NATIONAL - BQA
Funded by Beef Farmers and RanchersNATIONALMANUAL
CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTIONBEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL1
1.1 Welcome andPrinciples of BQAWELCOME TO THE BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE (BQA) PROGRAM.THOUGHTFUL, RESPONSIBLE CATTLE MANAGEMENTThis principle has been at the heart of BQA since its inception, and it is just as importantnow as it was more than 30 years ago. No two cattle operations are exactly the sameand, as such, no program could ever list all of the dos and don’ts to ensure food safety,animal well-being, worker safety, and environmental stewardship. Rather, BQA promotesthe adoption of a way of thinking — to always approach management decisions withthoughtfulness and an appreciation for the responsibility you have to the animals,consumers, the environment, and to the larger beef industry.Three quotes from those that helped establish the modern BQA program stillresonate today:“If it’s not right, make it right.”– Ladd Hitch, past president of National Cattlemen’s Beef Association“We must make our decisions thoughtfully.You never have a second chance to make the first right decision.”– Richard McDonald, former president of the Texas Cattle Feeders Association“In cattle care, there are no most valuable players; everyone is important.”– Dr. Gary Cowman, former executive with National Cattlemen’s Beef Association2BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL
This is the official manual of the Beef Quality Assurance program and includes the mostcurrent set of key practices, guidelines, and suggestions for providing thoughtful andresponsible cattle management. The material in this manual serves as a helpful resourceand serves as the foundation for training and certification programs offered nationallyand by many states.The BQA program encourages you to seek and utilize all reliable sources of information;these actions will help accomplish the BQA program’s goals and objectives. The BQAprogram is a cooperative effort between beef producers, veterinarians, nutritionists,extension staff, and other professionals from veterinary medical associations andallied industries.Cattle managed using BQA guidelines will be less likely to contain a violative residue,injection site tissue damage, or foreign material (e.g., a broken needle) among otherproduct quality defects. The program asks everyone involved with beef productionto follow the FDA/USDA/EPA guidelines for product use and to use common sense,appropriate management skill(s), and accepted scientific knowledge to producequality, healthy, and safe products.BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL3
1.2 Background of BQA1.2.1 RATIONALE FOR BQAFrom pasture to plate, the beef supply chainhas adopted and implemented HACCP-likeprograms and BQA management principles.These beef supply companies seek to dobusiness with operators who utilize similarmanagement philosophies further ensuringthe safety and quality of products leavingtheir facilities. Adoption of BQA principles as amethod of doing business helps position cattleraisers to take advantage of these opportunities.Additionally, implementing BQA can helpproducers avoid costly production mistakesand unacceptable production defects.Participation in the BQA program is one way toshow our customers, whether they are cattlebuyers or beef consumers, that producers takeevery possible step to raise beef responsibly.Maintaining customer confidence is an essentialgoal of cattle management. Furthermore, eachaspect of a BQA program is economically logicaland part of good business management. Thisresponsible management approach can bringpositive benefits to the cattle producer includingimproved resource management and positivereturns. Making a commitment to Beef QualityAssurance is the right thing to do for producersand consumers alike.1.2.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF BQA»» Early 1960s: The Pillsbury Company, NASA, and theU.S. Army Natick Laboratories (now the U.S.Army Natick Research and DevelopmentCenter) developed a quality control programcalled Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point(HACCP) to ensure food safety on NASAmissions and reduce product defects in thefood chain. The U.S. Department of Agricultureaccepted the program. HACCP is presentlythe accepted framework for safety assuranceprograms in processed and fresh foods.HACCP plans are prevention plans thatidentify and help control potential foodhazards and monitor critical points of theproduction process.»» 1982: The USDA’s Food Safety Inspection Service(FSIS) began working with the U.S. beefindustry to develop the Pre-harvest BeefSafety Production Program.»» 1982 to 1985: Three feedyards cooperated with FSIS to4BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUALevaluate production practices and assessresidue risks.»» 1985: After careful analysis and adjustment ofproduction practices, these three feedyardswere certified by FSIS as “Verified ProductionControl” feedyards. What was learnedduring those three years now serves as thebackbone for the Beef Quality Assuranceprogram.»» Mid-1980s: A number of cattlemen associationsinitiated the first state-level BQA programs.These programs incorporated HACCPlike principles addressing food safetyconcerns and quality issues by identifyingquality control points within the feedyardmanagement system. These programs havehelped pave the way toward ensuring thesafety and quality of beef.»» 1990s: The USDA mandated that all meatpacking and processing plants develop andimplement HACCP programs. Industry groups
