Iraqi Constitutional Studies Basic Principles For The New Iraqi .

1y ago
15 Views
3 Downloads
5.21 MB
520 Pages
Last View : 21d ago
Last Download : 3m ago
Upload by : Averie Goad
Transcription

Iraqi Constitutional Studies:Basic Principles for the New Iraqi ConstitutionTable of ContentsIntroduction (Arabic).1Introduction (English). 5341.Toward a Universal Declaration on theBasic Principles of Democracy: FromPrinciples to Realization .9Professor M. Cherif Bassiouni, DistinguishedResearch Professor of Law, President,International Human Rights Law Institute,DePaul University College of LawSection 1: Principles of Constitutional Law2.The Concept of the Constitution. 49Assistant Professor Hameed Hanoun Khaled,Chair of the Public Law Department,Baghdad University Faculty of Law3.ExceptionalCircumstancesinConstitutions . 67Assistant Professor Sajed Ahmeed Abl, BasraUniversity Faculty of Law4.Separations of Powers in Iraqi andComparative Constitutions . 97Professor Ibrahim Al Fayyad, NahrainUniversity Faculty of Law

5.Towards the Constitutional Future.113Professor Samer El Nasir, University ofSan Pablo Faculty of Law, Madrid, SpainSection 2: Human Rights and Constitutional LawSubsection 1: General Principles6.Protection of Rights of Individuals.171Professor Hassan Mohamed Shafeek AlAni, Professor of Political Science,Baghdad University Faculty of PoliticalSciences7.The New Iraqi Constitution and HumanRights .177Judge Akram Al WetrySubsection 2: Rights of Women8.Constitutional Guarantees for Women .193Dr. Bushra Al-UbaidiSubsection 3: Rights of Minorities9.Constitutional and Political Guaranteesfor Minority Rights.199Professor Riad Aziz Hadi, Dean of Schoolof Political Sciences10. The Effect of Minorities on NationalUnity.211Professor Hassan Shafik, BaghdadUniversity Faculty of LawSubsection 4: Citizenship Rights11. Citizenship: An Overview.223Dr. Reyad Al Kabban

Section 3: Constitutional Guarantees to JudicialIndependence12. The Independence of the Judiciary inIraq and the Role of the NewConstitution .249Chief Justice Madhat Al Mahmood,President, Judicial Council13. The Role of the New Constitution inEnsuring Judicial Impartiality andmeans to Combat Judicial Corruption.257Judge Dara Nour Al-Din, Member of theSupreme Court, and Former Member ofthe Governing Council14. TheJudicialReviewoftheConstitutionality of Laws .263Professor Sa’ad Al Alwash, Chair ofPublicLawDepartment,NahrainUniversity Faculty of LawSection 4: Islamic Law and the Constitution15. Implications of the Shari’a Being theSupreme Law .291Professor Farouk Abdulkarim, Dean ofSulaimaniya Faculty of Law16. The Compatibility of the Shari'a as aPrimary Source of Law for theConstitution and Positive Law .319Judge Khaled Ahmed, Egyptian Ministryof Justice17. The Regulation of Islamic Banks in Iraq .355Walid Hegazy, Attorney at Law, Fulbrightand Jaworski, Huston, Texas, USA

Section 5: Federalism18. Federal and Non-Federal States.371Professor Sa’ad Al Alwash, Chair of thePublic Law Department, Nahrain UniversityFaculty of Law19. Federalism as a Political Systemin the New Iraq .407Judge Fathy Al JawarySection 6: The Transitional Administrative Law20. AssessingtheIraqiTransitionalAdministrative Law .421Assistant Professor Hameed HanounKhaled, Chair of Public Law Department,Baghdad University Faculty of Law21. Positive Elements of The IraqiTransitional Administrative Law.461Professor Ghazi Faisal Mahdi, Dean,Nahrain University Faculty of Law22. The Past and the Present of IraqiConstitutional Thought .469Professor Samer El Nasir, University of SanPablo Faculty of Law Madrid23. Recommendations of the Seminar on theNew Iraqi Constitution held at BaghdadUniversity Faculty of Political Sciences(9-11October2004),withanintroduction by Assistant ProfessorHameed Hanoun Khaled, Chair of PublicLaw Department, Baghdad UniversityFaculty of Law .519

.! " #)* !,! ,%1 8&" " 96 @@&!*,! &@ " %"/)%!9- ?))* 2:"6!1""FF.6 " "1 7 % ,'% #"4 0'% FGGH @ "41 DEFGGH.7 /;7"AA ' 1 ! 7%7@&: !2 06)*4 0 7-7 :5% 7%"' %- A"' 1 !6# :%'@C %01?) '% ?)B7 0(NDI);"&%% )%8 # 7 %EJFH!N@& ! !6!"#4 0&7 I: EJJG% '6/ .' " - ,' "' 04 0 * 51' ':. A%'"!% &. /!%!% %-3,' "7'"/)!"#? % (ABA)"" 7 1" 7".".E

N""".FN""".D'I7S)77%FGGD %'I& 0!!' '7 1?)*777"77U% 7W 6"7S0A%!.!!"5!1. AT!7 R !;. &, %51 ! 9 %7 %&! ': "&.E.F.D7%A!% QR,6*Q,A5 )*." (ISISC) &7 /.O)*- ,%59I %VXA&):7!! 1:3 I6-.O%# !% QR,: % T7%:' 5* % T-7R !- "T;!" P&! 1 !!"!" 7'')*!% ? ) S' '7'!"5 7,!%!.7C ) "!1 ' Q UB)* 9S !Y

