Wonsan Air Festival 2016 - Home - 4Aviation
Wonsan Air Festival 2016TEXT & PHOTOS - PATRICK ROEGIES & JURGEN VAN TOORThe very first air show organized in the DPRK took place in September 2016 atKalma international airport located in the Wonsan Kumgangsan region.Patrick Roegies & Jurgen Van Toor reports from North Korea. A two ship of Su-25K’s fighter bomberpassing by during their demonstration flightat the Wonsan Air Festival 2016.Photo by Patrick Roegies5859
Wonsan Air Festival 2016Civil participantsThe Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK) is one of the most isolated nations inthe world and from an aviation point of view notmuch is known concerning the aircraft within theoperational inventory of their Air Force.The Air Festival event was organized with thepurpose to promote the spirit of internationalpeace and friendship through a joint passiontowards aviation. Patrick Roegies and Jurgenvan Toor report.Until recently there were no air shows in theDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK).Military exercises could only be attended byDPRK leaders and officials on invitation of thegovernment.A wide variety of participants took part in the airshow. The Wonsan air club, Air Koryo and theDPRK Air Force were the main contributors of theair displays supplemented with remote controlledmodel aircraft and sky diving performances of thePyongyang Air Club.The very first air show organized in the DPRKtook place in September 2016 at Kalmainternational airport located in the WonsanKumgangsan region.Organised by Juche Travel services incooperation with the Korean InternationalTravel Company foreign aviation enthusiastorganizations like 4Aviation were enabled toattend to the event.The Kalma airport has received a facelift overthe past few years and is reconstructed into aninternational airport with constructions completedin 2015.The infrastructure of the airfield is alsomodernized and the city of Wonsan now hostsa brand new youth hostel an open air theatreand a restricted town square with the purpose ofpromoting tourism in this region.60SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINEDuring the Saturday Air Koryo supplied flyingdisplays of the Ilyushin Il-18, Ilyushin Il-62,Ilyushin Il-76, Tupolev Tu-134, Tupolev Tu-154and Antonov An-26 aircraft and on the Sundaypleasure flights could be made in each individualtype.Furthermore there were air displays of twounmarked aircraft of which one was an AlpiP-400 and the other one was a PAL P-750XLwhich is probably assigned to the Air Force.Military participantsThe main contributor of the flying displayshowever was the DPRK Air Force. This was thefirst time that the DPRK Air Force presented itselfto an international audience and several aircrafttypes were presented.THE MAGAZINENO03201661
Serial number 555 is one of the izdelye 9.12B aircraft originally delivered in the first batchof MiG-29’s, built in the 36th batch by Mikoyan OKB under construction number 25755.Photo by Patrick Roegies62SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINETHE MAGAZINENO03201663
Formation of KPAAFThe first MiG’sThe Korean People’s Army Air Force (KPAAF)originated shortly after the war on 20 August1947. The Air Force received a separate statusin 1948 and adapted mainly Soviet tactics anddoctrine.During the conflict the KPAAF received thefactory new Mikoyan – Gurevich MiG-15 whichwere operated by Soviet pilots, evened the scorein air to air capabilities. During the Korean warperiod the forward fuselages of most of the MiG15 aircraft were painted in bright red for quickidentification purposes.With their primary appointed mission, the airdefence of the homeland, the required assetsand resources were organized. As a secondarymission the Air Force was appointed the role toprovide tactical air support for the army and navalforces.The Air Force was soon equipped, with the helpfrom their Soviet allies, who supplied PolikarpovPo-2s and Yakovlev Yak-18s. Since most of theairfields were situated in the south the Air Forcewas mainly concentrated in the south.The Korean pilots were sent to the Soviet Unionand China to receive their pilot training. Soonnational aviation schools were opened and jointSoviet – Korean regiments were formed. The firstunits were equipped with the Li-2 transporters,which made regular flights to the Soviet Unionand China.New aircraft were received soon after theconstruction of the aviation schools werecompleted and the domestic training programwas up and running. Ilyushin