SOUNDS AND Phonology, Phonetics, & LANGUAGE
SOUNDS ANDLANGUAGEPhonology,phonetics, &spectrograms
OVERVIEW About this class 1.2.3.4.Phonology: vowels and consonantsHow sound worksSpectrograms! A tool for looking at soundsPhonetics: vowels and consonants
OVERVIEW About this class 1.2.3.4.Phonology: vowels and consonantsHow sound worksSpectrograms! A tool for looking at soundsPhonetics: vowels and consonants Note: Phonics: A method for teaching people how to read Phonology: The systematic categorization of sounds. Phonetics: The study of how we make and hear sounds.
OVERVIEW About this class 1.2.3.4.Phonology: vowels and consonantsHow sound worksSpectrograms! A tool for looking at soundsPhonetics: vowels and consonants Note: Phonics: A method for teaching people how to read Phonology: The systematic categorization of sounds. Phonetics: The study of how we make and hear sounds.
PHONOLOGY!
PHONOLOGY A phoneme is a sound used by languages in their words. Hawaiian: 10 vowels, 8 consonants (a, e, i, o, u, ā, ē, ī, ō, ū) (h, k, l, m, n, p, w, ) English: 14 vowels, 24 consonants The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is what we use towrite down phonemes. Let’s look in more detail at: 1: Vowels 2: Consonants
PHONOLOGY: VOWELS Vowels Vowel sounds produced in voice box or lar ynx (try it!) Dif ferent sounds made by dif ferent tongue positions (try it !)/u/backclosed/α/backopen/i/frontclosed
PHONOLOGY: VOWELS VowelsVowel sounds produced in voice box or lar ynx (try it!)Dif ferent sounds made by dif ferent tongue positions (try it!)Human mouth: specialized for speech?
PHONOLOGY: VOWELS VowelsVowel sounds produced in voice box or lar ynx (try it!)Dif ferent sounds made by dif ferent tongue positions (try it!)Human mouth: specialized for speech?Axes: front-to-back, open-to-closed, unrounded-to-rounded(of English)
PHONOLOGY: VOWELS VowelsVowel sounds produced in voice box or lar ynx (try it!)Dif ferent sounds made by dif ferent tongue positions (try it!)Human mouth: specialized for speech?Axes: front-to-back, open-to-closed, unrounded-to-roundedDiphthongs: when you have two or more vowels combinedtogether into a sound. “oy”“ow”“ey”“ai”
PHONOLOGY: CONSONANTS Consonants What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /z/?
PHONOLOGY: CONSONANTS Consonants What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /z/? Voicing. /s/ is voiceless. /z/ is voiced. Try it! Consider the words: author, father. Which /th/ is voiced?
PHONOLOGY: CONSONANTS Consonants What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /z/? Voicing. /s/ is voiceless. /z/ is voiced. Consider the words: author, father. Which /th/ is voiced? /th/ as in author is voiceless. IPA uses /θ/. Old English uses /þ/. /th/ as in father is voiced. IPA uses /ð/, and so does Old English.
PHONOLOGY: CONSONANTS Consonants What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /z/? Voicing. /s/ is voiceless. /z/ is voiced. Consider the words: author, father. Which /th/ is voiced?Beowulf in Old English /th/ as in author is voiceless. IPA uses /θ/. Old English uses /þ/. /th/ as in father is voiced. IPA uses /ð/, and so does Old English.Hwæt! Wé Gárdena in géardagumþéodcyninga þrym gefrúnon·hú ðá æþelingas ellen fremedon.Oft Scyld Scéfing sceaþena þréatummonegum maégþum meodosetla oftéahegsode Eorle yððan aérest wearðféasceaft funden hé þæs frófre gebádwéox under wolcnum · weorðmyndum þáhoð þæt him aéghwylc þára ymbsittendraofer hronráde hýran scolde,gomban gyldan · þæt wæs gód cyning!
PHONOLOGY: CONSONANTS Consonants What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /z/? Voicing. /s/ is voiceless. /z/ is voiced. Consider the words: author, father. Which /th/ is voiced? /th/ as in author is voiceless. IPA uses /θ/. Old English uses /þ/. /th/ as in father is voiced. IPA uses /ð/, and so does Old English. What’s the dif ference between /s/ and / θ/?
