Learning Express Reasoning Skills In 20 Min A Day
ReasoningSkillsSuccessin 20 minutesa Day6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 112/11/09 3:03:39 PM
Other Titles of Interest froml e a r ni ng e xp r e s sBiology Success in 20 Minutes a DayChemistry Success in 20 Minutes a DayEarth Science Success in 20 Minutes a DayGrammar Success in 20 Minutes a Day, 2nd EditionPhysics Success in 20 Minutes a DayPractical Math Success in 20 Minutes a Day, 4th EditionStatistics Success in 20 Minutes a DayTrigonometry Success in 20 MinutesVocabulary and Spelling Success in 20 Minutes a Day, 5th EditionWriting Skills Success in 20 Minutes a Day, 4th Edition6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 212/11/09 3:03:39 PM
ReasoningSkillsSuccessin 20 minutesa Day3rd Edition N ew6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 3Y o r k12/11/09 3:03:41 PM
Copyright 2010 LearningExpress, LLC.All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataReasoning skills success in 20 minutes a day.—3rd ed.p. cm.ISBN 978-1-57685-726-71. Reasoning (Psychology) I. LearningExpress (Oranization) II Title: Reasoning skills success in twenty minutesa day.BF442.R44 2010153.4'3—dc222009030907Printed in the United States of America9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1First EditionISBN-13 978-1-57685-720-5For more information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at:2 Rector Street26th FloorNew York, NY 10006Or visit us at:www.learnatest.com6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 412/11/09 3:03:41 PM
Contentscontributors ixHow to Use This Book xiPretest 1Lesson 1Critical Thinking and Reasoning Skills What Are Critical Thinking and Reasoning Skills?Definition: The Difference between Reason and EmotionJustifying Your DecisionWhy Critical Thinking and Reasoning Skills Are ImportantIn Short15Lesson 2Problem-Solving Strategies Definition: What Is a Problem?Identifying the ProblemBreaking the Problem into Its PartsPrioritizing IssuesRelevance of IssuesIn Short21Lesson 3Thinking vs. Knowing Definition: Fact vs. OpinionWhy the Difference between Fact and Opinion Is ImportantTentative TruthsFact vs. Opinion in Critical ReasoningIn Short27v6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 512/11/09 3:03:41 PM
–Contents–Lesson 4Who Makes the Claim? Definition: What is Credibility?How to Determine CredibilityRecognizing BiasSpecial Case: Eyeswitness CredibilityIn Short33Lesson 5Partial Claims and Half-Truths he Trouble with Incomplete ClaimsTTest and StudiesAveragesIn Short41Lesson 6What’s in a Word? Euphemisms and DysphemismsBiased QuestionsIn Short47Lesson 7Working with Arguments Inductive ReasoningDeductive ReasoningIndentifying the Overall ConclusionIn Short53Lesson 8Evaluating Evidence Types of EvidenceIs the Evidence Credible?Is the Evidence Reasonable?In Short61Lesson 9Recognizing a Good Argument Clear and CompleteFree of Excessive Subtle PersuasionCredible and Reasonable PremisesSufficient and Substantive PremisesConsidering the Other SideIn Short67Lesson 10Putting It All Together Lesson 1: Critical Thinking and Reasoning SkillsLesson 2: Problem-Solving StrategiesLesson 3: Thinking vs. KnowingLesson 4: Who Makes the Claim?Lesson 5: Partial Claims and Half-Truths73vi6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 612/11/09 3:03:41 PM
–Contents–Lesson 6: What’s in a Word?Lesson 7: Working with ArgumentsLesson 8: Evaluating EvidenceLesson 9: Recognizing a Good ArgumentLesson 11Logical Fallacies: Appeals to Emotion Scare TacticsFlatteryPeer PressurePityIn Short77Lesson 12Logical Fallacies: The Impostors No In-BetweensSlippery SlopeCircular ReasoningTwo Wrongs Make a RightIn Short83Lesson 13Logical Fallacies: Distracters and Distorters Ad HominemRed HerringStraw ManIn Short89Lesson 14Why Did It Happen? RelevanceTestabilityCircularityCompatibility with Existing KnowledgeIn Short97Lesson 15Inductive Reasoning: part i The Science of Inductive ReasoningElementary, My Dear WatsonIn Short105Lesson 16Jumping to Conclusions Hasty GeneralizationsBiased GeneralizationsNon SequiturIn Short107vii6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 712/11/09 3:03:42 PM