Il-10, LavoshkinLa-9, and Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter aircraft werereceived and formed the backbone of the KPAAFfor the remaining decade.With the outbreak of the Korean war in June 1950the KPAAF performed most missions during nighttime. For these missions the Yak-18’s and Po2’s were modified with bomb racks operating insupport of the Army.Since the air-to-air capabilities were minimalsince the aircraft in the operational inventory ofthe KPAAF all dated from the second world war,meant the aircraft which were deployed by theUnited Nations were superior, and the KPAAF wasforced to flee into China operating from Chineseair fields.64SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINEIn the course of 1952 these bright red markingswere removed and the aircraft were pained invarious different new camouflage schemes. Bythe time the armistice agreement was signed on27 July 1953, the Air Force had the disposal ofapproximately several hundreds of MiG-15 FagotB’s and MiG-15 Midgets which were left behindby the Soviet Regiments that operated the aircraftwhile being deployed in North Korea.The existing air fields that were severely damagedduring the conflict were abandoned and newair fields were constructed in the DemocraticPeople’s Republic of Korea using undergroundaircraft hangars, repair facilities, ammunition,fuel stores, and even air defence missilesunderground or in hardened shelters, in someoccasions constructed in the surroundingmountains.The fighter variants of the MiG-15 remained inactive service until the late fifties and early sixtiesby the newer Mikoyan – Gurevich MiG-17 fighterswhen the aircraft were gradually replaced, whilethe trainer variant, the MiG-15UTI remained inactive service until well in the eighties.At the start of the sixties the KPAAF received theirinitial batch of twenty-four Soviet built IlyushinIl-28 bomber aircraft. When the delivery wascompleted of the first batch, Chinese licensebuilt versions of the Il-28 the Harbin H-5 wereacquired.These aircraft were appointed a wide variety oftasks which resulted in different configurationsof the H-5 enabling them to fulfil the bomber,reconnaissance and conversion trainer role.According to estimations a total of eighty-twoIl-28 and H-5 aircraft were delivered to the KPAAF.THE MAGAZINENO03201665
MiG-21bis appointed bort number 42 red was oneof the aircraft, which were delivered from Kazakhstan.Photos by Patrick Roegies66SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINETHE MAGAZINENO03201667
MiG-21 and Su-7 eraThe early eightiesIn 1961, a treaty of mutual assistance and militarycooperation was signed between The DPRK andThe Soviet Union. In accordance with this treaty,between 1961 and 1962, Mikoyan – GurevichMiG-19’s were delivered and the first MiG-21variants were received from the Soviet Union.The estimated total of 60 Floggers were operatedby the 56th Regiment based at Oksan Air Baseand he 57th Regiment based at Onchon Air Base.An initial batch of factory new MiG-21F-13’s werereceived in 1963, including a number of MiG-21trainers. Another acquisition of a MiG-21 subtypetook place in 1968 when the Air Force tookdelivery of factory new MiG-21PFM’s.In the seventies the supersonic fighter bombermade its appearance within the inventory of theKPAAF with the delivery of the Sukhoi Su-7. TheKPAAF took delivery of 25 Su-7BMK’s and Su7UMK’s. These aircraft were in service appointedto a single yet unknown Regiment with twosubordinating squadrons and remained in activeservice until the mid-nineties.Also in the seventies an estimated total of 60 letL-39 aircraft were delivered to the KPAAF fulfillingthe trainer role.From China the Q-5 Fantan ground attack aircraftwere received to supplement the fighter bomberfleet. According to several unconfirmed sourcesthe total estimated amount of aircraft receivedvaries between 40 and 150 aircraft.During the seventies and eighties additionalChinese built aircraft were introduced withinthe operational inventory of the air force as wellsupplementing the mainly Soviet built fleet. TheAir Force took delivery of Chinese built ShenyangF-6 and Chengdu F-7 aircraft.Another subtype of the MiG-21 was integrated inthe KPAAF inventory was the MiG-21MF, whichwere acquired second hand from the Soviet AirForce, and initial deliveries took place from 1985forward.In 1985 the DPRK also received an unconfirmednumber of Hughes MD500 Helicopters bycircumventing the export control and UNweapons embargo. Although the configurationof these helicopters was according to civilianversions the