! "!"#" 1N % &'032 45 1 6 4 2748 (C"I"D@E.()B&?()#*%" - #.R :@&4 *' ?7".7!"/ ,9 61: 1 6; !, 3 " / A " B&45 B& ! " F7&J :145 1 23 B& )" 4G * H23 KLMP6 #(3/ & 45 &?@ 23 "* : "?; "OM. .3!) "1!"#Z :!4 ) "1@&&? : @ &.0 %/ ) .% & ' () % * , . %/ )34 %2 () % * , . 64 %/ ) % 5 !, () % * , . 9 %/ )3 % 7 8 ()% * , F?' G -" ? - : H 5 :5: *;8 5 ? @ AB C D5: H 5 Uwww.ihrli.org * / ( 2 5I ) J * 8K ! K L#M ) G -2*K:5 Uhttp://www.isisc.org V W ) X Y FK ) Z [ \].http://www.penal.org Z [ ? 3

!*7' ?! 9!"#%%7'R*,8"FGGO U-,EEXJ !T ! )!, ! 2%1 !V )" "?"!?)%"8/).V'Q.9 AR -,,% S?S 1 80377%"!8\ 0R !) " )*0V04 0!,%# ! 91 ) "1 ;)*!!1"43)* !.8 \; ) "1 !/) " 7 ) "1 !. .)*',V / ) !6 'I 2)! 'R ! 0%I !! ' '.!%B)*'!) -,3,9:& 0 ! 6@&!"#! - " !''? !- 1 7 0,C6*1 230[ * % 751 7" " 0-./ !%@&-"!1,"11 @1'5) " 'I ?" " !14)-'*1 !1I1' 1 ! -!" 'I'% *'"! ]'% ;"!,%

! ""4 0 : "5 !8\)*: 0@&" 8" " U:R"" " U"8 "*,#'"6'% !R%C"2 "!7% ,!!Q.!N"!."?"! ]' 7" "",:?) " 1,) "0"!"#' "7'R !N"N"! " 3 I""1 7R 'R !"1'%*"",! 9C, ":') " 2N"' "%" @& ,' a;a ) "1&","" "2,'R ! 1N?!"6 /'!U",@*I" !:! " S"' 3N9I"!''R " !"12!@&U"?)%!E E /" " 0 7"))"!0# )*"8 %5"67 *'R !6" '"3? 0& I "5" ! '0: 1 " C :)*!"#.'5 @&% " ) "1 ' %"8\6"!0"3 ) "1 !* "!0 )*5 !% !R%# )*./ ) !Y.!Q, 1EJJ !1') " '?!!6"!R%# " ,"1#" 0"@I 31@3)*!"?).?) ?!% 3 9I

" "'N"% ? * A A% C"" ""* 6 %" " ",6''& "7 %7%?)@&&!7"-!. !'/9C" ;"B0 !,",NQ "3&# *'!"3" "1f9,%0 "- ,0;?) "1 b% &,)*,R"#R"5@& !R"#!,#,%%: I "%"%5 @" &, 0!,2" @&!ICI N- ,@""" "5," !"'R " "'',: N""" 0 3 I 3 '!8\)*" "!"-,," 9."!! % !'R ""I\.'R ! ! " #.) " Q ; ?)!"! N"!% , C C:"") " 2,,7 6,!% ; " !'" B) "5%I 3"3 1 3RIIW "I !"'R "":%3RI 'R ! / ) - ,'R "I "7% ,!I,:%7 56)* 2"a;a ) "1S 'R ,, 7 5" "" " 7% 0. ! !!,,%% ,&Rc S "

! "79"?A/N6: 'I% "R"# '! !" @&! !A"!%?!': "" 8'2'1*2*?)6!) " : " @&27)@@. .1006 ? 9.R"#1! ]') "1 b."5!!N"5 N!!1 6!,,#!"."' "6?@ " 37)-R"#@ 3.!9 R !7) " 'R ! / ),A! !! !".", %";'!: "S 1'0 ?A 41," " ;!"," ?) - " !!19:0 @") " 9,-R S ,A !N . !#R"#; " !!#!!) "0?""

:""(*# '()! " # %&" /! 0&! !F ? /!DE/ !(N;(N) " @ @DEJ ?33 5 "0 ( & '( ) * & ", - '. ). 12 3 45 4 -#4)L! % B !I I / J G"E4 @A # ,4 5" A 3DEH@*6%!G1/@ A0/@ 1#"."- 3 (;88) ( ': 9 78 6 12)JG EDE #I! M /!B)0C # 5!"12/!K /?"##% 1 %4,24(67! "# (