–Contents–Lesson 17Inductive Reasoning: part ii Determining CausePost Hoc, Ergo Propter HocThe Chicken or the Egg?In Short113Lesson 18Numbers Never Lie First Things First: Consider the SourceThe Importance of Sample SizeRepresentative, Random, and Biased SamplesComparing Apples and OrangesIn Short121Lesson 19Problem Solving Revisited Common SenseEvaluating EvidenceDrawing Conclusions from EvidenceIn Short129Lesson 20Putting It All Together Lesson 11: Logical Fallacies: Appeals to EmotionLesson 12: Logical Fallacies: The ImpostersLesson 13: Logical Fallacies: Distracters and DistortersLesson 14: Why Did It Happen?Lesson 15: Inductive Reasoning, Part ILesson 16: Jumping to ConclusionsLesson 17: Inductive Reasoning, Part IILesson 18: Numbers Never LieLesson 19: Problem Solving RevisitedCongratulations!135POSTTEST Appendix141How to Prepare for a Test Two to Three Months before the TestThe Days before the TestTest DayCombating Test AnxietyTime StrategiesAvoiding ErrorsAfter the Test153viii6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 812/11/09 3:03:42 PM
ContributorsElizabeth Chesla is the author of TOEFL Exam Success, ACT Exam Success, GED Success, Reading ComprehensionSuccess, Write Better Essays, and many other writing and reading guides and test preparation books. She lives inSouth Orange, New Jersey.Tamra Orr is a full-time educational writer living in the Pacific Northwest. She has written several test preparation books and works for a dozen of the nation’s largest testing companies. She is the author of more than 70books, mother of four, and wife of one.ix6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 912/11/09 3:03:42 PM
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How to Use This BookThis book is designed to help you improve your critical thinking and reasoning skills in 20 short lessonsthat should take 20 minutes a day to complete. If you read one chapter a day, Monday through Friday,and do all the exercises carefully, you should see dramatic improvement in your ability to think critically and to solve problems logically and effectively by the end of your month of study.Although each lesson is designed to be a skill builder on its own, it is important that you proceed throughthis book in order, from Lesson 1 through Lesson 20. Like most other skills, critical thinking and reasoningdevelop in layers. Each lesson in this book builds upon the ideas discussed in those lessons before it.Each lesson provides several exercises that give you the opportunity to practice the skills you learn throughout the book. To help you be sure you’re on the right track, you’ll also find answers and explanations for theseexercise sets. Each lesson also provides practical suggestions for how to continue practicing the taught skillsthroughout the rest of the day and week—and the rest of your life. In addition, two special review lessons go overthe key skills and concepts in each half of the book and provide you with practice applying them in practical,real-life situations.To help you gauge your progress, this book contains a pretest and a posttest. You should take the pretestbefore you start Lesson 1. Then, after you’ve finished Lesson 20, take the posttest. The tests contain different questions but assess the same skills, so you will be able to see how much your critical thinking and reasoning skillshave improved after completing the lessons in this book.Be an Active Listener and ObserverTo make the most of this text, it’s important to remember that critical thinking and reasoning skills are necessaryfor just about every aspect of life—whether personal, professional, or academic. That’s why it’s so important tobecome an active listener and observer.xi6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 1112/11/09 3:03:42 PM
–how to use this book–People often come to conclusions based on whatthey think or feel rather than on the evidence beforethem. They make decisions based on what they wantto hear rather than what is really being said; they takeaction based on what they imagine to be true ratherthan what is actually the case. But by really listening towhat people say and how they say it (facial expressionsand tone often say much more than words themselves), you help ensure that you will be reacting towhat’s really being said, not just to what you want tohear.Similarly, by paying careful attention to and thinking critically about every situation, you’ll help ensurethat the decisions you make and the conclusions youcome to will be justified. For example, if a place looksunsavory to you, analyze what it is about that place thatmakes you uncomfortable. Feelings generally comefrom things we are able to sense, even subconsciously,in our environment. The more you can point to as justification for your thoughts, feelings, and actions, themore logical your decisions and actions will be.Much of this book will be devoted to helping