Kimberly Safe Routes To School Plan - Eastcentralsrts
Kimberly Safe Routes toSchool PlanOctober 2008Prepared by: The Kimberly Safe Routes to School Task Force &East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission
(Page intentionally left blank)
EAST CENTRAL WISCONSIN REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSIONDick Koeppen, ChairMarshal Giese, Vice-ChairEric Fowle, Secretary-TreasurerCOMMISSION MEMBERS - 2008/2009CALUMET COUNTYWAUPACA COUNTYBill BarribeauPat LaughrinClarence WolfDick Koeppen, ChairDuane BrownBrian Smith(Vacant)MENOMINEE COUNTYWAUSHARA COUNTYElizabeth MosesRuth WinterRobert HermesNorman WeissWalter PetersenNeal StrehlowOUTAGAMIE COUNTYWINNEBAGO COUNTYToby PaltzerClifford SanderfootTim HannaHelen NaglerJim Steineke(Vacant)Mark HarrisDavid AlbrechtErnie BellinFrank Tower(John Fitzpatrick, Alt)Jim ErdmanKen RoblSHAWANO COUNTYMarshal Giese, Vice ChairKen CapelleM. Eugene Zeuske
(Page intentionally left blank)
KIMBERLY SAFE ROUTES TO SCHOOL TASK FORCEDarius Parks . Fox Valley Metro Police DepartmentMark Van Thiel . Village of Combined Locks, AdministratorChuck Kuen . President, Village of KimberlyRick Hermus . Village of Kimberly, AdministratorAl Schaefer. Village of KimberlyLee Hammen, . Village of Kimberly – Trustee & Outagamie County SupervisorCynthia Vandenberg .Kimberly Area School District, School NurseGary Kvasnica. Kimberly School District, Director of Business ServicesMel E. Lightner, Ph.D. . Superintendent of Schools, Kimberly Area School DistrictRobert Mayfield .Superintendent of Kimberly Area School DistrictPeggy Weber. Kimberly Area School District & Village of Kimberly TrusteePaul Mennen. Lamers Bus LinesAl Guerts.Outagamie County, Highway CommissionerRay Palonen . Outagamie County, Highway DepartmentMike Hendrick . Outagamie County Planning DepartmentDave Johnson . Outagamie County Planning DepartmentAngela Gorall. Town of Buchanan, AdministratorTom Walsh. Town of Buchanan Town Board & Fox Cities GreenwaysSandi Rhode .Town of Buchanan Resident & Sunrise School PTOTracy Flucke . Town of Harrison, AdministratorAnnie Wolf . Kimberly High School StudentSharon Johnson. Heart of the Valley YMCAMatt Halada .WisDOT-NE RegionMelissa Kraemer Badtke . East Central WI Regional Planning Commission
(Page intentionally left blank)
ABSTRACTTITLE:Kimberly Safe Routes to School PlanAUTHOR:Melissa A. Kraemer Badtke, GIS/Planning SpecialistSUBJECT:A safe routes to school plan to address safety issues atand around schools within the Kimberly Area SchoolDistrict.DATE:October 2008LOCAL PLANNING AGENCY:East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning CommissionSOURCE OF COPIES:East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission400 Ahnaip Street, Suite 100Menasha, Wisconsin 54952920.751.4770
(Page intentionally left blank)
TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive SummaryExecutive Summary . . ES-1Chapter 1: IntroductionNational Trends. 1-2Why Safe Routes to School (SRTS)? . 1-4Traffic Calming . 1-5Kimberly Area SRTS Planning Process. 1-7Chapter 2: Present ConditionsNon-Motorized Transportation Facilities. 2-1Transit Routes.2-2Student Surveys .2-9Parent Surveys . 2-22Busing Policies and Hazardous Boundaries. 2-34Chapter 3: Identifying Safety IssuesSchool Site Traffic Observations . 3-1Janssen Elementary School . 3-1Sunrise Elementary School .3-2Westside Elementary School .3-3Woodland Elementary and Intermediate Schools .3-4Mapleview Intermediate School .3-6J.R. Gerritts Middle School.3-7Neighborhood/Community Meeting .3-8Chapter 4: Safe Routes to School and Safety RecommendationsGeneral Policy Recommendations. 4-1School Specific Policy Recommendations.4-4Janssen Elementary School .4-4Sunrise Elementary School .4-4
Westside Elementary School .4-5Woodland Elementary and Intermediate Schools .4-5Mapleview Intermediate School .4-5J.R. Gerritts Middle School.4-6Chapter 5: Developing a School Safety and Security CampaignCommunity Partners .5-1Walk to School Week .5-1Funding Resources .5-2ExhibitsExhibit 1: Kimberly Study Area. 1-11Exhibit 2: Kimberly Area Non-Motorized Transportation Facilities.2-3Exhibit 3: Kimberly Area Valley Transit Routes .2-5Exhibit 4: Kimberly Area Detoured Valley Transit Routes.2-7Exhibit 5: Janssen Elementary School – Bike and Walk Audit Results .3-9Exhibit 6: Sunrise Elementary School – Bike and Walk Audit Results . 3-11Exhibit 7: Westside Elementary School – Bike and Walk Audit Results. 3-13Exhibit 8: Woodland Elementary and Intermediate Schools –Bike and Walk Audit Results . 3-15Exhibit 9: Mapleview Intermediate School – Bike and Walk Audit Results . 3-17Exhibit 10: J.R. Gerritts Middle School - Bike and Walk Audit Results . 3-19Exhibit 11: CTH CE Underpass Infrastructure Proposal.4-9AppendicesAppendix A: Meeting Agendas/Summary of ProceedingsAppendix B: Student Survey ResultsAppendix C: Parent Survey Results & CommentsAppendix D: Bike and Walk Audit ChecklistAppendix E: Neighborhood/Community Meeting Flyer