:P5? /25." /Q!F ".H ! 5G %! C/?F/5.N:;NR !" ."9? #1?G1.NS7T ! NN! " 50U? *E HG1 !?E R ! 2! M / 6 /?##5 .& G0 E#/55? G1 C"" & /? /!""P##?E %!U2! M / M%? O 1 / / ! I/5!CA" E9 ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,'! ! :!PN":!%" ? B J !1 .8 5? ! JGC2] .C Z 9 (: ,' [\( ' (C XY A9 V W) Random House Dictionary E :B A6"1, dW de B 71 # ,' " 4 a4 5 \ 6' 4 V 0b ' ca4 5 6' " .i . 4 V c] 5'.h .(6" 3 f Vg 55 ,#( * , lm"' ,"2.k .B A6"1 jde B*( A # ,' " 4 ,"2 5 E 1q .X . 9 (: ,' p ( 0 q ," . #* , .o .- n " . ?@ A . * ", - '.5 .Y . # "a4 Vm"' , 5 q 0*r , A9 Bq b r ,s1 sddémocratie : (7 ) .tu vq 9 (: ,' jr .j . 9 (: ,' jr d mo-demo -kratic s d mokratia Democratia y ,42, ) , ,6 42 Ve 1q6 (5 1 y 5 9 (: ,'1 4W # ( cracy " Raphael Sealy# V 5 (f 5 9 (: ,' ' s *? ( .( 1# V 5 v' (f 0 (C Yi) hoi ,'m57 W - # X " 9 (: ,''( ) * ", - '.7 W 4 W(7 WAa ) " '(†, ' s" ' " 5 4 ," " Jakob Aall Ottesen Larsen B# . B s j W 0(C YX.(C oo'( ) * ", - '.7 W 4 W(7 WAa ) "((A"q .iYC tdq C # (f "*-#9 (: ,' " : - ( ] "- # , ' s *? ( .* Œa4 7 " b 45* # ] 9 (: ,' - (]André Aymard & Jeannine Auboyer ' B 1,' ' d (f #Vs # ( (A.(C oi(5 '(7 - 2 a ) " '(† d( " ' s" Jean Imbert, Gerard Sautel & Marguerite Boulet-Sautel V s #- '(42, C oY) 42,(5 '(7 - 2 a ) " q ," . :- # ,.(C XC CDCh

'2:("# 4UUP U7# # - q —HG1 .U &U! U *" UVWO?I!: (q ' "# - # E9F 025" ?*' 2! M / V 6 @FAnton C. Pegis, - 1 ) " 1' W) E s ' 4 # #) - " " 1' W) E s (f 0 ( d , VA: ioD 3 q "W) (C ››'( ) * ", - '. š 'Random HouseDover Publications (5 - ) " a# 9d5) #( 7 " Ernest Barker (W) " ' ,24 " " " Jean Bodin B'0 (C o'( ) * ", - '. š 'E sE W(Co›X'Apud Iacobum Du Puys Sub Signo Samaritanae' W (W"1 4W , (s ) De Republica De Legibus Marcus Tullius Cicero ( #* ", - '."# #¡ '(A W5 ]Aa Clinton Walker Keyes3 "q 6' s 'u " Condorcet #W (CXYD 3 q V ) ( ) (C XX'( )(C oX'( ) * ", - '.š '74 1 7 d 5 Lang and Ustick ) "A. R. Waller A9 ) Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan 0 (C›oY 3 q - Aa )3 ] 7' 0 (CXoC 3 q V ) ) (C Dk * ",4,, ¡ '(A W ¡ '(A WAaBobbs-Merrill Charles W. Handel - 1 ) " # # -. " David Hume," " Emmanuel Kant W V' ,' 0(C oi'( ) * ", - '.''3 q V ) ) (C D'( ) * ", - '. E s"# ] Communican ) " AaCharles L. Sherman - q Aa ) " , 5 " John Locke š0(CY Y0 (C Xo'( ) * ", - '.š 'D. Appleton-Century Co. W(Macmillan W( R.B. McCallum - 1 ) " '( Bq" John Stuart Mill V - "#B' E s 0 (C›o 3 q 1 5 V ) ) (C kX'( ) * ", - '. š 'Co." ' ,2 " 9d5 0(CY h * ",4,,1 (4 ' ) "" Thomas Painep " Baron de Montesquieu"0(C YD * ",4,,1 Penguin Books)'): ( 7#d7 " 0(C › * ", 4,, ¡ '(A W ¡ '(A WAa ) "- q Aa ) E 4' E W ( ) E "'(W E " " ( 7#d74 ) 4# , - " :.(C kD'( ) * ", - '.š 'Random House Whitney Jennings Oates- #dW" (f @(A ' #- '(f1 bf B,v"s ' * "6 - 7a" *? (4,,7 W 7 W Aa Steven M. Cahn - q Aa ) " ' #'(f1.(C X * ",5 ( 1 b :) Ismail K. Poonawala .W V q ,# , (s) : (Aa ' s" d (f (5 , (s) " , "4e B 0(C D 42 Ch'( ) * ", - '.š ''.ydy'( ) * ", - '.š 'Bollenger Series Fray Rosenthal " n1'(f1 Z - A"q. § " Hamilton A.R. Gibb . . "4 ] 0 (C o› - 420(C i(5'Wetteren) kCD-kDC :( ' s - g 7 5 " 5d64' .(C ii) CY-C Studia Islamica 42 k "3d# 5b as" . . "4 ] 0 A j 6" d d (A" ' cA ] ) : m6 c] 5 ?@ A ydy 3d#5c ª, 0 '( " 4, A ? "7"#.s (5 4q m1, @5',d#'(m"l'(, (f A ª ,1 'l'(, ) ok-i " d#12 ? v 3 f " 5 " d#12 ? v 3 f.(C ›h'( ) * ", - '. š 'Dobbs Ferry Oceans Publications - CCik