youbuild your observation skills. Meanwhile, here are afew pointers to help you not only as you work throughthis book, but in everything you do.Keep an Open MindIt is very rarely the case that there is only one possibleanswer to a problem or only one “right” way to thinkor act. Even in math, where things seem to be blackand white, there is usually more than one way to solvea problem. When it comes to making decisions, especially those that involve other people, remember thatbetween black and white, there are a thousand shadesof gray. You may prefer one shade over another, butthat d oesn’t necessarily cancel out the other colors.Consider All SidesIt is easy to make the mistake of coming to a conclusion or making a decision before all sides of an argument are heard. However, the more complete a pictureyou can get of a given situation, the more effectiveyour decision or solution will be. To that end, listen toall sides of an argument, and examine a situation fromvarious points of view. If you do, your decisions willbe much more sound and you’ll be able to solve problems more effectively.Separate Feelings from FactsThis book will address, in more detail, the differencebetween fact and opinion later on, but the distinctionis so important that it’s worth mentioning now. Whatmost often clouds people’s ability to reason effectivelyis their emotions. Indeed, this is a natural tendency,but if you give feelings precedence over reason, youoften end up making poor decisions. This is not to saythat you shouldn’t consider your feelings—of courseyou should—but just be sure they’re not overridingthe facts.Think before You ActPeople are often under pressure to make quick decisions. But with the exception of emergency situations,it’s usually best to take time to reason things through.Hasty decisions are less productive in the long runbecause they’re usually not the most logical orinformed decisions. If you take a little time to considerall sides and separate feelings from facts, you’re muchmore likely to make a wise decision or find an effectivesolution.Of course, sometimes making a quick decision isthe only option, like when taking a timed test or in anemergency situation. That’s why it’s so important tobuild your reasoning skills now and make them a partof your everyday thought process. Then when you arepressed for time, you’ll be able to reason through thesituation quickly and effectively.If any of this sounds confusing, don’t worry—each of these ideas will be explained thoroughly in thelessons that follow. What’s important is that you workon developing these skills, starting with Lesson 1,“Critical Thinking and Reasoning Skills.”xii6720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 1212/11/09 3:03:42 PM
PretestBefore you start your study of reasoning skills, you may want to get an idea of how much youalready know and how much you need to learn. If that’s the case, take the pretest in this chapter.The pretest consists of 35 multiple-choice questions that cover all the lessons in this book. Naturally,not all of the reasoning skills in this book are covered on the test. Even if you get all of the questions on the pretest right, you will undoubtedly profit from working through the lessons anyway; only a fraction of the information in this book is covered on the pretest. On the other hand, if you miss a lot of questions on the pretest, don’tdespair. These lessons are designed to teach you critical thinking and reasoning skills step by step. Just take yourtime and enjoy the learning process.If you get a high score on this pretest, you may be able to spend less time working through this book thanyou originally planned. If you get a low score, you may find that you will need more than 20 minutes a day to getthrough each chapter and learn all about logical reasoning.On the next page, there’s an answer sheet you can use to fill in your answer choices. Or, if you prefer, simplycircle the correct answer underneath the item itself. If the book doesn’t belong to you, write the numbers 1–35on a piece of paper and record your answers there. Take as much time as you need to complete this short test.When you finish, check your answers against the answer key at the end of this chapter. Each answer tells youwhich chapter of this book teaches you about the reasoning skill in that question.16720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 112/11/09 3:03:42 PM