(Page intentionally left blank)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXCUTIVE SUMMARYINTRODUCTIONThe Safe Routes to School program is an international program that encourages walkingand biking to school. In the 1970s, Denmark experienced an alarming rate of childfatalities due to pedestrian/vehicle accidents. In response, Denmark began working withcommunities and school districts to create a Safe Routes to School (SRTS) Program. Thefirst SRTS Program in the United States was started in 1997 in Bronx, New York. In2005, Congress recognized the value of the SRTS Program and passed federal legislationto establish a National Safe Routes to School Program. These funds were distributed toeach state based on their school enrollment and were then used by communities and schooldistricts to implement their recommendations through infrastructure and noninfrastructure funds. Projects located within two miles of an elementary or middle schoolare eligible (currently this program only funds projects for Kindergarten-8th grade). TheKimberly Area Safe Routes to School Task Force was awarded a SRTS planning grant todevelop this plan.The SRTS program focuses on teachingchildren bike and pedestrian safety along withhealthy lifestyles. It encourages children towalk and bike to school and also looks toimprove the air quality at and around schools,reduce the traffic congestion at and aroundschools, increase the physical activity ofchildren, increase community involvement, andhave intergovernmental cooperation through anumber of departments including planning, thepolice department, the school district, localunits of government, and parents.The Kimberly SRTS Task Force is compromisedof representatives from Kimberly Area School Crossing guard assisting a studentDistrict, representatives from local units of Source: Dan Burdengovernment,WisDOT,lawenforcementofficials, parents, and the Heart of the Valley YMCA. This task force has worked togetherto create visions and goals for the school district and local communities, collectedinformation with regards to parent concerns and how students currently get to and fromschool, along with conducting bike and walk audits of the school grounds and the areasaround the schools. The task force developed recommendations to address the safetyconcerns and issues that were brought forth through this collection of data.East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning CommissionKimberly Area Safe Routes to School PlanExecutive SummaryOctober 2008
ES-2PRESENT CONDITIONSThe Kimberly SRTS Task Force used student surveys and parent surveys to assess thecurrent conditions at each of the schools within the Kimberly Area School District.Student surveys revealed that the primary mode of transportation for students attendingSunrise Elementary School, Woodland Elementary and Intermediate Schools, MapleviewIntermediate School, and J.R. Gerritts Middle School that the school bus was the primarymode of transportation. For students attending Janssen Elementary School and WestsideElementary School, the family vehicle was the primary mode of transportation.Parent surveys were distributed to find out theconcerns parents had with having their child(ren)biking or walking to school. The top parentconcerns for walking or biking to school includethe speed of traffic, presence/perception ofdangers, and the lack of or inadequate sidewalks.Parents would allow their children to walk or biketo school if cars slowed down, crossing guardswere more effective, and if sidewalks or bikepaths were improved.Students walking on the pedestrian facilitynortheast of Woodland Elementary andIntermediate SchoolsIDENTIFYING SAFETY ISSUESThe Kimberly SRTS Task Force conducted bike and walk audits at and around theparticipating schools to access safety concerns for children walking or bicycling to andfrom school. There were a number of factors that volunteers considered when assessingthe safety concerns at and around the schools. The volunteers also noted the positivethings that are being done in the community to encourage students and citizens of thecommunity to bike or walk. The bike and walk audit findings indicated that CTH CE is amajor barrier for students to cross when walking or biking to school. Another concern isthe lack of or inadequate pedestrian facilities near Sunrise Elementary School andWoodland Elementary & Intermediate Schools. It was also noted in the bike and walk auditthat parents were concerned with the speed of drivers at and around the schoolsEast Central Wisconsin Regional Planning CommissionKimberly Area Safe Routes to School PlanExecutive SummaryOctober 2008