:U5!151 .#U.H*U5UGU JP2! M / &U! UQU? ! J:UT% W.A I @5! M!/!GCG? 3?*3 ? *EU # U #"YP !R E#PHG1 C 6 2!1*E!(N)Y1 !* ? XG ! HG1V M #P2!R#P !1 /! ?@?@ !?FG(8)F# XG ! "*" J !1 ? U/!.;?#U1R E/ !EG. U/ CU?5?(')/2 G! 5 ?S.(B ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,' /?5! ZG1 @N)./@ ?E !*(5 '() " 4 4 s q *(f : 9 (: ,' " Jean Baechler (4 sd (f o4«# : 9 (: ,' " : David Beetham and Keven Boyle V' B 7 W 3 " 7' 0(C o.(C o(5 ')" 4am ] " 9 (: ,' " 9 (: ,'1 s ,q ( 5 ª , B "' b ! X 4q # q , š 1] — B,5 ª — , 5 " ' B A '(: q c1 A . 9 (: ,'a Bq ¡(6'.tdq i 9d5 Y.tdq i a# ›(C h '( ) * ", - '.š '3" ) " qA " r4 2 -' '(5WW. q(BAa ª (mB a4W @(' (C›k› 3 q V ) ) 7 5' (C hC(5 '' 4A A" ) " ' " (A * y" B 1 " 4' ( ,' d5 CD s sC k› 3 q 5 ." : ) v6s . * 4q ," s a4# ' s " ' " C›B B "# B 1 q *? ( ." 1 ' ( fs " 5 ' c (, ) "W 5 *( 7 tc]jr ' s :B "# B 1 B " Leonard Shapiro ((f tc] *'(f Aas( a" - 4,q *? ( .(C o(5 'Gallimard ()" "5 s. 5 q4 ,W - ) "(AW) ªr7 " Robert Conquest 'W -((f B "# q 5#3 f1 Bq . 5 *? ( . (C X› * ",4,,1 MacMillian Pub.Charles C. Thomas ( 1 ) "V:d.:"l'(, d (:"#Henri Davidy 7' (1] 0(C YC'( ) * ", - '.1 4' 4 721'(A#Ch

'2:(U ! "# 4NNU U 1 @"U/@U QU /K3*E/ C/?U /\A@ %#I .N7 ?R !C /5M? " E4 G ! ZY/! # 1HG1W."!] " %& !\ " " 1 U &U! U'( ) * ", - '.!?"#"." #/[ ! E?-6C 1 a#?35D.R. Godine) " ?M!CF!1M5? J !15/*?! @%M!GC/ : 1m " Thoreau.(C X5 9 (: ,' 4 2 VW , § Bq" Abdel Kader BoyeAq (f CC-n "ªr Z 4(f1Bq iY 7 t (f "?'(5 #. 9 (: ,' 4 # #) ' v @ ] a4›Y 7 t (f " 9 (: ,' (5 ? q ( " Alain Touraines . (f Ch.- 7š 4# Bq :de 4«# p(as(f .oY 7 t (f " (7 * 9 (: ,' " Hieronim Kubiak š W b ( ] (f CiCommunitarianism and (7 4m 4Œs ]c 4m 4Œs ]c " v' 5 ( 1 b : Shlomo Avineri and Avner De-Shalit - 1 ) Individualism.(C h * ", 4,,7 W .tdq k (f Ck". B " * ", - '."#A' As .C›Xi (A,5 C ¡( A " Aae B 1 3 ] ( Co.". j B " * ", b ) A' As ,W3 A' .hC 7 t (f "VW , - # ,# #) ?@ A, : 9 (: ,' " 3 7' (f CXB "s " - # ,, - # , B q ,2, ?@ A, [\( s 9 (: ,' ", tc] B."?@ A, tc] deCi,2!2! M / %1 # %/ /?M! 6*E?R O1 2! J G . @/ *E#?E0JGN'G %! FMG"N; %"\ G1G1 !G "B / ? C #P?. "& ? &U" U .N8YP !N( ?: (q ' "# - #?2G .A A U# # - q —

:UW6UU? ? M!U M @6 U)MGC? ? CU"OE 5 . P @5 U FU?U#*UE?U2!M6* U #U EMUG ! /? % NT ! GC?G1 % ./N:K 35? ? (6W 6 5G1?NS. "FI [6M ?Qa: I![Q !DEM 9/! G?5FO ? C # *U U/! #U J? * ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,'? [5 ?" ER @5"*" "*" FB # #?/25?CY Bq" V - "#.(C hX * ", 4,,5 ( 1 b :) " ',' : ' "# " Charles Howard McLwain B' 4] r s (f C›. ! # B' (y 0(C kY A9'( ) * ", - '.š 'W ' V W) # #) t 5 5 a" ) : '( 5"# b " Arthur Edwin SutherlandB 1] ' v' (f .(C Xo'( ) * ", - '.š 'Blaisdell Pub. Co. (A W5 ( 1 b :) "6«9 (: ,'' "# " Louis Henkin? v - dm 4 s, ( q # " ( VA: . (C D'( ) * ", - '. š ' , V A# 4q (f . '( s - « W V,q , - (5 (f1 * q 5 4 ,s "Elementoram " , 7 ?@ A " Samuel Pufendorf [ 15 V' , š ' William Abbott Oldfather , (s) Jurisprudentiae UniversalisJeremy Bentham 3 1 ,'( 0 (CXXD 3 q V ) ) (C Xk'( ) * ", - '.'( ) * ", - '. š '"#4 ) " '( " - :de) ?@ A Ve , "7 45" C.J. Friedrich -' '(5 .¡.E , V A# 4q v' 0(CY›D 3 q V ) ) (C XCAa'( ) * ", - '.1 4'5 ( 1 b :) " 6' s f1 5?@ A " Friedrich Hegel V2 ] -' '(5 Georg Wilhelm b4 4' ¡0(C Xi ¡ '(A W5 ( 1 b : H. Nisbet , (s Allen Wood - 1 ) " 7 45.(C C * ", 4,, ¡ '(A WCRonald Gimsley - 1 ) " q ," ." Jean-Jacques Rousseau # š.(CYXh 3 q 3 (" 5 V ) ) (C Yh * ", 4,,7 W dW Aa1Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd. (Ck) " 4 ," -