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–pretest–PretestRead the following passage and then answer the questions that follow.Wendy is a junior in high school and is getting readyto choose a college. She is a serious student andwants to go to the school with the best premed program. However, she doesn’t want to be too far fromhome because she wants to be able to visit her sister,who has recently been in a serious accident, on a regular basis. Wendy is likely to obtain scholarships—perhaps even a full scholarship—but she is worriedthat her parents may not be able to afford whatevercosts the scholarships don’t cover.1. Which of the following most accuratelypresents the issues Wendy must consider, inorder of p riority?a. academic reputation, financial aid, social lifeon campusb. location, financial aid, and academic reputationc. financial aid, student services, locationd. academic reputation, campus environment,locationd. Put off school for a few years until Wendycan save up some money and her sister hasrecovered. This way, Wendy will be lesslimited in which school she can choose.Choose the best answer for each of the following.3. “There are 60 minutes in each hour” isa.b.c.d.a fact.an opinion.probably a fact, but I’d have to verify it first.none of the above4. “Grand Canyon National Park encompassesmore than 1.2 million acres” isa. a fact.b. an opinion.c. probably a fact, but I’d have to verify it first.d. none of the above.5. “Stephen King is the best horror author on theplanet!” isa. a fact.b. an opinion.c. probably a fact, but I’d have to verify it first.d. none of the above2. Which of the following is probably the bestchoice for Wendy?a. the community college, which offers Wendya full scholarship and has a new butunranked premed trackb. an expensive liberal arts college, ranked in thetop ten for its premed program, which offersWendy a three-quarters scholarship. Thecollege is a ten-hour drive from Wendy’s home.c. the state university, ranked in the top 20 forits premed program, which offers Wendy afull scholarship for her first two years andguarantees continued scholarships if shemaintains at least a B grade point average.The state university is two hours away fromWendy’s home.56720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 512/11/09 3:03:42 PM
–pretest–The following items (6–20) present questions, statements, or short passages that illustrate the process ofreasoning or critical thinking. In some items, thespeaker’s reasoning is flawed. Read each item andselect the answer choice that most accurately describesit. Choose d if there is no flaw or if the speaker remainsneutral.6. “You don’t actually like the new history teacher,do you?”a. The question is unclear and confusing.b. Inherent in the question is a bias against theteacher.c. The question implies the listener is a teacher.d. The speaker is remaining neutral.7. “New GingerSnap Soda costs less!”a. The ad doesn’t tell how much the soda costs.b. The ad doesn’t tell how much other sodascost.c. The ad doesn’t tell what the soda costs lessthan.d. This ad is fine as it is.8. “Please, Kevin. You are the fastest typist I’veever met. I know you can get it done for me inrecord time. You’re a whiz!”a. The speaker is flattering Kevin.b. The speaker is pressuring Kevin.c. The speaker is trying to scare Kevin.d. The speaker is remaining neutral.10. “I wouldn’t listen to what Charlie says abouta nything, and especially not what he says aboutpolitics. I mean, all he does is watch reruns allday. What does he know?”a. The speaker assumes that Charlie can’t havea valid opinion about politics because hewatches reruns.b. The speaker assumes that the listener will listen to Charlie in the first place.c. The speaker doesn’t like reruns.d. There’s nothing wrong with the speaker’s reasoning.11. “I’m sorry I am late, Mr. Cummings. I justfound out that my sister is getting a divorce andI was pretty upset.”a. The speaker is bragging.b. The speaker is trying to appeal to the boss’ssense of pity.c. The speaker’s excuse is too vague.d. The speaker is remaining neutral.12. “You agree with me, don’t you, Marlene? Well,if you don’t, don’t worry. The last person who disagreed with me only got fired.”a. The speaker is using humor inappropriately.b. The speaker is trying to get Marlene fired.c. The speaker is trying to scare Marlene intoagreeing with him.d. The speaker is remaining neutral.13. “I didn’t pass the entrance exam because the9. “Either we put 40 students in each class or wehire two dozen new teachers. There’s no otherchoice.”a. The speaker is proposing two equally badsolutions.b. The speaker is trying to change the subject.c. The speaker isn’t allowing for other possibilities, like staggering classes.d. There’s nothing wrong with the speaker’s reasoning.weather was so nice.”a. The speaker has no credibility.b. The speaker is jumping to conclusions.c. The speaker’s explanation is irrelevant tothe claim.d. There’s nothing wrong with the speaker’s reasoning.66720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 612/11/09 3:03:42 PM