have developed voluntary safety andquality assurance programs (i.e., BQA) forthe preharvest production segments of theindustry.»» 1990 to 2000: Injection site lesion in fed cattle reducedfrom 21.6% to 2.5%.»» 1998 to 2017: Injection site lesions reduced from 31% to7% in beef breeding stock.»» 2000s: Self-assessment resources weredeveloped by the BQA program to aidproducers in benchmarking and identifyingareas of their operation for improvement.»» Mid-2000s: The national BQA program increased thereach of the program through online trainingopportunities. The online classroom becamea training resource that is available 24/7/365.»» Today: The BQA program assists beef producersas they implement BQA managementstrategies to help ensure the safety andquality of cattle within their control. BQA practices have helped to nearlyeliminate any problems associated withviolative residues and significantly reducedincidences of injection site lesions in beefcattle.1.3 Goals and Objectives of BQABQA GOALThe goal of Beef Quality Assurance is toassure consumers that all cattle shipped froma beef production unit are healthy, wholesome,and safe; their management has met FDA,USDA; and EPA standards; they meet qualityrequirements throughout the production system;and are produced using animal well-being,worker safety, and environmentally-soundproduction practices.BQA OBJECTIVES»» Set production standards for quality andsafety that are appropriate to an operationand that producers can realistically meet orexceed. Incorporate key elements influencingthe production of defect-free food includingbiosecurity, animal health and well-being,production performance, and environmentalstewardship.»» Establish data retention and recordkeeping systems which satisfy FDA/USDA/EPA guidelines and allow for validation ofmanagement activities and fulfill program goals.»» Provide hands-on training and educationto help participants meet or exceed BQAprogram guidelines and realize the benefitsof the program.»» Provide technical assistance through BQAprogram staff, veterinarians, extensionspecialists, and other qualified individualsworking with the BQA program.»» Provide a basis and foundation for the beefindustry to share our producers' commitmentto continuous improvement and responsiblecattle management.BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL5
1.4 Program Guidelines and OverviewBQA PROGRAMThe foundation of Beef Quality Assurance isregular, high-quality training and certificationfor cattle producers on the principles and keypractices of BQA. In addition to training andcertification, there are other components to theBQA Program:»» Self-evaluation Self-evaluation is critical to continuousimprovement. Producers are encouragedto utilize the BQA Self Assessments mostrelevant to their operation. Self-assessmentguides can be found onlineat www.bqa.org.to further study key topics or prepareadditional trainings for their crews.»» Producer Field Guide The Producer Field Guide is a mobile-basedwebsite with a ready reference of tips andsuggestions for producers who are in thefield, feedlot, or on the go and want a quickreview of key practices.»» BQA Awards These annual awards recognize outstandingbeef and dairy producers, marketers, andeducators that best demonstrate animalcare and handling principles as part of theday-to-day activities on their respectiveoperations. The awards promote the valueof BQA principles to other producers andconsumers.»» BQA Manual The manual provides the in-depthreference for cattle producers who want1.4.1 USE OF KEY PRACTICESThe key practices listed in each chapter arecollectively known as the BQA Key Practices.These are an update to the BQA NationalGuidelines listed in the previous version of theBQA Manual. The BQA Key Practices shouldserve as the foundation for BQA training andcertification. More importantly, they shouldserve as the basis for thoughtful, responsiblecattle management by cattle producers. Someof the key practices refer to specific guidelinesinformed by FDA or USDA requirements. Otherpractices are informed by best practice and/or research. It is expected that every cattleproducer will apply these practices in a mannerthat is appropriate for their operation. The BQAKey Practices are not an instruction manual;rather, the practices represent the outcomes thatcattle producers should be working toward dayin and day out.1.4.2 TRAINING VIA STATE COORDINATORSOR BQA ONLINEThe BQA program operates using a teamapproach. BQA program representativesprovide information and training support tostate and local trainers and producers. BQAprogram representatives, working with stateBQA coordinators, are responsible for thedevelopment and maintenance of BQA training6BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUALmaterials and certification and follow-up onany program issues, updates, or modifications.Training certification continues in communitiesacross the U.S. with the assistance of qualifiedlocal individuals such as veterinarians andextension educators who have completed theBQA Trainer training.