KPAAF has modified thesehelicopters for military purposes.Six of these helicopters were noted during theWonsan Air Festival 2016 in full military markings.Also the rotary capabilities were increased andcomprised approximately 275 helicopters by theend of the eighties, mainly consisting of Mil Mi2, Mil Mi-4, Mil Mi-8 and a handful of Mil Mi-26helicopters.The first batch of twelve Sukhoi Su-25K Frogfootaircraft and two Sukhoi Su-25UB training aircraftwere ferried by pilots of Soviet Union Regimentsand have been delivered in late 1987 to the DPRKAir Force. These aircraft formed the first squadronof a regiment based at Sonchon locatedapproximately 80 kilometres from Pyonyang.The aircraft delivered were all within theconstruction number range of the “early 10thseries” with their construction numbers endingwith the following number range 10xxx.During that same decade they also receivedthe Sukhoi Su-7, Sukhoi Su-25, the Mikoyan –Gurevich MiG-23 and Mikoyan – GurevichMiG-29 from the Soviets.The Mikoyan – Gurevich MiG-23 was introducedin the inventory of the KPAAF in September1984 when the Air Force took delivery of eightMiG-23ML aircraft and two MiG-23UB trainers.Additional deliveries took place and compriseda total of forty MiG-23ML’s and ten MiG-23UB’s.68SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINETHE MAGAZINENO03201669
An Air Koryo Tupolev Tu-154 landing after it’s display during the show Saturday.Photo by Patrick Roegies70SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINETHE MAGAZINENO03201671
The late eightiesMajor delaysA second batch of Su-25K and Su-25UBK aircraftwere delivered in the spring of 1988 and wereassigned to the second squadron within theregiment and a third identical squadron receivedtheir Su-25K’s in two batches, with the first batchdelivered in the summer and the second batch inthe autumn of 1988. According to estimations theDPRK Air Force received approximately 36 Su25K’s and 4 Su-25UB’sDue to major delays in the assembly processand complications in payment terms for theaircraft, which was taken place in goods, theRussian government decided to abandon theprogram and up to that point only three aircraftwere assembled completely. With the cease ofdeliveries of components the DPRK ceased thepursue of the plans for a MiG-29 fleet comprisingforty aircraft. As a consequence the remainingdelivered sub-assemblies of the izdelye 9.13Baircraft were never completed and probablycannibalized to keep the operational fleet activeby using the spare parts.The bort numbers used to be blue and the aircraftwere painted in a two tone green and browncamouflage scheme. Their current camouflagescheme is a two tone grey scheme and theaircraft are appointed red bort numbers.The first MiG-29 aircraft were received between1988 and 1989 and according to unconfirmedsources the KPAAF received aircraft to equipone or two squadrons of MiG-29’s. Reportsconcerning actual deliveries vary from seventeento forty-five.Actual deliveries took place in 1988 acquired fromthe Soviet Union and delivered by Mikoyan OKB.The delivery comprised thirteen izdelye 9.12BMiG-29 Fulcrum A and one izdelye 9.51 MiG29UB Fulcrum B aircraft. The delivery of this initialbatch took place until 1992 when the last aircraftwas delivered. These aircraft were all constructedin Russia by Mikoyan OKB possibly in the 36thbatch with construction number built up 257xxrange.Since North Korea was the second Asian countryto acquire the MiG-29 they were the sole countryto purchase a manufacturing license of the MiG29 and it was the sole country to actually receivethe the izdelye 9-13B MiG-29 Fulcrum C version.A follow up contract in the early ninetiescomprised the delivery of these ten izdelye9.13B MiG-29 Fulcrum C to be assembled bythe seventh machine industry bureau locatedat Panghyon which was a serious first attemptto start a domestic aircraft industry. Thisendeavour proved to be too ambitious forthe DPRK and progress remained far behindschedule.72SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINEThe MiG-29 aircraft acquired in the first batchwere appointed with a three-digit 5xx serialnumber. Aircraft have been noted in the 540and 550 serial range. The three izdelye 9.13Baircraft received deviating serial numbers. Serialnumber 415 was noted in the past and should bea reference to the birthday of the supreme leaderKim Il-Sung II who was born on 15 April 1912.The second known serial number 820 refers tothe formation of the Air Force, which took placeon 20 August 1948. The serial number of