'2:("# 4# # - q —3 U! U5 3U M U/ ?EUGU18NU!. 5 ! B U UGU1 U/–M ?K/?# U ? E: (q ' "# - #/? 3O 5?#/ ! A /!M R C M 4% ?U "*" 1 3?J G I! @.M E !/G1?E Q E! !8)1GEBP MY F! @U U@ IU!?E! !# A : ?#P@ # 2!/2&.ER ?. B 2!JG @ W: ? .NRoscoe Pound# (f . 2 ""# ? v 4 "'2 c] 5 1,— b 7' hD* ", - '. - " W B5 ]'5 ( 1 b :) " '( 4 ' "# - ,vas"B 4m : ' "# * " Ulrich K. Preuss E ( .š -'( §' (f .(C oY'( )Humanities Press (Deborah Lucas Schneider, (s) 3 " B' "#(f1.(C o'( ) * ", - '.#("' ] - " ds International, Inc.,9 5 *0kY 7 t (f " 9 (: ,'Z , q dq " (, ³ q ] 2' tc] .? v 4q s' iC 7 t (f " 9 (: ,' b 5 ? v "A(s# , "# *? # sd a4 *( 5 4q 1A1'"# b 3 f ' sHeritage Aa ) "" B' E s , V A# 4q (f .3 a4# : (s B"4 ] 10 (CY C 3 q V ) ) (C XC'( ) * ", - '.š 'Press) " Alexander Hamilton, John Jay & James Madison',CX -' '(5 v' (f 0(C ›h'( ) * ", - '.š '3" ) "7. The Leviathan " ' s " '" 7 5q (fBq r ] E s (A ' .tdq r ] E s ." 1ms " ] a4 ." CXYD 31 sd 6 1 mSive De Materia, Forma, Et Poestate Civitatis Ecclesiasticae et :" ' s " '".(C›kC * ", 4,,1 ) Civilis IIIElizabeth S. Haldane & , (s) "V s q :" Rene Descartes - ' 1' (f hC ) (C oi'( ) * ", - '.1 4'a'(A q # , G.R.T. RossLiberal Aa Laurence J. Lafleur , (s) " 1, 5"- '(CXh 3 q V ) s "W W (CXiY 3 q V ) ) (C XD'( ) * ", - '. š 'Arts Press. v 1 (mq ( 7 q c1 ( yZs - " ( W 2 Bq ( A " 5 a1, 1, ( 7" BqCo

:!U A ! A@YP U ! @UUUU UU/ ? 3M !% ? # U?V UM!U3* CE9 1U"*"GU?1R . /!#U U ?U G1 I ? FM C #"!&62 DP E ?.B# 6 "X !Q?"*"a8' ? H U 5 HG1E ? V#5! ? !\ 3 55&! 5"W%!M.M 5" A I : *"I 2!."I&! 6&87'1 C" :E * ?@ #U1#5 .' .# .HG1 6RGEB.R @C Uc U1 1 !C881 1Q5"C" NSS( U 6 U&U /! QC%#./ E ?R @ ? M IM ? !? 0 E 2!JU G ! HG1 #"/!@U.8G ! F : !.& U IU55# A :MU?IU c 3 U! ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,'.A "M &s ] hh." '(] "* ", b ) yUN GAOR * ", b ) › *( 7) ?r2 1 5 dq hi.(C i) – UN Doc. A/CONF. 157/23b:UN GAOR o *( 7 ]u bs " * ' 2 - 9 (: ,' Bq * ", b ½ 3 B ) ('( s hk.(C o) – UN Doc. A/50/332 b: * ", b ) y . ,642 1 s 6" ' 4am]"" 9 (: ,'CXA"q B ,' -c

'2:("# 4B U # U ?U# U" !# # - q —UE4 !?EO5 # ? U #U: (q ' "# - #/2M ?E C!8(#. 6 !W1E2! ? 1 .? "/2R5!,f W(s 7ms ( s Bq ('( s", (A,2) 42, (f ho: 4' 4q ('( " Á1' C X' i A/DOC/7568 " 4q .V " V ' " - W(" B q, b ,f W(s -C 4q ( a ? 7— ( 7 ) 'rW(, W(" tc] V, s# ,m ,"2, 4q 0 9(7 B : ,f " .9 (: ( A ³(5, - # ,q a ". ' m":. - 9 1 ¡ " V # VW 4q*(a # B ?Vg 5 (A *(v "#Zs * q m B .@(e , '( 5 ¡! , ? ,. 4q 4Œ" ,''( 7 ¡! ,1 VW7ms B "' - c –* #* # E # 4q 3 s ' s - 9 (: ,'  "# : —" . 4, tc] [ ] -h'( * q @ " 4q - ( ! 6s ?@ A .ª 1"3 (" 4s 2' ( 1 4,q 5 7' m":. ' " (7 5 s"e. ,"2 ,1s 64, ' , 3dq V # - d Vm5 . 4, tc] 5 a ? 7— 3 q 'rW( d V [à 4 s " V # B,— Bs. 9 (: ( A" . 4q ? v, - # , 4q (b B . 1,4: b#) B 75 .* "" 4,q V 5 ae -i.B . ,f1, ,'(2* #B .7#9 (: ,'9  s b c], b 3 f1 " 4,6 ? " 2 "1s :) # 55 V ,"' : rs  ] " 4,q '(a .*9 (: ,'7 1q.3 " . (5 s,f W(s 7ms m ]* # E # 4q 3 s 9 (: ,' 4q 2' c ] -k Aas B ,' . .tc] V ,(V # Aas q, b . ] B "' c , b 3 f B Vv5 Ams B . @(e V # 4q V, " 5(ms s V # B 7 ''* # E # 4q 3 s 9 (: ,'5 A†(4 2" s ŒA1' . n 2' . - ! – B A c, A:v: e5 V # #) - '( 3(" s 2' V . s B . 3 " . 4q " - ! Aas 2' - m5 - ,v VW 4q m * # 4q ,B . a45 W 1q - '( tc] Aa' b B'c -« ' , q, ' "4 'g — 7 Bq 5 s v' a" s? v Z24s * # ³ "s . 5(ms s *( W V #.? # 4q '( "12, (A,2 B C X' hY 5 m CD X b:( v' (f C 7 V ,: ,W , 3 q ,W , " 4 s Adrienne Quill V' W ' v' (f .) 42,4› " " ' ,2W 5 4# s, 5 B # B qB «,W —("q VW.(C X) – 165 '5,42q, b CY

