6 Kush And Other African Kingdoms
Chapter6Kush and OtherAfrican KingdomsBefore You Read: Knowledge RatingRecognizing what you already know about each of theseterms can help you understand the chapter:KushMeroëAksumEzanagriotBantuIn your notebook, rate how well you know each term:3 I know what this word means.2 I’ve seen this word, but I don’t know what it means.1 I’ve never seen this word before.Define each term in your notebook as you read.Big Ideas About the Kush CivilizationCulture Ways of living change as humans interactwith each other.Kush civilization was influenced by Egyptian culture. Kush wasunder the rule of Egypt for hundreds of years. Kush adoptedEgyptian customs, religion, hieroglyphs, and architecture. Later,Kush conquered Egypt. The two cultures influenced each other.Integrated TechnologyINTERNET RESOURCESInteractive MapsInteractive Visuals Starting with a Story Go to ClassZone.com for WebQuest Quizzes Homework Helper Maps Research Links Test Practice Internet Activities Current Events40 W500 B.C .Nok people makeiron tools.(Nok head) 751 B.C .Piankhi, a Kushite king,conquers Memphis in Egypt.60 W184461 B.C .Age of Periclesbegins in Greece.(marble bust of Pericles)
Vegetation Regions of AfricaDesertRain forestSavanna, scruband woodlandLATASMNOUTA40 NEUROPEINSMediterranean SeaDesertNiLibyanDesertleRiverAHARTropic of CancerAReSdSea20 NNigeLakeChadrRivofGulferA F R I C AAdenHORN OFAFRICAgoRiverGreat Rift VaGulf ofGuineanColleyLake Mt. KenyaVictoriaMt. KilimanjaroEquator0 INDIANO CE A NLakeTanganyikaA TL A N TI COCEANzi R i v e rarbedagascZamRain forestrveKalahariDesertWSavannah146 B.C .African city of Carthagedestroyed by Rome.27 B.C .Pax Romana begins.ETropic of CapricornS0020 W20 SMaNmpopo RiLi20 E5005001000 miles1000 kilometers40 EA . D.100Bantu migrationsunder way.A . D.325King Ezanarules Aksum.A . D. 105Chinese invent paper.(illuminated manuscript,Tang Dynasty)185
Background: In the third century A.D., a Babylonianprophet wrote that there were four great kingdomson Earth. These were the kingdoms of China, Persia,Rome, and the African kingdom of Aksum. Rome andAksum made Christianity their official religion. In 324,Constantine became the Roman Empire’s first Christianruler. Around the same time, King Ezana became thefirst Christian ruler of Aksum. As you read the followingstory, think about what it would be like to live in Africa’sChristian kingdom. Church in Aksum, Ethiopia186
Starting with a Storyhere was a young boy in Aksum. His father was an importantofficial in the court of King Ezana. The father was a devotedservant of the king, and he adopted Christianity after the kingmade it Aksum’s official religion. After his conversion, the father workedhard to raise his son as a Christian. He spent many hours helping himto read the Bible, and the boy grew to love the sacred book’s stories andlessons. Even so, it was not until his father took him on a pilgrimage to theChristian holy places that he became truly dedicated to the new faith.The boy still recalled with great pleasure the day they sailed from the portcity of Adulis. King Ezana and Bishop Frumentius had provided resources andguides to take them to Jerusalem. With such preparation, they departed withfew cares. On the way to the holy city, the guides ordered stops at many sitesfamiliar from the Bible. One of the most meaningful was Sinai, the mountainwhere God gave Moses the Ten Commandments. The boy would never forgetstanding on Sinai’s sacred summit and gazing over the surrounding scene. Onthe way to Jerusalem, they also stopped in Bethlehem, the birthplace of Jesus.Jerusalem, however, was the spiritual peak of the journey. The boywalked with pilgrims from all over the Christian world as they visited themost important sites. The boy took careful notes because he was expected toreport to the king about what he had seen. He met another boy his age andthe boy’s father, who had traveled to Jerusalem from Constantinople. Theyoung Aksumite traveler was able to speak some Greek and make himselfunderstood to the travelers from Constantinople. He acquired a rich supplyof experiences and information to report to his king.What experiences might the boy take back toAksum from his pilgrimage?1. READING: Main Ideas The main idea sums up the mostimportant point of a paragraph or selection. With a partner,list one or two main ideas from the above passage.2. WRITING: Comparison and Contrast Write atwo-paragraph essay in which you compare what theboy’s ideas about Jerusalem might have been before histrip with what he might have learned on the journey.187