the thirdone remains unknown.With the cease of the Soviet Union and a visitto the DPRK of Boris Yeltsin further deliveries ofaircraft and spare parts were ceased, since furtherdeliveries were banned according to the UnitedNations arms embargo enforced on Russia. Bythe end of the nineties a new formal request wassubmitted by the DPRK to Russia for the deliveryof spare parts which, eventually resulted in actualdeliveries of spare parts enabling the KPAAF tomaintain its operational Fulcrum inventory untilwell in the new century.The Fulcrums were appointed to the 55thKumsong Guards Air Regiment subordinatedto the 1st Combat Division at Sunchon AirBase comprising two squadrons. The currentoperational strength of the Regiment is estimatedat fifteen aircraft of which at least five are still inan active condition operating on a rotation basis.The last known delivery of aircraft took place inthe nineties. An additional intended forty, secondhand MiG-21bis aircraft were acquired fromKazakhstan in the late nineties.THE MAGAZINENO03201673
Current situationSince this delivery was in conflict with theweapons embargo as enforced by the UnitedNations deliveries were ceased when oneshipment consisting of six aircraft was interceptedat Baku Azerbaijan only thirty were actuallydelivered. According to estimations a total of 400MiG-21’s were received and an estimated totalof 100-150 aircraft are believed to be operationalcurrently.Fighter and fighter-bomber RegimentsAlthough the MiG-29 is the most modernfighter within the KPAAF the MiG-21 is still thebackbone of the Air Force. In the early 1ninetiesthe operational strength of the KPAAF compriseda total of an estimated 1620 aircraft and 70.000personnel.The KPAAF is unable to purchase new aircraftgiven the still active United Nations armsembargo against the country, meaning theirprevious conventional aircraft suppliers areunable to supply the KPAAF with newer aircraft.The last attempt to purchase the Chinese builtJH-7 aircraft failed since the request for purchasewas turned down by China.Besides the purchase of new aircraft theacquisition of required spare parts has ceased aswell leading to direct problems with the existingaircraft within the inventory mainly consisting ofSu-25, MiG-21 and MiG-29 supplemented bythe remaining Shenyang F-6 and Shenyang F-7aircraft. The limited spare parts that could beacquired were probably supplied by the friendlystates Cuba and Iran.The same problem occurs with the remainingtraining, transport and rotary aircraft within theoperational inventory of the KPAAF. In order tosave fuel and spare the engines and other criticalparts MiG-29 pilots are flying the MiG-21.Approximately fifty Harbin H-5 aircraft, theChinese license built version of the Il-28 in theconfigurations of bomber, reconnaissance andconversion trainer versions are believed to beoperational. These aircraft assigned to two activeRegiments are probably undertaking noneoperational missions such as target-towing inaddition to more offensive tasks.74SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINETHE MAGAZINENO03201675
Training RegimentsOrder of BattleTraining aircraft still date from the sixties anddoes not reflect the requirement to train futurepilots preparing them for supersonic flying. Pilottraining is mainly performed using the NanchingCJ-6 as the primary trainer before the future pilotscontinue their fighter training in the remaining twoseat MiG-15UTI supplemented by a small numberof Aero L-39C Albatrosses. Helicopter training isprovided using the Mil Mi-2 helicopters. Like muchof the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea AirForce, the effectiveness of the training syllabus isdebatable.The actual order of battle is complicated sincea unit can have multiple designations since thecentralized command appoints a unit with aname during peace-time, alert-time and war-timestatus. In all three status the unit can have anotherdesignation, divided in an air unit, regiment/battalion and an heroic name designation.Transport RegimentsThe KPAAF uses the Soviet designed AntonovAn-2 and Chinese license built Y-5 as their maintransport aircraft and has received the aircraft inlarge numbers. According to estimations a total oftwo-hundred-seventy An-2 and Y-5 aircraft werereceived. Additionally the KPAAF has the disposalover approximately ten Antonov An-24 transportaircraft and modest fleet of semi-military IlyushinIl-76 transport aircraft. A small number of Sovietera like the Tu-134, and the Tu-154 transportsin service are painted in