ES-3A Neighborhood/Community meeting was also held asking the public to provide anyadditional safety concerns that parents or community members had with biking or walkingat or around the schools.SAFE ROUTES TO SCHOOL AND SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONSThe Kimberly SRTS Task Force made recommendations using the five E’s of the SRTSProgram: Engineering, Education, Encouragement, Enforcement, and Evaluation. Engineeringrecommendations were made for each school and those areas surrounding the school. Onerecommendation included applying for funding to build a CE Pedestrian Underpass, whichwould provide students with a safe crossing option. Other engineering improvementsincluded the addition of some pedestrian facilities near Sunrise Elementary School andsome traffic calming devices at key intersections. The committee has recommended anumber of education, encouragement, and enforcement activities including themed walk toschool days, a community picnic, bike rodeos, and a mileage punch card program.DEVELOPING A SCHOOL SAFETY AND SECURITY CAMPAIGNThere are a wide variety of funding sources for the Safe Routes to School Program;however, it is the Federal Safe Routes to School funding that is the primary source offunding for planning, infrastructure, and non-infrastructure projects. The SRTS taskforce may look for local businesses within their community to partner with them in theSRTS efforts. Also many health organizations are also teaching children bike safety orhealthy lifestyle choices. Additional funding sources related to the objectives of theSRTS program can be found on the pages 5-2 thru 5-8.East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning CommissionKimberly Area Safe Routes to School PlanExecutive SummaryOctober 2008
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND INFORMATIONThe Safe Routes to School Program is international in scope. In the 1970s, Denmarkexperienced an alarming rate of child fatalities due to pedestrian/vehicle accidents. Inresponse, Denmark began working with communities and school districts to create a SafeRoutes to School (SRTS) Program. Word of the SRTS initiative took hold and spreadthroughout the world to Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.The United State’s first SRTS program was started in Bronx, New York in 1997. TheSRTS program in the Bronx received funds to reduce the number of child accidents andfatalities around schools. In 1998, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) funded two pilot SRTS Programs funded in Marin County, California andArlington, Massachusetts.In 2005, Congress recognized the value of the SRTS Programand passed federal legislation to establish a National SafeRoutes to School Program. The Federal transportation tTransportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users) was signed intolaw in August 2005, designating funds for each state for theSRTS Program. These funds were distributed to each statebased on their school enrollment and were then used bycommunities and school districts to implement theirrecommendations through infrastructure and non-infrastructurefunds. The funds can only be used for projects within two milesof an elementary or middle school (currently the program onlyfunds projects for K-8th grade).In 2007, the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) conducted their firstgrant cycle for SRTS planning grants, infrastructure grants, and non-infrastructuregrants. There were 162 grant applications submitted. WisDOT received 91 infrastructureand non-infrastructure grants totaling 15,661,202. WisDOT’s selection committeerecommended 22 infrastructure and non-infrastructure projects for funding which totaled 3,140,357. There were also 71 planning grant applications which totaled approximately 2,028,000. Of the 71 planning grant applications, 25 projects were funded. The KimberlyArea Safe Routes to School Task Force was awarded a Safe Routes to School PlanningGrant in 2007.East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning CommissionKimberly Area Safe Routes to School PlanChapter 1: IntroductionOctober 2008