:aU J GU UM E 8;.M? ? #"3 ?U 2! U/ U@ #AUW!\ 3 5U? U Q?1! U& 8:."/U!#5 E 1 2 / M!?G1!6R @U5 C # A U 1 U 5 H R !? !P# * C!# ":) * O !\ 3 5 , !Q3 5@5 3?.8T 5 #E O@ 1HG1A (F63 #C"# !/! @M * \/!:0 E R ?/5 5 C /&?##* .RR . C 5 /! M#"* ! U 6 UAU 1@ MQ U U/5: B U G1 !65! ?U !" ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,'C3 5 3 5HG1 . /. P @5!5 #- '( de B 4e "Å 5" B ) (,s W3 q a † 5"61 4] y : s bs .- 1 A BA"q a#:( y c 71s" y tc] q .- 1 , (e 5 y" - ( Œ"4 '(a C YoThomas "1 ( E s , V A# 4q (f .@(e " - as " (C h) " 1 4]q ,2 C D "3 f: 5" B ) (,s 5 Buergenthal42,1 ] e),' W - 1 ) CXi),' W - (— " Roman Wieruszwski#n ( 5v' (f .(C h j"):ª 1" * :" 5 " a#:( 5 1] ( ' "# - : 1,Martinus ( 1 Allan Roses and Jan Melgesen eds. - 1 ) " ' " 9 (: ,'hC)20 I.L.M. 193 * ' V B' (f .(C h 1 ] eNijhoff.h 4, 5 ª — , B - 7a" .(C C (A,5- 42 ydy)b ,f « 1 - 9 (: ,' V "s l W –".(f '( ) * ", - '. Ba1'( ) 3dNeil J. Kritz r"'(W .¡ V - 1A# ,aŒs 5 bsª — Bq -. , B *( A 4 4# s , (C X.ª — ) B # 7 9 5 # #)-W "#b,f b ( 4q. *( 7) ?r2 tdq hi Z 1 5 : 7sC›!hXhYh›

'2:(3 U5'8/"# 4 U?U 5"@UUM U U')# # - q —/ #: (q ' "# - ##G !!\ 3 5 ?\ MUM6 M /'(1 3 5* \ /? #3 5 ?''.!\ 3 5!\ 3 5!\ 3 5/3 5'NA HG1!0 E 8S.0 E. P \3 5 ?M#" G ! ? M 4'7/ * ", b ) ( 'q5 de :: 5' , " , V A# 4q (f hTransnational Publishers, Inc., Irvington-on-Hudson (l'(, )# 5"l'(, 0(C k'( ) * ", - '. š '" 19 ( s #5 ', V # B'(' , V # 4q [( " : 12.(C i) hio,*( 3 DukeSupp. No. 1 *G.A. Res. 217 A, UN GAOR ,dq iD.(C k›) U.N. Doc. A/810 b: * ", b ) y 0CioiC999 U.N.T.S. 0 C XX 3 q (A, ' C 5 : " j "5 #, 4: - ( 7s #, 4" # "12 - 4 0 171q 5 - 42, (e W)1241 j"5 ' 1 ](' s 5s : 7sd.(C i C hih993 0C XX 3 q (A, ' C 5 : " j "5 5 ' m":.q ," . 4U.N.T.S. 3ii:" Donna Gomien, David Harris & Leo Zwaak š n' ] 7' BNanette - 1 )) s. 0(C X) ") q ," . , # ,R. - 1 )' , ) ,f ) 0 (C o Neuwahl & Allan Rosas eds.j "W : 5 q ," . ' m":. 0(C i ST. J. Macdonald et al. eds.B0(C o Asbjorn Eide, Catarina Krause & Allan Rosas - 1 )Jack 44š :(C o b 1 É Aq - 1 ) ( 4q ª , Bq :- 5 y f1Mark(a W "''š0(C i) "" Donnelly.¡. 0 , Á1 :):" Janis, Richard Kay & Anthony Bradley: 7s.:" D.J. Harris, M. O Boyle & C. Warbrick -'(.E V' .3' ]." )ETS 0C oD 3 q (A,5 k 5 : " j "5 # #) - '( ) : 7s. ikW s (A C ok ' C› ETS 9 C b:W s (A, No. 5, 213 U.N.T.S. 221C YD (A,"A# hC ETS 45 i b:W s (AC YD (A,"A# hC ETS 44 h b:C YC (A, ' hD ETS 55 o b:W s (A C X› ' h ETS 46 k b:W s (A(' 1' CC ETS 117 Y b:W s (AC ›o (' 1' ETS 114 X b:W s (ACD ETS 140b:W s (AC D (' 1' ETS 118 › b:W s (AC ››C h 3q Eho 5 : " j "5 ETS 146 CD b:W s (AC k (' 1') — 7, - 4 0C k 3 q ' CC 5 : " j "5 ETS 155 CC b:W s (AVW aŒs bs) : 7sd '( 7s: 5 ) , , s . ) W s (A4 A9 - 6" . 4 "s 1- cW# #) - '( - ,#C