–pretest–14. “This morning it poured down rain, so it isgoing to be a very wet spring.”a. The speaker knows very little about weatherpatterns.b. The speaker draws an unfair conclusionabout the weather based on just oneincident.c. The speaker is trying to convince others thatthey should prepare for a lot ofprecipitation.d. There’s nothing wrong with the speaker’sreasoning.17. “If we let Roger stay out until midnight, nextthing you know, he’ll be coming in at one, thenthree, and then not at all.”a. The speaker is assuming that Roger wants tostay out all night.b. The speaker is assuming that X willautomatically lead to Y.c. The speaker is assuming that X and Y areunacceptable alternatives.d. There’s nothing wrong with the speaker’s reasoning.18. “I didn’t cheat on my taxes. I just used creative15. “I was a really good student in music class, so Ishould make a great performer someday.”a. The speaker is jumping to conclusions.b. The speaker’s reasoning is untestable.c. The explanation is circular.d. There’s nothing wrong with the speaker’s reasoning.accounting techniques.”a. The speaker is breaking the law.b. The speaker is setting a bad example forothers.c. The speaker is using a slanted phrase for“cheating.”d. There’s nothing wrong with the speaker’s reasoning.16. “Let’s go camping this weekend, Susan. It isinexpensive, the campground is close and wehave all of the equipment we need. It would befun to spend the weekend sitting around acampfire under the stars.”a. The speaker is trying to prove to Susan whata good camper he is.b. The speaker is hoping to show Susan how tosave money.c. The speaker is clearly biased on the topic oftraveling.d. There’s nothing wrong with the speaker’sreasoning.19. “I know I didn’t grade your papers like I said Iwould, but I am sure the other teachers weretoo busy also!”a. The teacher is bringing in an irrelevant issue.b. The teacher is blaming other teachers for hernot doing her job.c. The teacher is making a circular argument.d. There’s nothing wrong with the teacher’sreasoning.76720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 712/11/09 3:03:43 PM
–pretest–20. “Joseph, look at this! I took this new vitaminsupplement and my hair is thicker, my memoryis better and my grades have improved. Thishas to be the best nutritional product on theplanet.”a. The speaker doesn’t believe in vitaminsupplements.b. The speaker is assuming that the vitaminsupplement is responsible for all the goodthings happening to him.c. The speaker doesn’t know what to attributehis new changes to.d. There’s nothing wrong with the speaker’sreasoning.In the following situations, which source is most credible?21. Regarding the best way to diaper a small babya.b.c.d.a pediatriciana baby store ownera family development counselora mother of four22. In defense of a girl accused of shopliftinga.b.c.d.her motherher best friendthe store ownerthe police officerRead the following argument carefully and answer thequestions that follow.(1) Although many high-school students might disagree, it should be a requirement that they completeninety hours of community service in order to graduate. (2) Ninety hours may seem like a long time, butstretched out over the course of three or four years,it’s a very feasible goal. (3) Participating in community service improves self-confidence and providesstudents with the skills needed to analyze and solvereal-world problems. (4) For instance, studentsmight choose to volunteer for an organization thataims to improve literacy in adults.(5) There are not many in-school educational methods as effective as this that can teach teens how to listen, be patient, and find the best way to approach adifficult situation. (6) These are real-life skills thatthey need for college and to become well-informed,conscientious adults. (7) In fact, creating independent thinkers should be the goal of all educationalprograms, whether they are implemented in or outside of an academic environment.23. What is the main point (conclusion) of thea rgument?a. sentence 1b. sentence 2c. sentence 3d. sentence 424. Which of the following is the strongest supportfor the conclusion?a. sentence 2b. sentence 4c. sentence 5d. sentence 786720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 812/11/09 3:03:43 PM