1-2NATIONAL TRENDSThere are Safe Routes to School programs across the country. Each of these programshas focused on the issues and concerns in their community at large or specifically aroundtheir schools. However, there are a few trends that have been consistent with SRTSprograms nationwide. These trends include a reduced rate of physical activity for schoolaged children, increased traffic congestion around schools and on the roadways, and thechanging land use trends. Thirty years ago approximately 90% of the students who livedwithin one mile of the school walked or biked to school (USDOT, 1972). This number hasdropped dramatically over the past 30 years.Physical ActivityIn 1969, approximately half of all U.S. school aged children walked or bicycled to or fromschool. This number plummeted to approximately 17% today. The number of hours ofphysical activity that a child partakes in every day/week has also decreased. The Centerfor Disease Control reported that nearly half of American young people aged 12-21 yearsare not vigorously active on a regular basis. Approximately 14% of young people report nophysical activity (CDC, 2007).Over the past 20 years, obesity rates in adults and children have increased dramatically.The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) show an increase inoverweight children aged 6-11 years from 6.5% (1976-1980 survey) to 18.8% (2003-2004survey). The increasing rates of overweight children are cause for concern regardinghealth conditions and diseases. These health conditions and diseases include hypertension,dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease,osteoarthritis, sleep apnea and respiratory problems and some cancers (CDC, 2007).Potential benefits of physical activity forchildren include:¾ building and maintaining a healthylifestyle;¾ controlling weight;¾ building lean muscle and reducing fat;¾ improving a sense of self-image ;and¾ fostering healthy social and emotionaldevelopment.East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning CommissionKimberly Area Safe Routes to School PlanChapter 1: IntroductionOctober 2008
1-3Preliminary data from the Centers of Disease Control also suggests that physical activitymay improve academic performance and alertness in youth.Physical activity for kids has been encouraged through a number of programs. Oneprogram is the Kids Walk-to-School program which encourages physical activity as anintegral part of a child’s daily routine. The program teaches children the importance andthe enjoyment that can be found in walking or biking to school, with the sense that a childmay be inclined to engage in additional physical activity. Physical activity has also beenpromoted through physical education classes and community activities.Cleaner Environmentiiili iVehicle usage in the United States has increased over the past decade. Vehicletransportation is no longer a luxury, but the norm. At many of the schools across thenation, one can see traffic congestion occurring with an increased prevalence in busing,parents dropping off or picking up their kids, and the through traffic trying to get totheir end destination.With the increase in the number of vehicleson U.S. highways, air pollution has become agreater concern. The Federal HighwayAdministration stated that the personalmotor vehicle is the predominant mode oftransportation (FHWA, 2007). By reducingthe number of vehicles on the road, theamount of vehicle-related pollution and thenumber of respiratory diseases is likely todecrease.Land Use TrendsCurrent land use trends within the United States have been to develop land on theoutskirts of urban areas. Land in these areas tends to be cheaper to purchase and develop,resulting in a lower overall cost for a housing unit. Development outside of the urban areasbegan to grow in the 1950s with the assistance of the Federal National MortgageAssociation, which allowed American citizens to financially be able to afford to buy homesof their own and move out of the urban areas. The Federal Interstate Highway Act of1956 created a national freeway system that made it easier to travel to rural areas. Withthe convenience of the vehicle and the perception that transportation costs for this modeEast Central Wisconsin Regional Planning CommissionKimberly Area Safe Routes to School PlanChapter 1: IntroductionOctober 2008
