THE AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA
THE AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIAOF INDIAPART- IVOLUME – IGOVERNMENT OF INDIAMINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFAREDEPARTMENT OF AYUSHContents Monographs Abbreviations AppendicesLegal Notices General Notices
CONTENTSLegal NoticesGeneral NoticesMONOGRAPHSSl. No.Plant Name12AJAGANDHË (Seed)AJAMODË (Fruit)34567891011121314ËMALAKÌ (Fresh Fruit pulp)ËMALAKÌ (Dried fruit)ËRAGVADHA (Fruit pulp)ARKA (Root)ARKA (Leaf)ASANA (Heart wood)AáOKA (Stem bark)AáVAGANDHË (Root)AáVATTHA (Bark)ATASÌ (Seed)ATIBALË (Root)ATIVIâË (Root)15BABBÍLA (Stem bark)161718192021BËKUCÌ (Fruit)BIBHÌTAKA (Fruit)BILVA (Fruit pulp)CANDRAáÍRA (Seed)CITRAKA (Root)DHËNYAKA (Fruit)Botanical NameCleome gynandra LinnApium leptophyllum (Pers.)F.V.M.ex BenthEmblica officinalis Gaertn.Emblica officinalis Gaertn.Cassia fistula LinnCalotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br.Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br.Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.Saraca asoca (Rosc) DC WilldWithania somnifera DunalFicus religiosa Linn.Linum usitatissimum LinnAbutilon indicum (Linn) SwAconutum heterophyllum Wall. ExRoyleAcacia nilotica (Linn ) Willd. Ex .Del .Sp. Indica ( Benth ) BrenanPsoralea corylifolia LinnTerminalia belerica Roxb.Aegle marmelos Corr.Lepidium sativum Linn.Plumbago zeylanical LinnCoriandrum sativum LinnPage No.(as per book)124578101214151719202224252627262930
ËTAKÌ (Flower)ERAÛÚA (Root)GAMBHËRÌ (Root bark)GOKâURA (Root)GOKâURA (Fruit)GUÚÍCÌ (Stem)GUGGULU (Exudate)GUØJË (Seed)HARIDRË (Rhizome)HARÌTAKÌ (Fruit)HI GU (Oleo-gum-resin)JATËMËêSÌ (Rhizome)JËTÌPHALA (Seed)KAMPILLA (Fruit)KËØCANËRA (Stem bark)KA KOLA (Fruit)KAÛÙAKËRÌ (Whole plant)KANYËSËRA (Leaf)KARAØJA (Seed)KARAVÌRA (Leaf)KARKAÙAáÎ GI (Gall)KËRPËSA (Seed)KAáERU (Rhizome)KETAKÌ (Root)464748KHADIRA (Heart wood)KIRËTATIKTA (Whole plant)KÎâÛAJÌRAKA (Fruit)Woodfordia fruiticosa (Linn ) KurzRicinus communis LinnGmelina arbora RoxbTribulus terrestis LinnTribulus terrestis LinnTinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhand.Abrus precatorius Linn.Curcuma longa Linn.Terminalia chebula Retz.Ferula foetida Regel.Nardostachys jatamansi DCMyristica fragrans Houtt.Mallotus philippinensis Muell-Arg.Bauhinia variegata BlumePiper cubeba Linn. f.Solanum surattnse Burm.f.Aloe barbadensis MillPongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr.Nerium indicum MillPistacia chinensis BurgoGossypium herbaceum Linn.Scirpus kysoor Roxb.Pandanus tectorius soland.ex.ParkinsonAcacia catechu (Linn.f.) Willd.Swertia chirata Buch.-HamCarum carvi 69707173
495051KULATTHA (Seed)KUâÙHA (Root)KUÙAJA (Stem bark)52LAVA GA (Flower Bud)53545556575859606162LODHRA (Stem bark)MADANA (Fruit)MIáREYË (Fruit)NYAGRODHA (Stem bark)PËâËÛABHEDA (Rhizome)PËÙHË (Root)PÍGA (Seed)PUNARNAVË (RAKTA) (Wholeplant)SAPTAPARÛA (Stem bark)áAÙÌ (Rhizome)6364SNUHÌ (Stem)SÍKâMAILË (Fruit)6566676869707172áUÛÙHÌ (Rhizome)SVARÛAPATRÌ (Leaf)áVETAJÌRAKA (Fruit)áVETA SËRIVË (Root)TAGARA (Rhizome)TËMALAKÌ (Root, Stem & Leaf)TVAK (Bark)TVAKPATRA (Leaf)Vigna unquiculata (Linn.) Walp.Saussurea lappa CB. ClarkeHolarrhena antidysenterica (Roth)A.DCSyzygium aromaticum (Linn.) MerrM.Perry.Symplocos racemosa Roxb.Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb) KeayFoeniculum vulgare MillFicus bengalensis LinnBergenia ciliata (Haw ) Sternb.Cissampelos pareira LinnAreca catechu Linn.Boerhavia diffusa Linn757678Alstonia scholaris (Linn)R.Br.Hedychium spicatum Ham .Ex.SmithEuphorbia neriifolia LinnElettaria cardamo0mum (Linn.)R.Br.Zingiber officinale Roxb.Cassia angustifolia Vahl.Cuminum cyminum LinnHemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R.Br.Valeriana wallichii DCPhyllanthus fraternus Webst.Cinnamimum zeylanicum BlumeCinnamomum tamala 11113115
7374757677787980UDUMBARA (Bark)UPAKUØCIKË (Seed)VARUÛA (Stem bark)VËSË (Leaf)VIÚA GA (Fruit))VIJAYË (Leaf)YAâÙÌ (Stem &Root)YAVËNÌ (Fruit)Ham)Nees & Eberm.Ficus racemosa LinnNigella sativa LinnCarataeva nurvala Buch-Ham.Adhatoda vaica NeesEmbelia ribes Burm.f.Cannabis sativa LinnGlycyrrhiza glabra LinnTrachyspermum ammi (Linn.)Sprague ex Turril.117119120122123125127129
