DWIGHT HARRY TRUMAN EISENHOWER Domestic Issues
HARRY TRUMANDWIGHTEISENHOWERDomestic Issues
Truman’s Background Born in Missouri in 1884Grew up in Independenceand family farmmiddle classWorked a series of jobs(railroad, farming)
Truman’s Background Joined army (World War I)Passed eye exam bymemorizing chartServed on Western FrontShowed courage andleadership as a soldier
Truman’s Background Opened clothing store(haberdashery)Went bankruptGot involved in localpoliticsU.S. Senator fromMissouri in 1934Re-elected 1940Member of SenateArmed Forces committeeVice-President 1945President uponRoosevelt’s death
Truman Presidency post-war conversion to peacetime economyBiggest concern: return to DepressionDidn’t happen becausePeople had money saved G.I. Bill Inflation soared, though Employment Act of 1946Council of Economic Advisors to recommend economic policy Adjust tax policy to help regulate the economy More government involvement in the economy
Labor Issues High inflation real wageloss strikes in 1946 Over 5 millionTruman’s reaction Nationalizedrailroads Threatened to draft strikers Seized coal mines
Labor Issues Led to dissatisfactionRepublicans retake Congress (1946) Push for anti-labor laws Taft-Hartley ActOutlawed closed shop Created “right to work” Unions: no political contributions President could declare 80 day“cooling off” period Truman vetoedCongress overrode
Election of 1948 RepublicansThomas Dewey (again)California Governor EarlWarren for Vice-PresidentRunning as moderates Keepsome New Deallegislation Cautious foreign policy;anti-communist
Election of 1948 DemocratsTruman’s in troubleDemocratic party fracturedProgressivesHenry Wallace Support: Liberal Democrats DixiecratsSoutherners opposed to CivilRights South Carolina Governor StromThurmond Support: Conservative Democrats
Election of 1948 Truman gets nominationPlatform Expandingsocial security More funding for public housing Civil rights legislation Government health care Education Cross country campaign“Give ‘em hell, Harry!”
Election of 1948 Truman BlamedCongress: “DoNothing RepublicanCongress” Focused on successes Middle Americanbackground and values Experts: no chance
Election of 1948
Election of 1948
The Fair DealDemocrats retook CongressConservative Democrats and Republicans able toblock much legislationSUCCESSES Minimum wage: from40 to 75 10 million added toSocial SecurityLow income housingFAILURES Civil Rights legislation Anti-lynching lawProtect voting rightsEqual employmentopportunitiesNational health careRepeal of Taft-Hartley Act
Civil Rights 1946 – National Civil RightsCommission1947 – Jackie RobinsonTruman desegregatedmilitary (executive order)1948 –Shelley vs. Kraemer illegalto have housingdiscriminate on race orreligion
The Red Scare “The Great Fear”Republican tactic to discreditTruman/ DemocratsStarted with House UnAmerican ActivitiesCommittee (HUAC)Began in late 1930’s(investigatefascist/communist activities)
The Red Scare Hollywood: Communist“subversion” in movies (writersand directors)5th amendment jailed for contempt blacklisted Known as “The Hollywood Ten” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v P3MlaFIzCw8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v fJCJGvd7t2c&NR 1
The Red Scare Unions targeted, many leaders cooperatedTaft-Hartley ActLeaders had to take oaths CIO expelled leaders who refused Truman’s reactionLoyalty oaths Security checks on “risky” federal government employees State/local governments made employees take oathsCivil rights groups targetedLiberals in general targeted Many former FDR New Dealers
The Red Scare
The Red Scare Alger Hiss -- lawyer in StateDepartment (FDR)Whitaker Chambers: accused Hiss ofbeing a spy; claimed he hidmicrofilm in pumpkinsHiss denied itCould no longer be tried forespionagetried for perjuryFirst trial: hung jury Second trial: guilty 44 months in prison Maintained innocence for rest of life
The Red Scare Joseph McCarthySenator from Wisconsin (1946)Up for re-election (1952)Hadn’t done muchAttacked Truman and Democrats
The Red Scare “In my hand, I have a list of names . . . “Fear builds . . .Truman called out McCarthyEisenhower elected President (1952) DislikesMcCarthy but keeps quiet The Crucible? McCarthy re-electedTime to stop?