the livery Air Koryo tofacilitate VIP flights overseas.Helicopter RegimentsThe KPAAF currently still operated the Mi-2,Mi-4 and a small number of Mi-8 helicopterssupplemented by the MD500 helicopters forspecial operation tasks. In recent obeservationsa batch of four Mi-26’s have been noted as well.It remains unclear how many of the estimated275 acquired helicopters are still in active service.There are reports of Mil Mi-24 Hind within theoperational inventory of the KPAAF but no actualproof of this has been provided.The air commands appear to have the primaryresponsibility for integrated air defense and areorganized with a semi-automated warning andinterception systems to control the surface toair missiles, interceptor aircraft, and air defenseartillery units. The territory of North Korea isdivided in Three major districts and has assignedits own Air Combat Command.The First Air Combat Command is situated in thenorthwest, probably headquartered at Kaechon, isresponsible for the west coast to the border withChina, including Pyongyang.The headquarters of the Second Air CombatCommand is situated at Toksan and is responsiblefor the northeast and extends up the east coast tothe Soviet border.The headquarters of the Third Air CombatCommand is situated at Hwangju in the south andis responsible for the border with South Korea andthe southernmost areas along the east and westcoasts.From 1996 onwards the North Korean Army AirForce had six air divisions at it’s disposal underthe direct control of the National Air Command. Ofthese six air divisions three were appointed fighteraircraft, two had transportation aircraft appointed,and one air division consisted of fighter trainingaircraft.Currently North Korea operates fromapproximately seventy air bases, including jetand non-jet capable bases and emergencylanding strips. Although not all 70 air bases haveactive regiments based the bases are kept in anoperational status. Besides these airbases the AirForce has appointed a number of highway stripswhich can be used in case of emergencies duringfuture conflicts. The majority of tactical aircraft areconcentrated at air bases around Pyongyang andin the southern provinces.76SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINETHE MAGAZINENO03201677
In total 3 MiG-21bis aircraft were present at theWonsan Air Festival 2016, here’s Red 53 in the air.Photo by Patrick Roegies78SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINETHE MAGAZINENO03201679
Basic flying trainingJets from KazakhstanThe North Korean Air Force has the capabilitiesto put almost all of the military aircraft within theirinventory in hardened shelters with some of themlocated underground or inside mountain cavesIn 1996 the DPRK intended to purchase 133surplus MiG-21 aircraft from the Kazakhstan AirDefense Force. The company operating underthe auspices of the Kazakh Ministry of Defense”Kazvoyentekhimpex” drafted a contract witha total value of 28 Million USD. When theseplans became known to the United StatesState Department the Kazakh government wascontacted and resulted in the withdrawal of thecontract.With the aging fleet the KPAAF has a limitedcapability in performing their appointed tasks thedefense of the North Korean air space, providingtactical support to the army and naval forces andconduction air operations against South Korea.With the restricted use of assets due to fuel andspare part shortages might affect the annualamount of hours performed by pilots inthe KPAAF.Aircraft industriesSince serious attempts in the past to start adomestic aircraft had failed, the aircraft industryin North Korea is limited. With the assemblyof the MiG-29 the basis for a national aircraftmanufacturer seemed viable, but for yet unknownreasons this development was not furtherpursued, possibly due to lacking technologicalmeans and know how.The aircraft industry within the DPRK is limitedto constructing the required spare parts for theaircraft in their existing operational inventory.With the weapon embargo being enforced by theUnited Nations and the lack of a domestic aircraftindustry the DPRK was forced to find othermeans to find alternatives to replace their agingfleet of aircraft with the oldest models dating fromthe sixties.United Nations weapons embargoThe first delivery of aircraft to the DPRK tookplace in 1985 comprising the delivery of anestimated total of United States manufacturedcivilian version of eighty-seven MD5000 Hugheshelicopters which were indirectly acquired bymeans of an illegal transaction.The two Californian