LEGAL NOTICESIn India there are laws dealing with drugs that are the subject of monographswhich follow. These monographs should be read subject to the restrictions imposedby these laws wherever they are applicable.It is expedient that enquiry be made in each case in order to ensure that theprovisions of the law are being complied with.In general, the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 (subsequently amended in 1964and 1982), the Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930 and the Poisons Act, 1919 and the rulesframed thereunder should be consulted.Under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India(A.P.I.), Part-I, Vol. I, is the book of standards for single drugs included therein andthe standards prescribed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. Iwould be official. If considered necessary these standards can be amended and theChairman of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee authorised to issue yurvedicPharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. I, would be deemed to have been amendedaccordingly.
GENERAL NOTICESTitle - The title of the book is “Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofName of the Drugs - The name given on the top of each monograph of the drug is inSanskrit as mentioned in the Ayurvedic classics and/or in the Ayurvedic Formulary ofIndia , Part-I and Part-II will be considered official. These names have been arranged inEnglish alphabetical order. The Latin name (taxonomical nomenclature) of each drug asfound in authentic scientific literature has been provided in the monograph in theintroductory paragraph. The official name will be the main title of the drug and itsscientific name will also be considered as legal name.Introductory Para - Each monograph begins with an introductory paragraph indicatingthe part, scientific name of the drug in Latin with short description about its habit,distribution and method of collection, if any.Synonyms - Synonyms of each drug appearing in each monograph in Sanskrit, English,Hindi, Urdu and other Indian regional languages have been mentioned as found in theclassical texts, Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I and Part-II as procured from theexperts, scholars of Ayurveda and officials in the field from different states.Italics - Italic type has been used for scientific name of the drug appearing in theintroductory paragraph of each monograph as also for chemicals and reagents,substances or processes described in Appendix.Odour and Taste - Wherever a specific odour has been found it has been mentionedbut the description as ‘odourless’ or ‘no odour’ has in many cases been avoided in thedescription, as large numbers of drugs have got no specific odour. The “odour” isexamined by directly smelling 25 g of the powdered drug contained in a package orfreshly powdered. If the odour is discernible the sample is rapidly transferred to an opencontainer and re-examined after 15 minutes. If the odour persists to be discernible, it isdescribed as having odour.The “Taste” of a drug is examined by taking a small quantity of 85 mesh powderby a tip of moist glass rod and applying it on tongue previously rinsed with water. Thismay not be done in case if poisonous drugs, indicated in monograph.Mesh Number - Wherever the powdering of the drug has been required the sieve “MeshNumber 85” has been used. This will not apply for drugs containing much oily substance.Weights and Measures - The metric system of weights and measures is employed.Weights are given in multiples or fractions of a gramme (g) or of a milligram (mg). Fluidmeasures are given in multiples or fractions of millilitre (ml).When the term “drop” is used, the measurement is to be made by means of atube, which delivers in 20 drops 1 gram of distilled water at 15oC.Metric measures are required by the Pharmacopoeia to be graduated at 20oC andall measurements involved in the analytical operations of the Pharmacopoeia areintended, unless otherwise stated to be made at that temperature.Identity, Purity and Strength - Under the heading “Identification” tests are providedas an aid to identification and are described in their respective monographs.