–pretest–25. Sentence 5 is which of the following?a. It is reasonable evidence based on a statistic.b. It is reasonable evidence based on commonsense.c. It is based on personal experience.d. It is not reasonable evidence.Read the following passages carefully and answer thequestions that follow.Janice got a raise in July. That month, she had movedinto a larger apartment. She got a dog for a companionand enjoyed taking him for walks each evening. Earlier,she had spent each evening putting in overtime tofinish a big project for her boss so she appreciates thefree time now.26. Which of the following is most likely theprimary reason for Janice’s raise?a. She moved into a larger apartment.b. She got more exercise by walking her dog.c. She had been at her job for years and it wasoverdue.d. She worked a great deal of overtime to get aproject done.27. Based on the passage, which of the followingcan we logically conclude?a. Janice deserved the raise because of all thehard work she did.b. Janice was desperate for some free time tospend with her dog.c. Janice waited until the summer to move intoa larger apartment.d. Janice was upset about having to put in somuch overtime.A young woman is riding her bike down the streetwhen there is an accident right in front of her. Shecan see that several people are hurt and so far, thereare no other cars around.28. Which of the following should she do first?a. Run into the closest store to ask them to call911.b. Attempt to remove the injured from theirvehicles.c. Write down the license numbers of the carsfor the police.d. Make sure that there is no danger to youfrom the vehicles.Ellen is in charge of the annual holiday party forABC Company. She wants everyone to be happy withthe location, so she decides to take a survey. Thereare 80 employees; 20 are in management, 40 are salesrepresentatives, and 20 are support staff.29. If Ellen surveys ten employees, her surveyresults area. very likely to accurately reflect thesentiments of all of the employees.b. likely to accurately reflect the sentiments ofall of the employees.c. very unlikely to accurately reflect the sentiments of all of the employees.30. If Ellen surveys 20 employees who are allmembers of management, her survey results area. very likely to accurately reflect thesentiments of all of the employees.b. likely to accurately reflect the sentiments ofall of the employees.c. very unlikely to accurately reflect thesentiments of all of the employees.96720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 912/11/09 3:03:43 PM
–pretest–31. Ellen would get the most accurate results by33. Beverly is putting together the schedule for hers urveyinga. ten managers, 20 salespeople, and fivesupport staff.b. ten managers, 20 salespeople, and tensupport staff.c. 20 managers, 20 salespeople, and 20 supportstaff.d. ten managers, ten salespeople, and ten support staff.new employees. Each employee has to worktwo days a week. Andrew (A) can only work onMondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Brenda (B)can only work on Mondays, Tuesdays, andWednesdays. Carla (C) can only work onTuesdays and Fridays. David (D) can work anyday except Wednesdays, and Edward (E) canonly work on Thursdays and Fridays. Which ofthe following is the best schedule?32. Every time you leave a pile of dirty clothes onthe bathroom floor, you notice that yourmother puts them on the floor of yourbedroom rather than washing them. When youput the clothes in the hamper, she laundersthem and returns them clean, dry, and folded.You therefore conclude:a. Your mother has more time to do laundryon some days than on others.b. Your mother only looks in the bathroomnow and then.c. Your mother is hoping that you will startdoing your own laundry soon.d. Your mother expects you to put dirtylaundry in the hamper rather than on thefloor.a.b.c.d.Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday FridayB&DA&DA&BC&E C&EA&DB&CA&BD&E C&EB&CC&DA&DB&E A&EA&DB&CC&EB&E A&DUse the following paragraph to answer questions 34and 35.Joe, Karl, Larry, and Mike all work for the samecompany. Joe has been there two years longerthan Karl and one year less than Larry. Mike hasbeen there one year longer than Karl. Larry hasbeen there for ten years.34. Who has been there the longest?a.b.c.d.JoeKarlLarryMike35. Who is the newest employee?a.b.c.d.JoeKarlLarryMike106720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 1012/11/09 3:03:43 PM