PHONOLOGY: CONSONANTS Consonants What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /z/? Voicing. /s/ is voiceless. /z/ is voiced. Consider the words: author, father. Which /th/ is voiced? /th/ as in author is voiceless. IPA uses /θ/. Old English uses /þ/. /th/ as in father is voiced. IPA uses /ð/, and so does Old English. What’s the dif ference between /s/ and / θ/? Place of articulation. /s/ is alveolar. /θ/ is dental. What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /t/?
PHONOLOGY: CONSONANTS Consonants What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /z/? Voicing. /s/ is voiceless. /z/ is voiced. Consider the words: author, father. Which /th/ is voiced? /th/ as in author is voiceless. IPA uses /θ/. Old English uses /þ/. /th/ as in father is voiced. IPA uses /ð/, and so does Old English. What’s the dif ference between /s/ and / θ/? Place of articulation. /s/ is alveolar. /θ/ is dental. What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /t/? Frication. /s/ is a fricative. /t/ is a stop. What in the world does “voiced alveolar fricative” mean?
PHONOLOGY: CONSONANTS Consonants What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /z/? Voicing. /s/ is voiceless. /z/ is voiced. Consider the words: author, father. Which /th/ is voiced? /th/ as in author is voiceless. IPA uses /θ/. Old English uses /þ/. /th/ as in father is voiced. IPA uses /ð/, and so does Old English. What’s the dif ference between /s/ and / θ/? Place of articulation. /s/ is alveolar. /θ/ is dental. What’s the dif ference between /s/ and /t/? Frication. /s/ is a fricative. /t/ is a stop. What in the world does “voiced alveolar fricative” mean? /z/. Let’s fill out the rest of the chart!
PHONOLOGY: CONSONANTS Consonants Some of the consonants of English
SOUND!
HOW SOUND WORKS
“YOUR EARS CAN DO MATH”Cochlea
“YOUR EARS CAN DO MATH”Cochlea(flexible) Low pitch: 20 HzVibration(stiff) High pitch: 20,000 Hz
YOUR EARS CAN DO MATHsoundscalculatingdevicefrequencies(neurons)
YOUR EARS CAN DO MATHsoundscalculatingdevicefrequencies(graph)
Amplitudes (dB)YOUR EARS CAN DO MATHFrequencies (Hz)
frequencySOUND: NOT SO SIMPLE
SOUND: NOT SO SIMPLE(Fourier transform!)frequencyOvertones determine timbre,which is like texture for sound.
FrequenciesSOUNDS CHANGE OVER TIMETime
FrequenciesSOUNDS CHANGE OVER TIMETime
SOUNDS CHANGE OVER TIMEfrequencySpectrogramtime
SPECTROGRAMS!
NARROWBAND VERSUS BROADBAND Determined by mathematical parameters.Narrowband: This is whatBroadband: Almost ever ythingwe’ve seen so far.Better frequency resolution.Worse time resolution.else for the rest of the class.Better time resolution .Wor se frequency resolution.
A SMALL PUZZLE Twoband spectrograms.Which is from a male talker, which is from a female talker?
A SMALL PUZZLE Twoband spectrograms.Which is from a male talker, which is from a female talker?
A SMALL PUZZLE Two narrowband spectrograms.Which is from a male talker, which is from a female talker?
A SMALL PUZZLE Two narrowband spectrograms.Which is from a male talker, which is from a female talker?
A SMALL PUZZLE Two narrowband spectrograms. What do these look like in broadband instead? This:
SPECTROGRAMS! Let’s look at some spectrograms.
VOWELS!
HOW VOWELS WORK
FORMANTS: YOU TRY!frequencytime/a/ “ahh”/i/ “eeh”/u/ “ooh”
FORMANTS: YOU TRY! Spectrogramsfor five wordsare given inscrambledorder here.Match them! spookymakikiwipie
CONSONANTS
CONSONANTS Consonants Some of the consonants of English
SPEECH SYNTHESIS
SPEECH RECOGNITION Speech recognition is hard! Segmentation problem How many words are in that spectrogram? Where does one word endand the other begin?