The term “Foreign Matter” is used to designate any matter, which does not formpart of the drug as defined in the monograph. Vegetable drugs used as such or informulations, should be duly identified and authenticated and be free from insects,pests, fungi, micro-organisms, pesticides, and other animal matter including animalexcreta, be within the permitted and specified limits for lead, arsenic and heavy metals,and show no abnormal odour, colour, sliminess, mould or other evidence ofdeterioration.The quantitative tests e.g. total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash,alcohol-soluble extractive, water- soluble extractive, ether-soluble extractive, moisturecontent, volatile oil content and assays are the methods upon which the standards ofPharmacopoeia depend. The methods for assays are described in their respectivemonographs and for other quantitative tests, methods are not repeated in the text ofmonographs but only the corresponding reference of appropriate appendix is given. Theanalyst is not precluded from employing an alternate method in any instance if he issatisfied that the method, which he uses, will give the same result as thePharmacopoeial Method. In suitable instances the methods of microanalysis, if ofequivalent accuracy, may be substituted for the tests and assays described. However, inthe event of doubt or dispute the methods of analysis of the Pharmacopoeia are aloneauthoritative.Limits for Heavy Metals – All Ayurvedic Drugs (Single/Compound formulation) mustcomply with the limits for Heavy Metals prescribed in individual Monograph and whereverlimit is not given then they must comply with the limits given in WHO publication“Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plants and Material”.Standards - For statutory purpose, statements appearing in the API, Part-I, Vol. V,under Description, those of definition of the part and source plants, and Identity, Purityand Strength, shall constitute standards.Thin Layer Chromatography (T.L.C.) - Under this head, wherever given, the numberof spots and Rf values of the spots with their colour have been mentioned as a guide foridentification of the drug and not as Pharmacopoeial requirement. However, the analystmay use any other solvent system and detecting reagent in any instance if he is satisfiedthat the method which he uses, even by applying known reference standards, will givebetter result to establish the identity of any particular chemical constituent reported tobe present in the drug.Quantities to be weighed for Assays and Tests - In all description quantity of thesubstance to be taken for testing is indicated. The amount stated is approximate but thequantity actually used must be accurately weighed and must not deviate by more than10 per cent from the one stated.Constant Weight - the term “Constant Weight” when it refers to drying or ignitionmeans that two consecutive weighings do not differ by more than 1.0 mg per g of thesubstance taken for the determination, the second weighing following an additional hourof drying on further ignition.Constituents - Under this head only the names of important chemical constituents,groups of constituents reported in research publications have been mentioned as a guideand not as pharmacopoeial requirement.Percentage of Solutions - In defining standards, the expression per cent (%), is used,according to circumstances, with one of the four meanings given below.Per cent w/w (percentage weight in weight) expresses the number of grammes ofactive substance, in 100 grammes of product.