Lesson1MAIN IDEASGeography The region of Nubia hadconnections with Egypt.Government A powerful king of Kushconquered Egypt and ruled as pharaoh.Economics Meroë was an important economiccenter linking Egypt and the interior of Africa.TAKING NOTESReading Skill: Explaining SequenceTo sequence events means to put them in orderbased on the time they happened. As you readLesson 1, make a note of things that happened inthe Kushite kingdoms. Create a time line like theone below to put events in order.1000 B.C. Nubian Pottery This Nubianpottery vessel decorated withgiraffes is an example of thegoods traded in Kush.500 B.C.Skillbuilder Handbook, page R15Words to KnowUnderstanding the following words will help you read this lesson:boundary a border orline where somethingcomes to an end(page 189)At midday, the caravancrossed the boundary ofNubia into Egypt.188 Chapter 6official a person whonavigate to guidemine to gather rocksholds a position ofauthority (page 190)the course of a ship oraircraft (page 191)Even though he wasNubia’s top official, he wasstill responsible to Egypt.To navigate the Nile River,traders had to know thelocations of waterfalls.or minerals from anunderground hole(page 192)They mined in order to findminerals they could use tomake tools and weapons.
TERMS & NAMESNubia and theLand of KushNubiaKushPiankhiMeroësmeltingBuild on What You Know Have you ever traveled on ariver or visited a river town? The Egyptians lived downstreamon the lower, or northern, end of the Nile River. Now youwill learn about another culture that developed to the souththat interacted with Egypt and other parts of Africa.The Region of NubiaESSENTIAL QUESTION In what ways were Nubia andEgypt connected?Nubia (NOO bee uh) is the name for a geographic regionof Africa. (See the map at the top of the next page.) Nubiaextended from the southern boundary of Egypt southward toinclude present-day Sudan. Its southern boundary was south ofthe Nile River’s sixth cataract.Upper and Lower Nubia Like Egypt, Nubia was dividedConnect to Todayinto upper (southern, upstream) and lower (northern,downstream) areas. Like the Egyptians, the people of Nubialived along the Nile. However, in southern Nubia, unlikein Egypt, a climate that provided greater moisture meantfarming was not limited to the Nile valley. The Upper Nile TheWhat geographic feature connected Egypt and Nubia?Nile River begins inBurundi and then travelsnorth through Uganda,Sudan (shown below),and Egypt beforeit empties into theMediterranean Sea.189
40 NThe Kingdom of Kush,The Kush Civilization700 B.C.ESSENTIAL QUESTION What weresome of the achievements of Piankhi?nean SeaN0200400 milesMemphisLO WEREG YPTEWS200400 kilometersWESTERNDESERTUPPEREG rdCataractaCataracteran cTropic of CSeEgyptian Empire duringNew Kingdom, 1558–1085 B.C.vKush EmpireNi020 NFifthNapataCataracttimes, Nubia had a strongFourthMeroëCataractinfluence on Egypt. For example,SixthMusawwaratCataractsome scholars believe Nubia’ses-Suframonarchy was the earliest30 Ein human history. Later, thisGEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDERmonarchy was developed in theINTERPRETING MAPS20 ELocation What three bodiesperson of the Egyptian pharaoh.ofwater were important to theThen, when Egypt ruled Nubia,kingdom of Kush?the Egyptian pharaoh appointed an official to governthe region. Contact with Egypt resulted in cultural exchanges.Vocabulary StrategyEgypt influenced the art and architecture of the NubianUse context cluesregion, including the emerging kingdom of Kush. Nubians also to figure out theworshiped some of the gods sacred to Egyptians.meaning of sacred.Young Kushite nobles went to Egypt where they learned The rest of thesentence tells youthe Egyptian language. They also adopted the customsthat the wordand clothing styles of the Egyptians. They brought backsometimes meansroyal rituals and a hieroglyphic writing system to Kush.