:';&!\ 3 5#U U3?\U!5 03"#/?9 G!5 ? F5,5 . E55V M ?!5 6O-.3!! M *G !I 6 2! ?U ?\2!3" , v' (f .2! JM.I@ %* ?Y !FG H .':B 0 E @)/#V? ! . )1 K!\ 3 5B .( H ? :I R FG 6 J%!/ ! G1 K'TB !\ 3 5'S.q ," . ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,'M/ 0#"#% 5!/ %C# % R O!! / / ! ? (' s 5 @(e - (: B,— - ( tc].(C XC ( "W C›) 529 U.N.T.S. 89)36 O.A.C.T.S. 1, 114 0C X 3 q (A,5 hh 5 : " j "5 '( ) : 7s. ioThomas Buergenthal and Dinah Shelton "4 1'"1 ( E s – U.N.T.S. 123VW 19, N.P. Eugel - 1 ) "B " '( ) 5', ".(C o,( Aa(5 ¡ A# ("#, C ›C 3 q' hY 5 1As bs 21 I.L.M. 59 j '(5 , iX.C ›X ( "W hC 5 '(# : :j '(5) , " Fatsab Ouguergouz n ( s 5 iYKeba M A A W (C i(5 '(72 a, ) " ' 2 b' B' , " v' (f (C h(5 ') " '(5 5" BayeMartinus ( 1 . s'nl'(, - 1 ) " '(5)12 @ q ( # 5.(C o 1 ] eNijhoff Publishers- q .(y) b' q1 d# : d# (,s , ,f1 - q i›5 ," ? (A6 B q ,2 s q ª ( († 4q (q ª ((l'(, , V A# 4q (f .j( B , s t 1Asa'Ë n W ( # 5 C ›o (A, 'n W ( # " 12 3 45 4 -# 4,4 ( (".(C D) iXo 35 - ( msBq 42 Cha' .(C C (A,5 hC) n’n/n iD * ' V B ' ihD

'2:("# 4&6*C 6: 5 0KR ! ?Z./ ? HG/ 1G1& A 3P 1E&: ?HG1 # MC . !56C %% #@.DE #hCG !C! MR @M ?! ! B / !.!G1Q ?!!\ 3 5/! @P%C5!!1QR0 #QQ !1Q. ! ! 3) * 6Q 1 !! Q C5" ? 6/ C6#*EO M // .* ! 3 5.6 . M "#@ M *3 ! ?1 5 " ?/ 1 /E# 9 35! ! E A # 2 ! /!#% 62!!\ DE! ,Q M!!\ 3 5?3 5 /%E M !# : @M# 56: (q ' "# - ## ! M# F.6 E# # - q —.%C? 1 /1 / ? ?5C . / Q!1D3 56OCM E ! #*E. !5 6A MP

: 6A #FC? " A !5 [ I M ?# AQ E !A MF.&G. !/! !C*5%.?6I 5 . / Q! 6. / I M/ GC !?.3 ?5"5 M ?c5 M ? * ? ?.3 5 ! C / ! C R ?V?! .7.;#5.T?# 3M E!JH J?I 5 A5"*EG DEhh.'.7.(/!.83/ HG13 DE # AHG/ J / ! F / .N /? 2.(Q 5I 5 A.N.'% / Q!#O!.8: ?./. 1 Q! : ?P* ?I@. ?E4 #:Q3.5M. !5 3: ?# ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,'O! . !5 ? # ! ?

'2:( "# 4# # - q —R ! C ! FG7)U !U. /@ 3 U5!/QQ C XUU78.&!\ 3 5MQQ!.7NA :./HG1!*O/#"% 5 /2 #U& E C ? 65 #P U/ *EV !/FO ? !\ 3 5A M" 1 !I55!\*!\ M ?% 5 HG1CC CMCC/ 1 Q! /1 .M ?R* CI5 5G1 . ?(8) K& 1! IW ? !!!1 #2 35.I ? 6 & 5 I!Z ! (N) :#YP ! 3 5U/ HG/ #/ ? D!M ? UUM "Q [ M1 R0 /@ #M U O1 Q! (') K3 UC" : U?. ! C M ?RU E%? * I5 5U."!* U: (q ' "# - # !CPRQ M 4 (7) KM ?O. ? .tdq (W!7 kD.› *( 7) ?r2 tdq hi 1 5 dq kC- ,"2, 1 ] 7 . ]( † B ( W '1 B7 § - ,"2, ,s khB 19 , B: j r ) V b f1s 5 2 5 ,W 47" s ,1 5 *ceÅ ( ) '5 1 ,' - 9 (: ,'- ! l: ' a" ' , ,"2, . 19m":. ( sOEA/Ser.K.xxxiv. I7 5 ,'( ) : 7s. .- n 2, tc] ms d A# 2s7 * ( 5 , * ", b ) dq (C X 3 q E h ) CICOR/Doc.14/96 Rev. 2UN Doc. b: * ", b )ySupp. No. 3,6' *UN GAOR(f " , ) :rs. : 9 (: ,' " Victor Masshu #" 5 A/51/3/RCV. 1B ,' " - 4, 4 A 1 '(] 2 , ,"2, ,] 4q s rW(' .XY 7 t -. 7m6 4m, V B A'(6shi