brothers Semler made falsestatements in shippers declarations to the unitedStates Customs Service in 1984 stating that thehelicopters were intended for delivery to Germanywhen in fact the helicopters were to be deliveredto North Korea.80SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINEThe DPRK government however did not abandonthe plan to acquire these aircraft and in early1997 and a formal request was submitted toKazakhstani Defense Minister M. Altynbayevby the Sierra Leone ambassador to Moscowinforming the delivery of the 133 Mig-21bisaircraft intended for Sierra Leone. Later thatyear a similar request followed submitted by PeruAfter several failed attempts another way wasfound to deliver the MiG-21bis aircraft to NorthKorea but failed with deliveries well underway.The delivery of an intended six MiG-21bis aircraftincluding spare parts was intercepted in Baku,Azerbaijan in March 1999 on board of a Russiantransport aircraft which was officially listed as asugar transport to the DPRK and raised a seriousinternational scandal.On 14 October 1998 a contract was signedbetween the DPRK and Czech based companyAgroplast comprising the delivery of 40 MiG-21bisaircraft were to be delivered to Agroplast andwere to be passed on to North Korea. The aircraftwere to be purchased from the Kazakhstanowned Uralsk Metallist Plant which derived theaircraft earmarked as surplus by the KazakstanAir Defense Force. This resulted in November1999 to the companies directly involved with thiscontract.During investigations it became clear that thetransaction was taking place against the officialgovernment policy of Kazakhstan and deputyprime minister and minister of foreign affairs K.Tokayev promised to actively cooperate in theinvestigation of the follow up of this sale. As aresult the Kazakhstan government finally admittedthat the MiG aircraft were sold to the DPRK andthat five previous shipments comprising a totalof 30 MiG-21bis aircraft had already successfullytaken place before the shipment was interceptedin 1999.THE MAGAZINENO03201681
Modernization programsSince the most recent aircraft, which are stillin the operational inventory of the Korean AirForce, were acquired from 1960 until 1990,modernization programs are likely to beconducted on the operational aircraft.The aircraft presented at the Wonsan Air Festival2016 were all provided with a new camouflagescheme and looked like they were subjected to anextensive modernization program only recently.Details concerning modernizations remain unclearbut unconfirmed sources state that aircraftmight have been refurbished by using Belarusianand Cuban resources. If these modernizationprograms took place in North Korea or abroadremains unclear as well.ConclusionAlthough lots of information remains unknownconcerning the KPAAF and the quest forinformation is difficult the threshold to a moreopen environment seems to have started withthe organization of the Wonsan Open Air Festival.During the closing ceremony of the festival theofficials announced there would be a new AirFestival organized in 2017 also open to be visitedby foreigners.82SCANDINAVIANAVIATION MAGAZINETHE MAGAZINENO03201683
the Sukhoi Su-7, Sukhoi Su-25, the Mikoyan – Gurevich MiG-23 and Mikoyan – Gurevich MiG-29 from the Soviets. The Mikoyan – Gurevich MiG-23 was introduced in the inventory of the KPAAF in September 1984 when the Air Force took delivery of eight MiG-23ML aircraft and two MiG-23UB
Wonsan KOFC MOU IPA KCNA KIET Summary Companies - total 5 (27) 7 (31) 10 (19) 7 (15) 7 (46) 5 Companies - important 8 (5) 12 (3) 3 (13) 7 (20) 5 (12) Cultural in-stitutions 5 (19) Table Wonsan-IV. Ranking (Total number of companies in relation to population) Wonsan KOFC MOU IPA KCNA KIET Summary
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FESTIVAL 2016 29 February-4 March FEATURING: David Baddiel Willy Russell Steve Hackett Mark Billingham Paris Lees WELCOME TO THE 15TH FESTIVAL 2016 Welcome to the 15th Cultural eXchanges Festival 2016 Every year we gather together a wonderful mixture of extraordinary, entertaining and provoking events which we very much enjoy sharing with you.
find on software development processes, which led me to Scrum and to Ken Schwaber’s early writings on it. In the years since my first Scrum proj ect, I have used Scrum on commercial products, software for internal use, consulting projects, projects with ISO 9001 requirements, and others. Each of these projects was unique, but what they had in common was urgency and criticality. Sc rum excels .