“worthy of religiousrespect or reverence.”Egyptian pyramids were also adapted by builders in Kush.Kush Rises to Power In the 700s B.C., the Nubian kingdomof Kush conquered all of upper and lower Egypt. In 751 B.C.,Piankhi (PYANG kee)—a Kushite king—attacked the Egyptiancity of Memphis. By about 36 years later, Piankhi had gainedcontrol of Egypt.From this point on, two periods make up the history of Kush.Each period is based on the location of the capital and king’stomb. The city of Napata was the capital during this first period.Meroë (MEHR oh EE) was the capital during the second.190 Chapter 630 NdCultural Relations BetweenEgypt and Kush In ancientiterraReEgypt controlled parts of Nubiabetween 2000 and 1000 B.C.During these centuries, Nubiawas a source of goods for Egypt.But as Egypt declined, a Nubiankingdom called Kush became apower in the region.Med10 N
Political and Commercial Relations with Egypt Piankhiunited Egypt and Kush. Nubia established its own dynasty, orline of royal rulers, on the throne of Egypt. Piankhi was declaredEgypt’s pharaoh. His reign marked the beginning of Egypt’s 25thDynasty. Although he was the pharaoh, Piankhi did not live inEgypt. Instead, he chose to live in Napata, the capital of Kush.Napata was located at the head of a road used to move goodsaround the Nile River’s cataracts. Traders used the road whenboats loaded with goods were unable to navigate the rough wateron certain sections of the river. Nubia was rich in goods thatwere scarce in Egypt: ivory, animal skins, timber, and minerals.This led to a lively trade along the Nile. Napata was the centerfor the spread of Egyptian goods and culture to Kush’s othertrading partners in Africa and beyond.Primary SourceHandbookSee the excerpt fromPiankhi’s Monument,page R40.The Decline of Kush Taharqa (tuh HAHR kuh) was a laterKushite ruler of Egypt. Taharqa spent much of his reign fightingthe Assyrians, who had invaded and conquered Egypt in 671 B.C.The Assyrians carried iron weapons that were more powerfulthan the bronze weapons of the Kushites. A large part of theAssyrian army was made up of foot soldiers, who were armedwith bows and arrows.Piankhi (ruled during the 700s B.C.)Piankhi was a Kushite king who knew whento fight and when to make peace. When aLibyan chief threatened Upper Egypt, Piankhidecided to fight. He defeated the Libyans’ landarmy and their river fleet as well. At the time,Egypt had many weak princes who ruled smallareas. They welcomed Piankhi’s protection.The Egyptian priests also were eager to havePiankhi come to their defense.Around 750 B.C., Piankhi united Egypt andbecame the pharaoh. This marked the beginningof the 25th Dynasty. Having accomplished whathe set out to do, Piankhi went home to Napata.There he had a stone slab built that celebratedhis deeds. The slab lasted longer than hisdynasty, which ended after about 100 years. Monument This black granitemonument, which is six feet high, wasdiscovered in Napata. The image ofPiankhi is at the center, upper right.Kush and Other African Kingdoms 191
Horses and Chariots Some Assyrians drovechariots. The Assyrian army also was the firstarmy to have a cavalry—men on horseback.The Kushite armies under Taharqa were nomatch for the Assyrians, who took control ofEgypt and parts of Kush. After their defeat,the Kushite kings retreated south.How did Piankhi becomethe Egyptian pharaoh?The Kushite Capitalof MeroëESSENTIAL QUESTION Why was the Kushite city of Meroëan important economic center?The Kushite kings eventually chose a new capital,Meroë, in about 590 B.C. Meroë was located on the NileMeroëand on trade routes leading from the Red Sea to theinterior of Africa. It had access to gold and iron. Sphinx This granitesphinx of King Taharqacomes from the AmonTemple at Kawa and datesfrom about 690 to 664 B.C .An Economy of Ironworking and Trade The defeat ofKush by the Assyrians taught the Kushites that they needed ironweapons. The people of Kush learned to smelt iron. Smeltingis the heating of material from Earth’s crust to separate theelements it contains. The Kushites mined rock containing ironore. Then they heated the rock in small earthen furnaces. Theheat caused the iron to separate from other minerals.Meroë was an ideal location for producing iron. The city wasclose to iron ore deposits. The Kushites set up smelting furnacesto process the deposits. Meroë traded its iron in central and eastAfrica, and in Arabia.Ivory, gold, and products made from them were traded atMeroë. These items were in demand in many other parts of theworld. Trade was especially active with Egypt, which was underGreek rule beginning in the fourth century B.C.A Rich Culture Develops Some of the gods worshiped by theKushites in Napata and Meroë were similar to those of Egypt.This similarity was especially true of the sun god Amon-Re andIsis, goddess of the moon. Other gods were Nubian in origin.192 Chapter 6