–pretest–Answer KeyYou can find relevant instruction and examples for any item(s) you missed in the lesson(s) listed to the right ofeach correct . b.12. c.13. c.14. b.15. a.16. d.17. b.18. c.Lesson 2Lesson 2Lesson 3Lesson 3Lesson 3Lesson 6Lesson 5Lesson 11Lesson 12Lesson 13Lesson 11Lesson 11Lesson 14Lesson 16Lesson 16Lessons 7–9Lesson 11Lesson .29. c.30. c.31. b.32. d.33. b.34. c.35. b.Lesson 13Lesson 17Lesson 4Lesson 4Lesson 7Lessons 8, 9Lesson 9Lesson 17Lesson 17Lessons 2, 19Lesson 18Lesson 18Lesson 18Lesson 15Lesson 19Lessons 15, 19Lessons 15, 19116720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 1112/11/09 3:03:43 PM
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Reasoning Skills SuccessLessons 1–206720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 1312/11/09 3:03:43 PM
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l e s s o n1CriticalThinking andReasoningSkills“The more one listens to ordinary conversations, the more apparent itbecomes that the reasoning faculties of the brain take little part in thedirection of the vocal organs.”—Edgar Rice Burroughs,American author and creator of the Tarzan series (1875–1950)Lesson Su mma ryNYou’ve probably heard the terms “critical thinking” and “reasoning skills” many times, in many different contexts. But what exactlydoes it mean to “think critically”? And just what are “reasoningskills”? This lesson will answer these questions and show you whycritical thinking and reasoning skills are so important.o matter who you are or what you do, you have to make decisions on a regular basis. You may notrealize it, but even those decisions that seem like second nature—like deciding what to wear whenyou’re getting dressed in the morning—require some critical thinking and reasoning skills. Whenyou decide what to wear, you take many factors into consideration—the weather forecast; the current temperature; your plans for the day (where are you going? who will you see?); your comfort level (will you be walking alot? sitting all day?); and so on. Thus, you are already a critical thinker on some level. But your life is complicated,and you face decisions that are much more difficult than choosing what to wear. How do you handle a conflict?Solve a problem? Resolve a crisis? Make a moral or ethical decision?156720 Reasoning Skills Success[fin].indd 1512/11/09
Practical Math Success in 20 Minutes a Day, 4th Edition Statistics Success in 20 Minutes a Day Trigonometry Success in 20 Minutes Vocabulary and Spelling Success in 20 Minutes a Day, 5th Edition Writing Skills Success in 20 Minutes a Day, 4th Edition. 6720_Reasoning
Description Logic Reasoning Research Challenges Reasoning with Expressive Description Logics – p. 2/40. Talk Outline Introduction to Description Logics The Semantic Web: Killer App for (DL) Reasoning? Web Ontology Languages DAML OIL Language Reasoning with DAML OIL OilEd Demo Description Logic Reasoning Research Challenges Reasoning with Expressive Description Logics – p. 2/40. Talk .
Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about the sum of a number and itself. Then use deductive reasoning to show that the conjecture is true. 11. Decide whether inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning is used to reach the conclusion. Explain your reasoning. All multiples of 8 are divisible by 4. 64 is a multiple of 8. So, 64 is .
scientific abilities. One such ability, scien-tific reasoning (7–9), is related to cogni-tive abilities such as critical thinking and reasoning (10–14). Scientific-reasoning skills can be developed through training and can be transferred (7, 13). Training in scientific reasoning may als
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Critical reasoning focuses on giving reasons for one’s beliefs and actions, on analysing and evaluating one’s own and other people’s reasoning, and devising and constructing better reasoning. This new and original textbook offers the opportunity to practise reasoning in a clear-head
Non-Verbal Reasoning Practice Test 1 Many employers use psychometric testing in their recruitment process, with a non-verbal reasoning test often being included. The style of the following test is based on the Inductive Reasoning and Diagrammatic Reasoning tests availa
Non-Verbal Reasoning Practice Test 2 Many employers use psychometric testing in their recruitment process, with a non-verbal reasoning test often being included. The style of the following test is based on the Inductive Reasoning and Diagrammatic Reasoning tests availa