Per cent w/v (Percentage weight in volume) expresses the number of grammes ofactive substance in 100 millilitres of product.Per cent v/v (percentage volume in volume) expresses the number of millilitres ofactive substance in 100 millilitres of product.Per cent v/w (percentage volume in weight) expresses the number of millilitres ofactive substance in 100 grammes of product.Percentage of alcohol - All statements of percentage of alcohol (C2H5OH) refer topercentage by volume at 15.56 oC.Temperature - Unless otherwise specified all temperatures refer to centigrade (celsius),thermometric scale.Solutions - Unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph, all solutions areprepared with purified water.Reagents and Solutions - The chemicals and reagents required for the test inPharmacopoeia are described in Appendices.Solubility - When stating the solubilities of Chemical substances the term “Soluble” isnecessarily sometimes used in a general sense irrespective of concomitant chemicalchanges.Statements of solubilities, which are expressed as a precise relation of weights ofdissolved substance of volume of solvent, at a stated temperature, are intended to applyat that temperature. Statements of approximate solubilities for which no figures aregiven, are intended to apply at ordinary room temperature.Pharmacopoeial chemicals when dissolved may show slight physical impurities,such as fragment of filter papers, fibres, and dust particles, unless excluded by definitetests in the individual monographs.When the expression “parts” is used in defining the solubility of a substance, it isto be understood to mean that 1 gramme of a solid or 1 millilitre of a liquid is soluble inthat number of millilitres of the solvent represented by the stated number of parts.When the exact solubility of pharmacopoeial substance is not known, adescriptive term is used to indicate its solubility.The following table indicates the meaning of such terms :Descriptive termsVery solubleFreely solubleSolubleSparingly solubleSlightly solubleVery slightly solublePractically insolubleRelative quantities of solventLess than 1 partFrom 1 to 10 partsFrom 10 to 30 partsFrom 30 to 100 partsFrom 100 to 1000 partsFrom 1000 to 10,000 partsMore than 10,000 parts
Therapeutic uses and important formulations – Therapeutic uses and importantformulations mentioned in this Pharmacopoeia are, as provided in the recognisedAyurvedic classics and in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part –I and Part-II.Doses – The doses mentioned in each monograph are in metric system of weights,which are the approximate conversions from classical weights mentioned in Ayurvedictexts. A conversion table is appended giving classical weights of Ayurvedic System ofMedicine with their metric equivalents. Doses mentioned in the AyurvedicPharmacopoeia of India (A.P.I.) are intended merely for general guidance andrepresent, unless otherwise stated, the average range of quantities per dose which isgenerally regarded suitable by clinicians for adults only when administered orally.It is to be noted that the relation between doses in metric and Ayurvedic systems setforth in the text is of approximate equivalence. These quantities are for convenience ofprescriber and sufficiently accurate for pharmaceutical purposes.The abbreviations commonly employed are as follows:mlmmcmµkggmgmlin0.5 N0.1 N1MFam.PSTSAbbreviations of technical termsMetreLitreMillimetreCentimetreMicron (0.001 mm)KilogramGrammeMilligramMillilitreNormal solutionHalf-normal solutionDecinormal solutionMolar solutionFamilyPrimary StandardsTransverse Section
.Tam.Tel.Abbreviations used for ABBREVIATIONS FOR PARTS OF PLANTSCotyledonCotldn.FlowerFruitHeart WoodLeafPseudo-bulbRoot BarkRootRhizomeSeedStem BarkStemTuberous RootWoodWhole PlantFl.Fr.Ht. Wd.Lf.Pseudo-bulbRt. Bk.Rt.Rz.Sd.St. Bk.St.Tub. Rt.Wd.Wh. Pl.
1. Ajagandha (Sd .)AJAGANDHË (Seed)Ajagandh¡ consists of the seeds of Cleome gynandra Linn. Syn. Gynandropsisgynandra (Linn.) Briquet (Fam. Capparidaceae); a strong smelling, somewhat foetid herb,0.6 - 1 m high, found abundantly throughout warmer parts of Hurhuria, ShulteDog MustardTalvani, DhelitalavanHulhul, Hurhur, KavaliaNaram bele Soppu, NayeetulasiGandi ButiAtunari velaTilvan, Bhatvan, Mabli, Tilavana, TilvantAnasorisia, AnasorisaBugraNal valai, Nal velaiVaminta, Vayinta--DESCRIPTIONa) Macroscopicblack.Seeds, small, 1-2 mm in diameter, kidney shaped, surface rough, dark brown orb) MicroscopicDark brown, oily; under microscope shows a number of fragments of epidermis of1
testa consisting of thin-walled, polygonal cells; groups of cells, resembling like stonecells, reddish-brown with non-lignified walls; a large number of oval, rounded orirregularly shaped protein bodies; starch and crystals absent.IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTHForeign matterTotal AshAcid-insoluble ashAlcohol-soluble extractiveWater-soluble extractiveNot more thanNot more thanNot more thanNot less thanNot less than2 per cent, Appendix7 per cent, Appendix0.4 per cent, Appendix16 per cent, Appendix7 per cent, AppendixCONSTITUENTS - Fixed oil, essential oil and oleoresinPROPERTIES AND ACTIONRasa:Ka¶uGu a:Laghu, R kÀaV rya:á taVip¡ka:Ka¶uKarma:H dya, D pana, V¡tahara, Pittala, á laghn IMPORTANT FORMULATIONS - N¡r¡ya a C r aTHERAPEUTIC USES - Gulma, AÀ¶h l¡, K miroga, Ka · , Kar arogaDOSE - 1-3 g of the drug in powder form.22.2.2.2.2.3.2.2.4.2.2.6.2.2.7.