1-4would remain low, suburban residential development became the majority of residentialland use development.WHY SAFE ROUTES TO SCHOOL?The purpose of the SRTS program is to provide safe pedestrian and bicycle facilities thatencourage the community and students to have healthier lifestyles. Programs can beestablished to educate students, parents, and the community on the benefits of walkingand bicycling to school and provide safety tips when they are participating in theseactivities. Planning efforts assess the pedestrian and bicycle facilities at and aroundschools, how students are currently traveling to school, and concerns and issues thatparents and the community have with students walking and/or bicycling to school.Recommendations are then created to be implemented by communities, participatingschools, and parents. SRTS Plans should address the 5 E’s: Engineering, Enforcement,Education, Encouragement, and Evaluation.EngineeringEngineering changes may be needed to create safe routes for students to get to and fromschool. Infrastructure changes may include fixing damaged or missing sidewalks, adjustingan intersection to make pedestrians more visible, or infrastructure changes on a roadwayto decrease traffic speeds. Engineering changes may be very effective and can beimplemented in a roadway project during a construction project on that roadway.EducationEducation for students, parents, and the community is essential when implementing a SRTSprogram. Students walking or biking to school need to know how to safely cross roadwaysand what routes are the best ones for them to take to and from school. Effectiveeducation on bicycle safety is extremely important for students. Bike rodeos or othercommunity events can teach students and parents the proper bicycling safety tips. Havingbillboards or public service announcements regarding pedestrian/bicycle safety issues isanother way a SRTS task force can make the community aware of pedestrian and bicyclistissues at and around school zones.EnforcementDriving behaviors and safety campaigns do not ensure the success of a SRTS program.Therefore, the SRTS task force should partner with local law enforcement agencies tomake sure that proper traffic laws are obeyed (i.e. speed regulations, driver behavior, andappropriate walking and biking behavior) and initiate safety programs such as safety patrolEast Central Wisconsin Regional Planning CommissionKimberly Area Safe Routes to School PlanChapter 1: IntroductionOctober 2008
1-5or crossing guard programs. Enforcement presence can discourage dangerous behaviors forpedestrians, bicyclists, and drivers on and off of school campuses.EncouragementEncouragement programs are needed in conjunction with engineering changes, educationprograms, and enforcement programs. Convincing children as well as parents that biking orwalking to school is a safe, fun, and healthy activity can be difficult. It is for this reasonthat encouragement programs are recommended.These programs will promote walking andbicycling with students and the community andassist them in applying what they have learned.These programs may provide incentives tostudents who walk a certain number of days in arow or a number of miles that a student haswalked or bicycled to school. Programs can alsoget parents and the community involved byconducting a community-wide Walk to SchoolDay.Local businesses can contribute bysponsoring signs for the Walk to School Day.EvaluationOnce recommendations are implemented it is important to evaluate the SRTS program andcontinue to re-evaluate the SRTS program over time. A task force may want to evaluatethe program by doing a student survey to see if there is an increase in the number ofstudents walking or biking to school. The school district or SRTS task force may alsoconduct a parent survey to see if behaviors or concerns have changed with parents overtime. A successful SRTS program is dependent on the success of the 5 E’s.TRAFFIC CALMINGSchools and the communities within which they reside, now must face the challenges thatan increase in vehicle traffic, bus traffic, and pedestrian/bicyclist traffic at and aroundschools generate. There is an increase in the number of parents that drive their child(ren)to and from school. This family vehicle congestion ideally should be managed in a way thatprovides a safe route for students who are walking, biking, and even if students are justwalking from the bus they rode to school on.East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning CommissionKimberly Area Safe Routes to School PlanChapter 1: IntroductionOctober 2008