SPEECH RECOGNITION Speech recognition is hard! Segmentation problem How many words are in that spectrogram? Where does one word endand the other begin? Variation problem Different speech from differentpeople varies! We’re good at normalizing forwhat one person’s voice soundslike, but computers aren’t.
SPEECH RECOGNITION Speech recognition is hard! Segmentation problem How many words are in that spectrogram? Where does one word endand the other begin? Variation problem Different speech from differentpeople varies! We’re good at normalizing forwhat one person’s voice soundslike, but computers aren’t. Syllable stress and tones诗 shī 石 shí 始 shǐ 室 shì
SPEECH RECOGNITION Speech recognition is hard! Segmentation problem How many words are in that spectrogram? Where does one word endand the other begin? Variation problem Different speech from differentpeople varies! We’re good at normalizing forwhat one person’s voice soundslike, but computers aren’t. Syllable stress and tones But we’re working on it! (Siri, anyone?)诗 shī 石 shí 始 shǐ 室 shì
DO IT YOURSELF! If you think that this is all really cool: Download Praat to your computer at home and have fun using it toexperiment! (It’s really fun.) http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/ Download RTgram, which can make spectrograms in tgram / Come to my Linguistics Problem Solving walk-in activity!Tomorrow (Sunday), 1:30pm-3:30pm, in Lobby 13. Consider trying the North American Computational LinguisticsOlympiad (NACLO)! http://naclo.cs.cmu.edu/ The first round is January 30, 2014. You can sign up to take it at MIT or at many other universities, or ask ahigh school teacher to proctor the exam. Browse Wikipedia to learn more about al Phonetic Alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA vowel chart with audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio
1. Phonology: vowels and consonants 2. How sound works 3. Spectrograms! A tool for looking at sounds 4. Phonetics: vowels and consonants Note: Phonics: A method for teaching people how to read Phonology: The systematic categorization of sounds. Phonetics
2. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 2.1 Sounds of English The study of the sounds of human language is called phonetics. Phonology is concerned with the properties of sounds and the ways that they are combined into words. Important: Sounds, in the sense that we discuss them, are totally different from letters.
PHONETICS AS A SCIENCE. PHONEME. The study of pronunciation consists of two fields: phonetics and phonology. Phonetics is a science, which deals with pronunciation and the phonetic structure of a language. It refers to the study of speech sounds. Pronu
On this view, phonology is not the study of human speech sounds per se, although phonetics and phonology are inextricably inter-twined. The point of this chapter is to demonstrate what the differ-ence between the two is, and to begin to introduce the reader to the phonology o
Abidjan 9 May 2014 Dafydd Gibbon: Phonetics Course 3 Abidjan 2014 3 The Domains of Phonetics Phonetics is the scientific discipline which deals with – speech production (articulatory phonetics) – speech transmission (acoustic phonetics) – speech perception (auditory phonetics) The scientific methods used
1st YEAR PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY, Spring 2016 Teacher Lectures in practical English Phonetics, Phonology and Pronunciation given by Kateřina Tomková (2060@mail.muni.cz) of the Dept. of English and American Studies. Office hours: Tuesdays 1100-1200, Wednesdays 1500-1600, Thursdays 1300-1400.
language phonology, and examine recent studies about the development of perception of English sounds by L1 Japanese learners. 1. Prominent Theories in Second by widespread failure" (Shouten, 2009, p.2). language Phonology Second language phonology has often been assessed through the prism of age constraints.
information is placed outside the phonology, and accounted for in the phonetics. Cases like those sketched in Table 1 (c) would be accounted for in the phonology if they signalled a difference in
Samy T. (Purdue) Rough Paths 1 Aarhus 2016 12 / 16. Study of equations driven by fBm Basicproperties: 1 Momentsofthesolution 2 Continuityw.r.tinitialcondition,noise Moreadvancednaturalproblems: 1 Densityestimates, Hu-Nualart Lotsofpeople 2 Numericalschemes, Neuenkirch-T,Friz-Riedel 3 Invariantmeasures,ergodicity, Hairer-Pillai,Deya-Panloup-T 4 Statisticalestimation(H,coeff. V j .