The Red Scare Meanwhile . . .Ethel and Julius RosenbergAccused of selling atomic secretsguilty (1951) death penalty(1953)Much testimony by DavidGreenglass (Ethel’s brother) workedon Manhattan Project Sacrificed sister to protect self &family Fueled McCarthy
The Red Scare McCarthy’s downfall1954 Army-McCarthy hearings AccusedArmy of harboring communists Eisenhower’s mad! Saw real person (TV): a bullyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v 8llS0ZkLVGA
The Red Scare End of McCarthyCensured by SenateFear had subsided KoreanWar over Stalin had died Term “McCarthyism” Unsubstantiatedaccusationsagainst someone for personalrevenge McCarthy dies in 1957
Dwight D. Eisenhower Born and raised in Abilene,KansasPlayed football in high schooland collegeGraduated from United StatesMilitary Academy (West Point)in 1915Married Mamie in 1916
Military Career World War I Between the wars Head of tank corpsNever saw combatVariety of positionsAide to Douglas MacArthurCareer languishedWorld War II Headed American forces in North AfricaBecame Supreme Allied CommanderCarried out D-Day invasionWar hero in all Allied nations
Post-War Career Both parties wanted him aspresidential candidateNever declared political loyaltyPresident of Columbia Universityin 1948At Truman’s request, commanderof NATO in 1950
Election of 1952 Declares candidacy as RepublicanBiggest competition: Senator RobertTaft (Ohio) – “Mr. Conservative”Eisenhower gets nominationChooses Richard Nixon as VicePresidentNixon accused of receiving illegalcampaign contributionsGives famous “Checkers” speechhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v EjHoH2m3iKA
Election of 1952 Slogan becomesK1 C 3 Korea Communism Corruption China
Election of 1952 The DemocratsTruman eligible to run again 22nd amendment had passedPopularity as low as 23%Not really interestedAnti-communist activities hurtCorruption within administrationAdlai Stevenson of Illinois Continue New Deal-Fair Deal programsSupported by liberals and laborVice-Presidential candidate, JohnSparkman, (Alabama – Southernvotes)
Election of 1952Eisenhower: “If elected, I shall go to Korea”
1952 Results
Election of 1956 Eisenhower and Nixon vs. Stevenson and EstesKefauver (Tennessee) in a als/1956
1956 Results
Eisenhower presidency “Modern Republicanism” Ok with some government intervention More involvement than 20’s, less than the 30’sBalanced budgets Cold War focus Increase defense spending Republican party moderate until Reagan (1980’s)
Eisenhower presidency Lower tensionMain domestic issues Racerelations Space race Social programs Transportation Needed time to golf
Race Relations Native Americans ReversesNew Deal policies Back to Dawes Act Appoints Earl Warren to SupremeCourt Brownvs. Board of Education(1954) “Biggest damn fool mistake Imade”
Race Relations African-AmericansBrown vs. Board ReversedPlessy vs. Ferguson “separate but equal” is“separate is inherently unequal” Civil Rights Act of 1957 Allowedgovernment toinvestigate Little Rock
Space Race October 1957Soviets launch SputnikFear: falling behindLed to NASAmath and science educationFear of nuclear warFederal funding for collegeeducation, and research anddevelopment
Space Race
Space Race
Social Programs Continued some New Deal/Fair Deal programs Morefor veteran’s benefits More for Social Security More for unemployment compensation More for low cost housing Increased minimum wage to 1 Department of Health, Education and Welfare Consolidatedmany social programs
Transportation St. Lawrence Seaway Coordinated with Canada Linked Great Lakes withAtlantic OceanInterstate Highway Act(1956) Largest public worksproject in history Larger than any NewDeal program Created interstatehighway system Inspiration TranscontinentalMotorConvoy (1919) Adolph Hitler and theautobahn
Transportation
Transportation Impact of Interstate Highway Act Militarycould move easier Evacuation of cities easier (nuclear attack) Created A LOT of jobs Economy of the 1950s: very strong Onlymild recessions
WHERE IS AMERICADOMESTICALLY BY 1960?
Eisenhower elected President (1952) . Chooses Richard Nixon as Vice-President . DOMESTICALLY BY
Civil Liberties and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman The Truman Legacy Series, Volume 9 Based on the Ninth Truman Legacy Symposium The Civil Liberties Legacy of Harry S. Truman May 2011 . President Truman’s special message to Congress on Civil Rights, February 2, 1948 . . . 178
Harry S. Truman Facts Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States (1945-1953). He ascended the presidency after the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was elected for a full term. Truman ordered the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end WWII. Early Life Harry Truman was born on May 8, 1884, in Lamar .
Eisenhower’s grand strategy Eisenhower‟s foreign policy agenda was shaped by a distinct grand strategy for dealing with the Soviet Union and the threat of communism. Like Harry Truman, his predecessor, Eisenhower th
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HARRY S. TRUMAN . WASHINGTON, DC . Prospectus Number: PDC-0046-W A 12 . Proposed Project . The modernization of approximately half of the Harry S. Truman (Main State) Building was split into multiple phases. This amended prospectus request is seeking additional
Truman grew up pampered and protected His father owned a farm In 1917, Truman joined artillery regiment Truman transported Battery D from a rowdy Bunch into a battle ready group He never lost a man in the war He earned a reputation for efficient, honest performances Won elections to commissioner of Jackson County to the U.S. Senate
HARRY S. TRUMAN, "SPECIAL MESSAGE TO THE CONGRESS ON GREECE AND TURKEY: THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE" (12 MARCH 1947) Denise M. Bostdorff The College of Wooster Abstract: In the Truman Doctrine speech, Truman depicted Greece and Turkey as nations threatened by communism and deserving of U.S. aid. He
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