2. Ajamoda (Frt.)AJAMODË (Fruit)Ajamod¡ consists of dried, aromatic fruits of Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. V. M.ex Benth. (Fam. Umbelliferae); an annual herb cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka; collected by thrashing plants on a mat and dried in shadeor in drying amilTeluguUrdu:::::::::::::::D pyakaBonjamani, Bonajain, Yamani, AjowanRandhuni, Banyamani-Bodi Ajamo, AjamoAjmuda, AjmodOma, Ajavana, OmakkiFakhazur, BanjuanAyamodakum, OmanAjmoda, OovaBanajuaniValjawain, AjmodOmamNaranji vamuAjmodDESCRIPTIONa) MacroscopicDrug consists of small, ovoid fruit; bulk colour yellowish brown, mainly occur asentire cremocarps with pedicel attached or detached and bifid stylopod, free ends curvedsometimes occurs as separate mericarps; cremocarps glabrous, ovoid to conical, about1.5-3.0 mm long and 1.2-2.8 mm wide, yellow to yellowish green; separated mericarpsbroadly ovoid, more or less curved, dorsal surface convex with five equally distinct,longitudinal primary ridges; at the summit curved stylopodiurn, commissural surfaceflat, showing darker and light coloured longitudinal bands, former representing theposition of vittae and vascular bundles ; odour; aromatic; taste, slightly bitter giving a3
sensation of warmth to tongue.b) MicroscopicTransverse section of fruit shows mericarps with four large vittae on dorsalsurface, two on commissural surface and four primary ridges on dorsal surface; 3-5secondary oil canals present under each primary ridge and also between ridges;carpophore present on commissural surface; epicarp cells with thin striated cuticle, outerwalls drawn into papillae; stomata, anomocytic type upto 35 µ in diameter; mesocarpconsists of polygonal paranchyma,: with thickened and lignified cells, measuring30-62-95µ. in diameter with oval to round pits; collateral vascular bundles lie beneathepicarp; tracheids 25-203-388 µ in length with spiral, scalariform or reticulatethickenings; xylem parenchyma lignified, elongated with elliptical pits, measuring52-118-176 by 13-30-44 µ large secondary vittac towards endosperm measure upto123µ in width and towards periphery the smallest vittae measuring 184µ in diameter.Powder-Shows moderately thick-walled cell of epicarp exhibiting characteristicstriations and occasional presence of stoma, fragments of trichomes and glandular hairs,reticulate parenchymato
Under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (A.P.I.), Part-I, Vol. I, is the book of standards for single drugs included therein and the standards prescribed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. I would be official. If considered necessary these standards can be amended and the
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(A.P.I.), Part-I, Vol. I, is the book of standards for single drugs included therein and the standards prescribed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. I would be official. If considered necessary these standards can be amended and the Chairman of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee authorised to issue such amendments.
study as per IP, API, Unani, Pharmacopoeia, Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia, Siddha Pharmacopoeia, BHP, Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia, USP (dietary supplements), WHO and EMEA guidelines and ESCOP monographs for medicinal products. 07 Unit-4 Quanti
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English/Language Arts 4. Grade Level i. Ninth grade 5. Length of Class Time i. 90 minute class 6. Length of Time to Complete Unit Plan th i. The unit on Non-fiction began on March 8 and was competed on March th 30 . The class had instruction on the topic everyday of the week. Student population Contextual/Environmental Factors Source Implications for Instruction and Assessment Rural School .