The BQA program is a voluntary programinvolving basic training in BQA followed by anexam. The exam is included to 1) help instructorsmake certain the material was effectivelypresented to participants and 2) satisfy nationalguidelines for helping states determine whethertheir various BQA programs are equivalent toeach other. Program variations are typicallydue to environmental differences (e.g., climate,precipitation, parasites, etc.) that may requiremanagement strategies to be adapted to fitspecific regions. Equivalency among states isalso an important aspect for marketing forcesthat are driving the dynamic adoption of BQAprinciples and management. For example, todaythere are marketing outlets that name particularstate BQA programs and equivalent programsas a specification for the type of feeder cattle (ormanagement) they want to buy. This trend willlikely continue to increase.Following a producer’s completion of BQAtraining and successful completion of theexam, producers will receive a certificate ofcompletion — an opportunity to proudly displaytheir commitment to beef quality and animalwell-being. Producers looking to participatein BQA beyond training and certificationare encouraged to complete the BQA SelfAssessment most applicable to their industrysegment. In some states, advanced BQA trainingopportunities are available to producers lookingto enhance their commitment to BQA.Self-assessment guides are available online atwww.bqa.org.1.5 Certification and RecertificationRequirementsTo earn BQA Certification, cattle producersmust either complete BQA online (found atwww.bqa.org) or attend a training event heldby a state BQA coordinator. Both optionsrequire the passing of a quiz that relates toBQA Key Practices.BQA certification is typically good for three (3)years from the date the original certificationwas earned; some states may have differentrequirements if certification is earned througha state-delivered training. Find the certificationinformation and requirements for your state atwww.bqa.org.Recertification generally requires completingthe original BQA training and certification(whether online or via workshop in your state).Some states may offer continuing educationopportunities that qualify for BQA recertification.Again, check www.bqa.org for recertificationrequirements in your state.1.5.1 RELATIONSHIP TO FARM AND VQA PROGRAMSDairy cattle producers that received asatisfactory on-farm evaluation as part ofthe Dairy FARM Program: Farmers AssuringResponsible Management (FARM Program) areautomatically eligible to earn BQA certification.Through a working relationship with the FARMProgram, that evaluation now includes theessential BQA Key Practices to be consideredan equivalent program. Similarly, if veal-onlyproducers have completed the Veal QualityAssurance training and certification program,they shall also be considered BQA certified.If, however, a producer raises other classesof cattle beyond veal, participation in a BQAtraining program is required for certification.BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL7
1.6 Beef Quality Audit OverviewThe importance of beef quality assurancemethods being utilized in your managementoperation can be seen when analyzing thetop quality challenges within the beef industry.These quality challenges include injection siteblemishes, bruising, rib brands, and other meatquality defects. Every five years a Beef QualityAudit is conducted to benchmark the industry’scollective progress in addressing these qualitychallenges.Although dramatic improvement has occurredover the last 25 years, improper placement ofinjections continues to plague the beef industry.It was determined in the "Lost Opportunities inBeef Production1” publication that injection sitelesions and abscesses cost the industry 2.42 million.Utilization of proper cattle handling is key. It caneliminate carcass bruising and the presence ofdark cutters. Although the industry has observeda decrease in the presence of carcass bruisingaccording to the 2016 National Beef QualityAudit results, the “2016 Lost Opportunities inBeef Production” publication indicated thatcarcass bruising cost the industry approximately1 62.15 million. Additionally, the presence ofdark cutters cost the beef industry 132 million(Pendell et al., 2018).Another management technique that accountsfor the substantial lost opportunities in the beefindustry is hot iron rib branding. The 2016National Beef Quality Audit found that thepresence of hot iron branding on the rib hasdecreased. However, hide discounts attributedto branding still cost the industry 29.24 million(Pendell et al., 2018).The National Beef Quality Audit providesmanagement tactics to help overcome reportedbeef quality shortcomings. These include theelimination of side and multiple brands, propercattle handling/transport techniques and facilitydesign, and the elimination of improper IMinjections. Proper administration of animal healthproducts, branding only in the shoulder or hipareas, marketing cattle at an optimum time, andreducing stress placed on when handling cattleare just some of the management practices thatcan help prevent quality defects and increasemarket value. For full results visit www.bqa.org. Pendell D. L., D. L. VanOverbeke, J. J. White, J. O. Fulton. 