In Nubia, women played an important role. Amanirenasand Amanishakheto were important Nubian queens. QueenAmanitore and her husband ruled beginning around 12 B.C.The people of Kush developed a written language. Theyappear to have at first used hieroglyphics similar to those usedby the Egyptians. Later, their language changed to an alphabetof 23 symbols. The language has not yet been translated.Royal tombs in Kush were built of stone. They were pyramidshaped with steep sides. These tombs included a chapel attachedto the side. Kushite kings were often mummified to preserve theirbodies. These traditions continued in Nubia even after they haddied out in Egypt.In what ways was Meroë economically important?Lesson Summary Nubia and Egypt interacted with each other. The Kushite king Piankhi conquered Egypt. The Kushite capital of Meroë was a trade center. Armlet This armlet datesWhy It Matters Now . . .By studying the history of Nubia, we learn of theimportant role played by Africans in ancient history.1from Meroë in the late firstcentury B.C. It is made of goldwith fused-glass inlays. On thehinge is the figure of a goddess.Homework HelperClassZone.comTerms & Names1. Explain the importance ofNubiaPiankhismeltingKushMeroëUsing Your NotesExplaining Sequence Use your completed timeline to answer the following question:2. What event marked the end of the Kushitekingdom based in Napata?1000 B.C.Main Ideas3. How was the Nile important to the relationshipbetween Nubia and Egypt?4. What was the most significant achievement ofPiankhi’s rule?5. Why did the people of Meroë learn to smeltiron?Critical Thinking6. Comparing How did Piankhi’s reign differ fromthat of Taharqa in the control of Egypt?7. Drawing Conclusions What factors made theKushites move their capital to Meroë?500 B.C.Making a Map Pull out the world outline map you began in the activity for Chapter 2,Lesson 1. Place the Nubian kingdom of Kush on the map, along with its two capitals ofNapata and Meroë.Kush and Other African Kingdoms 193
Skillbuilder Extend Lesson 1Explaining Geographic PatternsGoal: To identify the importance of minerals and trade to theeconomic system of the Kush EmpireLearn the SkillRecognizing geographic patterns involves seeing theoverall shape, organization, or trend of specific geographiccharacteristics. Look at the chart at the bottom of this pagefor examples of geographic patterns. Trade routes make up one typeof geographic pattern. You read about the Kush Empire and trade inLesson 1. Trade routes went in and out of Kush in every direction, byland and by sea.See the Skillbuilder Handbook, page R16.Practice the Skill1 Look at the title of the map at right to get an idea of the geographicpattern—trade routes and minerals—that it shows.2 Identify significant mineral deposits, such as gold and iron, on thismap by using the symbols in the legend.3 Look at the map to see in what areas trade routes developed. Whichpart of the continent, if any, was largely untouched by Kush traderoutes?4 Check the map to see how the location of resources contributed to thedevelopment of trade routes.5 There are many different examples of geographic patterns. Some ofthese are given below.Examples:5GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNSWeather CyclesEconomic ChangesLanguagesTrade RoutesMonsoon windsin India follow apredictable est.Oil has transformedthe economies ofsome North Africancountries.Bantu languagesspread acrossAfrica as aresult of Bantumigrations.Triangular tradedevelopedbetween Africa,America, andEurope; Silk Roadscrossed Asia.194 Chapter 6
