanta Costanza. (possibly was builtfor Constantina, daughter ofConstantine)Longitudinal section (top) and plan(bottom), Rome, Italy, ca. 337–351.
Interior of Santa Costanza Rome, Italy, ca. 337–351.
Early Christian Mosaics The tesserae (small cubes) are usually made of glass, whichreflects light and make the surface sparkle Simplified patterns and glittering texture instead of Romannaturalism. For mosaics situated high on the ceiling large tesserae wereused instead of Roman tiny tesserae seen on floors andwalls.
Santa Costanzaambulatory vault
Santa Costanza, Detail of vault mosaic in the ambulatory, Rome, Italy, ca. 337–351
Santa Costanza, Detail of vault mosaic in the ambulatory, Rome, Italy, ca. 337–351
Santa Costanza, Detail of vault mosaic in the ambulatory. Two oxen pulling cartwith grapes
Mausoleumof Galla Placidia,Ravenna, Italy, ca.425.380: Christianity becomes the state religion402: Capital move from Milan to Ravenna476: Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Crossing tower: the tower overthe crossing of a churchMausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, ca. 425.
Early Christian mosaicist setthe tesserae unevenly so thattheir surface could catch andreflect the lightChrist as the Good Shepherd, Detail. Mosaic from the entrance wall of the Mausoleumof Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, ca. 425.
The Byzantine Empire(Eastern Roman Empire)
LatinGreek667 BCE: Greek colonists founded Byzantium324 CE: Constantine refounded the city as NovaRoma or ConstantinopleThe fall of Rome in 476 ended the western half ofthe Roman Empire; the eastern half continued asthe Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople as itscapital.Portrait of Constantine, ca.315–330 CE. Marble, approx. 8’6” high.
The Byzantine Empire , ca 600
Byzantine churches typically had circular or GreekCross central plans.Plan of SS. Sergiusand Bacchus andHagia Sophia inConstantinople, withS. Vitale in Ravennaand S. Marco inVenice. Thesecentral plan churchesare grouped to allowcomparisons ofscale.
Justinian’s building program yielded masterpiecessuch as the church of Hagia SophiaANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES and ISIDORUS OF MILETUS, Hagia Sophia (HollyWisdom), Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey, 532–537.270’ long, 240’ wide. Diameter of dome: 108’, height: 180’
ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES and ISIDORUS OF MILETUS, Hagia Sophia,Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey, 532–537.
270’ long240’ wideDome: 180’ highANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES andISIDORUS OF MILETUS, longitudinalsection (above) and plan (right) of HagiaSophia, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey,532–537
PendentivesANTHEMIUS OFTRALLES andISIDORUS OFMILETUS, interior ofHagia Sophia,Constantinople(Istanbul), Turkey,532–537.
ANTHEMIUS OFTRALLES andISIDORUS OFMILETUS, interiorof Hagia Sophia,Constantinople(Istanbul), Turkey,532–537.
Comparison: Dome of St. Andrew's Chapel. Ravenna, Italy. 6th c.
ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES andISIDORUS OF MILETUS, interiorof Hagia Sophia, Constantinople(Istanbul), Turkey, 532–537.Comparison:Pantheon,Rome, Italy,118–125 CE.142’ high.Oculus
ClerestorywindowsConstruction of SanVitale began underthe rule of theOstrogoths, and wascompleted by theBishop of Ravenna,Maximian during theByzantine rule.Aerial view of SanVitale, Ravenna, Italy,526–547.Apse
NarthexDomed octagonPlan of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526–547.
Interior of San Vitale (view from the apse into the choir), Ravenna, Italy, 526–547.
Choir and apse of San Vitale with mosaic ofChrist between two angels, Saint Vitalis, andBishop Ecclesius, Ravenna, Italy, 526–547.
Interior of San Vitale. Ravenna,Italy, 526–547.
Interior of San Vitale. Ravenna,Italy, 526–547.Comparison: Corinthian capital,Epidauros, Greece, ca. 350 BCE.
Nicholas Mesarites visited the Church ofthe Holy Apostles in Constantinoplearound the year 1200 and left adescription of the dome Pantocratorthere, by the famous artist Eulalios. “Hiseyes are joyful and welcoming to thosewho are not reproached by theirconscience, but to those who arecondemned by their own judgment, theyare wrathful and hostile.The right handblesses those who follow a straight path,while it admonishes those who do notand, as it were, checks them and turnsthem back from their disorderly course.The left hand with its fingers spread farapart as possible, supports the Gospel.”Pantokrator, Theotokos and Child, angels,and saints, apse mosaic in the cathedral atMonreale, Italy, ca. 1180–1190.
Interior of Saint Mark’s (viewfacing east), Venice, Italy, begun1063. Venice was anindependent city withstrong ties to theByzantine empire.
Comparison: ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLESand ISIDORUS OF MILETUS, interior ofHagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul),Turkey, 532–537.Interior of Saint Mark’s (viewfacing east), Venice, Italy, begun1063.
1453 – The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turksmark the end of the Byzantine Empire1930: The city was officially renamed Istanbul by the Republicof TurkeyThe Siege of Constantinople (painted 1499)
Choir and apse of San Vitale with mosaic of Christ between two angels, Saint Vitalis, and Bishop Ecclesius, Ravenna, Italy, 526–547. Interior of San Vitale. Ravenna, Italy, 526–547. Comparison: Corinthian capital, Epidauros, Greece, ca. 350 BCE. Interior of San Vitale.
Unit 4 Ratio and Rates 181 MINI-LESSON: Writing Ratios Ratios can be written in three different ways. If there are 3 red marbles and 4 blue marbles, we say the ratio of red marbles to blue marbles is 3 to 4 (3 red marbles to every 4 blue marbles). This ratio can also be written as 3:
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
Jonah Runs from God In the Sea: Jonah Thanks God On the Lifeboat: Nineveh Receives God’s Mercy Against the Wind: Jonah Is Angry at God From the Lighthouse: Jesus Shows God’s Mercy References Jonah 1:1–16 Jonah 1:17—2:10 Jonah 3:1–10 Jonah 4:1–11 Luke 23:33–46; 24:1–12 Focu
Jonah 2:10 “Then God spoke to the fish, and it vomited up Jonah on the seashore.” (The Message) Jonah 3:1-3 “A message from the Lord came to Jonah a second time. The Lord said, “Go to the great city of Nineveh. Announce to its people the message I give you.” This time Jonah
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