2018. Lost opportunities in U.S. beef production. Unpublished.1.7 Foundational Models of theBQA Approach1.7.1 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT8One definition of 'quality' is “providingproducts that meet or exceed expectations andestablished requirements every time.” In thebeef industry, established product requirementsdiffer among the various production segments,but there are some common expectations.performance, health, and carcass characteristicsthat satisfy stocker operators and cattle feeders,and meet food safety requirements. Culledbreeding stock must meet the food safety andcarcass characteristic requirements of marketcow and market bull processors.For example, the products of a commercial cowcalf operation are weaned calves and culledbreeding stock. Weaned calves should possessAs products of a stocker operation, feeder cattleshould meet the requirements of cattle feedersfor performance, health, carcass characteristicsBEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL
and food safety. Fed cattle must meet therequirements of beef processors for health,carcass characteristics, and food safety.Commodity beef products must meetrequirements of beef purveyors for fat trim,marbling, portion size, safety, and lack of defectssuch as injection site blemishes,dark cutters, etc.Beef products sold to the consuming publicmust consistently meet expectations for bothfood safety and eating satisfaction.The bottom line is that quality in the beefindustry goes far beyond the parameters of foodsafety. It also encompasses performance, health,carcass characteristics, and eating satisfactionwhich are results of management decisionsmade throughout the beef production system.Because factors other than food safety areinvolved in quality, the material in this manual isoriented toward the Total Quality Managementconcept. This concept establishes that everymember of a production team adheres to highstandards of work in every aspect of productionin order to deliver high-quality products andservices.1.7.2 HACCP-LIKE CONSIDERATIONSOverall ideas behind HACCP-like programsinclude: identifying what can go wrong that cancause a defect, determining how to prevent itfrom happening, and documenting that you aredoing what you set out to do. Defects may bequality or safety related. Safety defects includechemical — such as a violative residue, physical— such as broken needles, or biologic — suchas beef measles. Implementation of HACCP-likeprograms should involve a producer’s family,employees, veterinarian, nutritionist, extensionspecialists, and suppliers — among others.At the ranch level, a HACCP-like program isas simple as creating a plan ahead of time todeal with something that does not go well. Forexample, how to deal with a needle breakingoff during a vaccination which results in anembedded needle shaft in the calf. Although theseven core HACCP principles are not alwaysspecifically referenced, the concepts of controlpoints, critical limits, preventive measures,corrective actions, and monitoring are includedin the discussion points throughout the manual.The seven HACCP principles include:»» Review all management programs to identifyproduction practices that affect food safety,quality, and the environment. More formally,this is step is called a “hazard analysis.” Forexample, instructing everyone involved inworking cattle to avoid giving intramuscularinjections anywhere but the neck area. Datashows that intramuscular injections givenin the hip at branding cause an identifiableinjection site blemish in the steaks from thatanimal, and it may toughen the meat in an areaup to several inches around the injection site.»» Identify the control points where potentialproblems can occur, be prevented, and/or controlled. For example, storage of feedand/or chemical products is a control point.To help ensure that feed is not accidentallycontaminated, batteries, fuel containers, orpaint should never be stored in the samelocation as feedstuffs.»» Establish critical limits associated with eachcontrol point. For example, identify the properwithdrawal time associated with a drugtreatment to determine the earliest date thetreated animal is eligible for market.»» Establish control point monitoringrequirements to ensure that each controlpoint stays within its limit. For example,maintaining pesticide use records so that youcan check grazing restrictions on a particularfield or pasture before turning cattle out.»» Establish corrective actions necessary toimplement if a problem occurs. For example,corrective actions for a drug residue violationmight include improving record keeping andemployee training.»» Establish effective record keeping proceduresthat document that a system is workingBEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL9
properly. For example, using a processingmap to record where each injection wasgiven, how much was given, how it was given,and what the injection was is a way to verifyyour treatment protocol.»» Establish procedures for verifying that thesystem is working properly. For example,a periodic review of your animal treatmentrecords, production practices, criticallimits, treatment protocols, etc. is a wayto help verify that management strategiesare occurring according to an operation’smanagement plan.10BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL
BQA1.8 Key PracticesProvide personnel with training/experience to properly handle and carefor cattle. (Code of Cattle Care)Make timely observations of cattle to ensure basic needs are being met.Provide facilities that allow safe, humane, and efficient movement and/orrestraint of cattle. (Code of Cattle Care)Use appropriate methods to humanely euthanize terminally sick or injuredlivestock and properly handle carcasses. (Code of Cattle Care)CATTLE CARE2.2 Key PracticesAbuse of cattle is not acceptable under any circumstances.Provide personnel with training/experience to properly handle andcare for cattle.Make timely observations of cattle to ensure basic needs are being met. esign, provide, and regularly inspect facilities (fences, corrals, load-outs,Dstations, freestall areas, alleys, etc.) to help ensure safe and easy animalmovement and restraint.Keep feed and water handling equipment clean.BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL11
BIOSECURITY3.2 Key Practices valuate the biosecurity risks on your operation and follow a planEto help mitigate risk.Recognize and mitigate the biosecurity risks associated with theintroduction of new cattle and inter-herd/-operation traffic.Apply basic sanitation practices to equipment, vehicles, and clothingto decrease the chance of microbial contamination.Prevent manure contamination of feed and feeding equipment.HERD HEALTH4.2 Key PracticesDevelop a herd health plan that conforms to good veterinary andhusbandry practices that are appropriate for the region where you areraising cattle.Provide disease prevention practices to protect herd health includingaccess to veterinary medical care.Follow all FDA/USDA/EPA guidelines and label directions for each product.Use FDA-approved feed additives including those requiring a veterinaryfeed directive (VFD) in accordance with label requirements. The FDArequires all VFD records to be retained for two years and available uponFDA request for inspection.Keep extra-label drug use (ELDU) to a minimum and only when prescribedby a veterinarian working under a Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship(VCPR).Properly administer products labeled for subcutaneous (SQ) administrationin the neck region.12BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL
When available, use products approved for SQ, intravenous (IV), intranasal(IN) or oral administration rather than products administered intramuscular(IM) as all products can cause tissue damage when administered IM.Always ensure products labeled for IV-only are never be given by anyother route of administration because of the potential for causing violativeresidues at the injection site.Use, when available, injectable products with low dosage volumes andfollow the proper spacing of injections.Administer products labeled for (IM) in the neck region only — noexceptions, regardless of age.Do not administer more than 10cc of product per IM injection site.Use the proper needle size for injections and never reuse a bent needle.Do not market compromised — terminally ill and/or non-ambulatory cattle.Humanely euthanize non-ambulatory animals using appropriate methods.TRANSPORTING5.2 Key PracticesKnowingly inflicting physical injury or unnecessary pain on cattle whenloading, unloading, or transporting animals is not acceptable.Handle/transport all cattle in such a fashion to minimize stress,injury, and bruising.Use vehicles to transport cattle that provide for the safety of personneland cattle during loading, transporting, and unloading.Follow these guidelines when transporting your own livestock: Preform a structural check of trailer/truck and tires prior to loadinglivestock. Inspect trailer/truck for cleanliness (biosecurity) as well as broken gatesBEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL13
that may injure/bruise cattle. Check weather and route to ensure a safe and uneventful trip. Verify withdrawal on any animals being sold. Verify that all animals are fit to ship. Back up squarely and evenly to the loading chute. Load using Low Stress Handling Practices. Pull away from the chute slowly and drive smoothly to allow cattle achance to gain their balance in transit. Minimize time in transit by limiting stops and using prior preparation toensure an organized event.Follow guidelines when contracting for your livestock to be hauled: Establish good communication/logistics with both the truckingcompany and the receiver of the livestock. Request that the truck arrive clean for loading to decreasebiosecurity risks. Check weather and route to ensure for a safe and uneventful trip. Verify withdrawal on any animals being sold. Verify that all animals are fit to ship. Ensure that the driver backs up squarely and evenly to the loadingchute. Load using Low Stress Handling Practices. Ensure that the driver pulls away from the chute slowly and drivessmoothly to allow cattle a chance to gain their balance in transit. Encourage the driver to minimize time in transit by limiting stops andusing prior preparation to ensure an organized event. Ask hauling contractor/driver for proof of BQA TransportationCertification.RECORD KEEPING6.2 Key PracticesEmploy strict adherence to pre-harvest withdrawal periods on productlabels and to extended withdrawals as determined by a veterinarianwithin the context of a VCPR.Identify all animals with appropriate individual and/or14BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL
group identification methods.When cattle are treated/processed individually, record the following in thetreatment records: Individual animal identification Date treated Product administered and manufacturer’s lot/serial number Dosage Route and location of administration Earliest date animal will have cleared the withdrawal period Name of individual administering the treatmentWhen cattle are treated/processed as a group, identify all cattle within thegroup as such, and record the following information: Group or lot identification Date treated Product administered and manufacturer’s lot/serial number Dosage Route and location of administration Earliest date animal will clear the pre-harvest withdrawal period Name of individual administering the treatmentWhenever possible, transfer all processing and treatment records with thecattle to next owner or production level.Inform prospective buyers of any cattle that have not met pre-harvestwithdrawal times.When applicable, keep complete records when formulating or feedingmedicated feed rations.Maintain records of any pesticide use on pasture or crops that couldpotentially lead to violative residue in cattle.Keep records for a minimum of two years or longer as required by laws/regulations (e.g., three years for Restricted Use Pesticides).BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL15
NUTRITION7.2 Key PracticesEnsure cattle have access to an adequate water supply and appropriatenutrition (from Code of Cattle Care, modified for sentence structure).Avoid feed and water interruption longer than 24 hours.Only use feedstuffs and feed ingredients of satisfactory quality.Under certain circumstances (e.g., droughts, frosts, and floods), testfeedstuffs or other dietary components to determine the presence ofsubstances that can be detrimental to cattle well-being such as nitrates,prussic acid, mycotoxins, etc.Use only USDA, FDA, and EPA approved products for use in cattle;these products must be used in accordance with the product label.Analyze suspect feedstuffs prior to use and seek supplier assuranceof feed ingredient quality.Do not feed ruminant-derived protein sources per FDA regulations.Support feeding of by-product/co-product ingredients with sound science.16BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL
ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP8.2 Key PracticesManage forage and water resources with appropriate principles tooptimize production while protecting or enhancing the environment.Use, store, and dispose of all pesticides with care and accordingto label directions.Monitor and manage key environmental control points that affectsoil and water resources.Properly dispose of carcasses.WORKER SAFETY9.2 Key PracticesMaintain a safe workplace and use appropriate personalprotective equipment when needed.Train employees and others working in your operation on safe practicesin using equipment, handling cattle, handling animal health products,and around potentially hazardous areas.EMERGENCY ACTIONPLANNING10.2 Key PracticesDevelop and maintain an emergency action plan.Inform everyone involved in your operation what to do in caseof an emergency.BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL17
CHAPTER 2.BEHAVIOR ANDHANDLINGBEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE NATIONAL MANUAL19
2.1 IntroductionCattlemen have long recognized and fulfilled the need to properly care for livestock.Sound animal husbandry and handling practices, based on decades of practicalexperience and rese
(HACCP) to ensure food safety on NASA missions and reduce product defects in the food chain. The U.S. Department of Agriculture accepted the program. HACCP is presently the accepted framework for safety assurance programs in processed and fresh foods. HACCP plans are prevention plans that
The NCBA Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) Program was initially patterned after the BQA Program of the Texas Cattle Feeders Association (TCFA). The TCFA BQA Program had as its objective "To ensure that all cattle shipped from this feedlot are healthy, wholesome and meet FDA, USDA, and EPA specifications" (Smith et
This document is a template to assist cattle operations in development of a daily biosecurity plan for their premises. Concepts are based on emphasized biosecurity content in the Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) National Manual and
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 ACC - Accounting AEC - Agricultural Economics ART - Art BCH - Biochemistry BIO - Biological Sciences BQA - Business Quantitive Analysis CE - Civil Engineering CH - Chemistry CO - Communication CRM - Criminology CSE - Computer Science & Engineering EC - Economics ECE - Electrical & Computer Engineer
Extension Livestock Stewardship Field Specialist & State BQA Coordinator Phone: 605-688-6623; Email: Heidi.carroll@sdstate.edu After working in various aspects of the livestock industries across South Dakota and even Beijing, China, Heidi has promoted responsible animal care and safe food products. She has a
on cattle when loading, unloading, or transporting animals. Handle/transport all cattle in a manner to minimize stress, injury, and bruising. When transporting cattle, use vehicles that provide for the safety of . personnel and cattle during the loading, transporting, and unloading . processes. Follow these guidelines when transporting livestock:
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Agile Development and Scrum The agile family of development methods were born out of a belief that an approach more grounded in human reality – and the product development reality of learning, innovation, and change – would yield better results. Agile principles emphasize building working software that