1 USH 4RADE 2OUTES AND -INERALS! D2E4HEBES2IVERA3E INGDOM OF USH&IRST#ATARACT'OLD DEPOSITS!BU3IMBEL)RON3 ,/7%2.5")!23ECOND#ATARACT MILES KILOMETERS500%2.74ROPIC OF #ANCERLE#ARAVAN ROUTES.IThe Kush Empirewas a center oftrade. As themineral wealthof the Nile valleyflowed out of Kushto Egypt (amongother places),luxury goods fromIndia and Arabiaflowed in. Traderoutes developedboth over land andby sea to carrygoods in and outof Kush.UBIAN ESERT.5")!4HIRD#ATARACT%3.APATA ª.4&OURTH#ATARACT&IFTH#ATARACT/LD ONGOLA 53(2-EROÑ3IXTH#ATARACT"LUE. ILE2IVER7HI TELE.I2 ª%Apply the SkillLook at the maps on the distribution of hunters and gatherersin Chapter 2, Lesson 1, page 52. Make notes on the geographicpatterns that you see developing across the time span of thethree maps on that page.Kush and Other African Kingdoms 195
Lesson2MAIN IDEASGovernment A new power, Aksum, risessouth of Egypt.Culture Ezana expands Aksum’s influence andconverts to Christianity.Culture Aksum’s cultural and technicalachievements were long lasting.TAKING NOTESReading Skill: Finding Main IdeasA main idea sums up the most important point ofa paragraph or passage. Main ideas are supportedby details and examples. Identify the main ideasand important details in Lesson 2 about Aksum’sachievements. Then put them into your own wordsand write them in a diagram like the one below.1.2.The Kingdomof Aksum1.2. Pillar This towering1.2.stone pillar was builtaround A.D. 400 to celebrateAksum’s achievements.Skillbuilder Handbook, page R2Words to KnowUnderstanding the following words will help you read this lesson:legend a story handednetwork a pattern,down from earlier times(page 197)such as that made bycrisscrossing routes(page 198)Many societies have a legendthat explains their origins.196 Chapter 6An extensive tradingnetwork spanned thewaters of the Red Sea.infant a child in theearliest period of life(page 198)If an infant inherits thethrone, someone else mustgovern.unique one of a kind(page 199)The influence of two cultureson a region can produce anew and unique culture.
TERMS & NAMESThe Kingdomof AksumAksumHorn of AfricaAdulisEzanaterraceBuild on What You Know In Lesson 1 you learned aboutthe kingdom of Kush. South of Kush, a new African kingdomarose as a leading center of political and economic power.The Rise of AksumESSENTIAL QUESTION Why did trade become important to Aksum?The kingdom of Kush fell when Meroë was destroyed by aking of Aksum (AHK SOOM). Kush was conquered by Aksum.Aksum was located in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea.Perfect Trade Location Aksum arose in the Horn of AfricaAfrica,an area shaped like a rhinoceros horn. (See map below.)This location gave Aksum access to trade to the Red Sea,Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, and the Nile valley.Arab traders built colonies and trading posts there.They found the location ideal for exchanging goods fromthe Indian Ocean trade, Persia, and Africa. A
Chapter6 Kush and Other African Kingdoms Integrated Technology . monarchy was the earliest in human history. Later, this monarchy was developed in the person of the Egyptian pharaoh. Then, when Egypt ruled Nubia, the Egyptian pharaoh appointed an official to govern the region. Contact with Egypt resulted in cultural exchanges.
Ancient and Medieval Africa Introduction Kush—Ghana—Mali—Songhay—Benin Subject: Civilizations of Ancient and Medieval Africa, and the Trans-Sahara Trade Route Time Frame: Four weeks Level/length: The unit below on Kush, Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Benin was written with seventh graders in mind, but can easily be adapted for grades 5–9.
Geography Challenge Chapter 7: Geography and the Early Settlement of Egypt, Kush, and Canaan How did geography affect early settlement in Egypt, Kush, . Write a paragraph that answers this question: How did geography a" ect people’s choices of where to settle in ancient Canaan? Use and underline at least five words or phrases from the Word .
Amen Kush SAP Specialist 704-207-4878 . Caron Quick Facts Nationally recognized chemical dependency . Heroin deaths in Metro Atlanta doubled last year 36 . Signs and Symptoms of D & A Use Dramatic changes in behavior Negative changes in schoolwork (missing
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Here’s a list of African proverbs from around African the continent. Some are known to come from specific African tribes, ethnic groups, or African countries, and others have an unknown source and are listed simply as “African proverbs.” Some proverbs are romantic, some thought provoking and some
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