1-6To address the increase in traffic congestion at and around elementary and middleschools, communities have looked at a number of traffic calming devices to slow trafficdown. Traffic calming is defined in the Traffic Calming: State of the Practice (ITE, 1999)as the “the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects ofmotor vehicle use, alter driver behavior and improve conditions for non-motorized streetusers.” In this report, there are number of examples that have used these traffic calmingmethods. Additional information can be found by referencing this report athttp://www.ite.org/traffic/tcstate/htm.Speed Control MeasuresThe purpose of speed control measures is to slow traffic. Examples include:Vertical Measures Speed Humps: Road humps, undulations Speed Tables: Trapezoidal humps, speed platforms Raised Crosswalks: Raising crossings, sidewalk extensions Raised Intersections: Intersection humps, plateaus Textured PavementsHorizontal Measures Neighborhood Traffic Circles: Intersection islands Roundabouts: Rotaries Chicanes: Deviations, reversing curves Lateral Shifts Realigned Intersections: Modified intersectionsNarrowings Neckdowns: Bulbouts, knuckles, intersection narrowings, corner bulges Center Island Narrowings: midblock medians, median slow points Chokers: Pinch points, midblock narrowings, parallel chokers, angled chokers Other Speed Control Measures Combined MeasuresVolume Control MeasuresThe purpose of volume control measures are to discourage or eliminate through traffic.Examples include: Street Closures: Full street closures i.e. cul-de-sacs, dead ends; Half streetclosures i.e. partial, one-wayDiverters: Semi-Diverters i.e. full lane bulb out; DiagonalEast Central Wisconsin Regional Planning CommissionKimberly Area Safe Routes to School PlanChapter 1: IntroductionOctober 2008
1-7 Median BarriersForced Turn IslandsOther Volume Control MeasuresKIMBERLY AREA SAFE ROUTES TO SCHOOL PLANNING PROCESSBackground Informationiiili iThe Kimberly Area School District (KASD) is located in the Fox Cities (Appleton)Urbanized Area. The district covers approximately 17 square miles including the Village ofKimberly, portions of the Village of Combined Locks, the City of Appleton, the Town ofBuchanan, and the Town of Harrison. This school district is also located within twocounties: Calumet and Outagamie Counties. KASD is compromised of four elementaryschools (4 year old kindergarten-4th grade), two intermediate schools (5th-6th grade), onemiddle school (7th-8t
Kimberly School District, Director of Business Services Mel E. Lightner, Ph.D. .Superintendent of Schools, Kimberly Area School District Robert Mayfield.Superintendent of Kimberly Area School District Peggy Weber.Kimberly Area School Di
by Kimberly-Clark Argentina, Yuhan-Kimberly, Kimberly-Clark Australia and Kimberly-Clark Brazil. RepoRt BoundaRy Data in this report covers the period from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2010, with select content through March 31, 2011. This is the eighth Sustainability Report for Kimberly-Clark’s worldwide operations. We publish
A School Crossing Guard at work in the Region of Peel School Crossing Guards have an important role to play in the programs and initiatives being implemented in school communities across Ontario to promote Active School Travel, including: Active and Safe Routes to School Program The Active and Safe Routes to School (ASRTS) program has existed .
4 Safe Routes to Parks: Improving Access to Parks through Walkability METHODOLOGY This report was developed using a two-part process. The ini-tial step involved a thorough literature review on safe routes to parks. The literature review demonstrated that research on safe routes to parks does indeed have limitations. Al-
one mile radius of Glenfield Middle School (Grades 6-8). Glenfield Middle School is one of 10 schools in the Township of Montclair’s Safe Routes to School (SRTS) Program. In 2008, the Township of Montclair, through its SRTS Task Force, applied for and received funding
We Rely on Safe Routes to School Volunteers Volunteer Appreciation Volunteers are often crucial to the success and sustainability of a Safe Routes to School program. These people give their time and skills to support students and schools. Given today's hectic schedules and competing dema
Kimberly Community Band Spring Concert Sunday, April 19th at 2:00 p.m. JR Gerritts Middle School 545 S. John Street, Kimberly A social with punch and cookies follows the concert. Visit us on Facebook or at www. kimberlycommunityband.org Yard Waste Drop-Off Site Is Open Residents who have obtained the annual 5.00 permit may drop off grass
This reader's guide was created by Kimberly Gillow. Kimberly is an instructional coach in a public school in Michigan. She has had the pleasure of hearing Maria present on several occasions. She is inspired by Maria's work and her positive impact on adults and children. Kimberly blogs at Funky First Grade Fun.
Chapter 3: Basic Counseling Skills and Techniques 33 Attending 33 Attire 33 Preparation of the room 34 Body language and voice tone 34 Interest shown to the client 35 Maintaining focus in the client’s world 36 Active listening 37 Benefits of active listening 37 Good active listening 39 Starting and ending a session 44 Beginning the session 45 Bringing the session to close 46 The last session .