: DU!2! ?R U6 ?" / F 77.@ J !1#UIU FG MU 2!U &!Q## U !7(HG1 .M !& UU A HG/!1 . / U # ?5 0% M .FG6 "3 .#!5 63 #*EM 3 5 3? X !3!E / *E?EM Q!G5! .6 @ ?.@" ?/! @@6 @MZ#! 2@ M 4@5CM ?/ C .7' "M ? 6#P 1"!M G M Q!# ? M 9 HG/ J G .[ @V !G! YP ! M!?A JGJG AI C.d*@U K#UM ? M ? I!! U U Q U&U 2 ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,' Z/ 2!" * G 5!C55 ] , ( W ,1 5 *ceÅ5 * ( W - 9 (: ( A - # , VW ki. :(4 - 5 A# j † A- , B 7g ,, "5. A- # , 4q ' m":. * 7m # ,' "::(s ,1 5 *ceÅ,"2, ,25 - ! . 9 (: ,' 4 ' s V ,' v' c]",5 :(1 ' :de ( † :(† " ' B ,' 74"6 * s - 9 (: ( 4" j A#) B,— B c] .- ,f1, 4q v' m' c] .e! 7.*( , - : 1, 5 6"# ( W " 9 (: ,' "3 ),s . " " 5 " 5( 3 ) ?@ a -. "l'(, (f kk.(C X V W ( Emile Bruylant - # ) " 5(4 CoD B ( W ª : Bq ª r1 ª — -(7# ,j( c1 j " W ' koTransactions () " - , " Rudy Rummel V(f . —Daniel Chirot ( V0 (C k'( ) * ", - '.-' (Publishers* ", - '.#(" 1'(" 1'(5 ( 1 b :) " ' (m5 * Œa " " Hannah Arendt 1 (f #f1, *? ( .(C k'( ).(C oC'( ) * ", - '. š ''( - W ]) " ,",5BB (AW ' B 4amhk

'2:(#P 1"# 4[M UU"I U!M2 U?A M!A A @a& A AU# 1C Z7TUP UEU@!U2!QAU & U56 U"MU #BaD 5 F !GC . ? 5 UU! ?UU./OFG @/A 1B 3?E FG"6 ! M* C #5 PP a!I! !WJLG ! A C @M 2? 5& #E 6 ? 6 5A! FG6@M* \, \1& !. @?1R @#2 # h@# ! HG1 #"C .A #?5 !1 !?M&5 @@MFG# 5 & ! ! \ ? ?X A ! M R O1.f!HG/C DE%! 1.7:# 5"2!5? A 1HG10 E M ! !! C 6 E #HG1 # Q J UA.FG f ! U? HGUE FG #U G U U5?A ? F !HG1 I M"2!QR EU IU MG ! FG e!2!R FG R0 M E M@M.: (q ' "# - # A@7;& WM# # - q —C .Z* \/ JG %R EP /! # ? #Zs bs " ? (A6 12 d1 ('( " (f 5d# † ' *? ( kXA9#Zs bs " * ", b ) ? (Ae 12 v' (f 0(C h) Y›D b: B ) 42.(C k)4 '( ) *( 1 ›› 5 (C h) Y›D b: B )( 1 ) Naomi Roht-Arriaza & Michael Scharf [V'n ' -(f kY( MCB1 , #Zs * (— : 1# B A#,e 5 #(5 B "l'(, (f k›.(C Y) – 10 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. I " ,( A942 (ho

: U? 6 5MU?UU !# U #U& & U? 2 U C # . UIG?!" M ?A 1 6 * HG1UAU ? 6A M ? "7S3". "6 .U3 U5 U! &#B ! " &?@U U U *E U%U U? U5.!Z#3 3 5 ? .6.A U35 / 1!"35?%3"M !5H * CC ! @# 5 2.tdq hi!23 A # 1 #" M 1 a 2! C&@?5?R I A F FG MhXF Q /! !W!& . !5 ? D!.3U 5 U#"R0 #E M@5 ?I? 3! O6 * (; (( N5&?C .I!\ 3 5YP !/! !WC–R0 5 ! 5 U @U 6– 5 .3I 5RQ"/! @!\ 3 5WM@3"1"5/?i ? #? 3 5 ? F55@5!1 C: # /& G1 .A F#U2 GC *6! U 3?! ? 6 5#UHG11 #P/! U #*V UU? G 1 ./?3U 51 Q! ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,' 1 5 dq k

'2U.:("# 4[@G/ . ?@U#U? EMU ?GCB1M U W U U/!UUGC.5 ? M! JG A! . @ G1 35 H*6G. *EUMG JP! U!U/ U? [ U C 6 U? #Q#1 * E A /5 5? ! %E9# !M @ /" #H*: 1? I V !6 ? C .()F !I Q3&!/ I A @ ?E UI ? 3?@ M # ! ? R !!A6/ !. ! 4 / @FG F ,# n .e'. (f (Œ ( † ,1 5 *ceÅl: Bq *? ( 4*ceÅ" Larry Diamond, Juan L. Liuz and Seymour Martin Lipset AsAq 5 , (C D Nouveaux Horizons () " 9 (: ,'(2s ,1 5t (f " 9 (: ,' (q " Luis Villoro5 ' 0iY 7 tdq t (f " 9 (: ,' ¡! ,1 VW " Juwono Sudersono # #o 7 j 1 B (2s : 9 (: ,' 4 # #) ( 1 " Cyril Ramaphosa n 5V'( # 0›C 7 .Yi 7 t (f " '(5 hY? 3?2! M / @6! !\@ *EGC[ @ U? [ U C #".UU5" 3# Q G![% U?U ?E 3 U! 6HG1# 3"M @UUU/# M?@ 3?#": (q ' "# - #A 3 U# M!# # - q —oD

:U/U [#P1G 3 5Y/! 6 ? 6R0 @ 11U U?I!BU1 Q! 3 UQ [UU Y/!AHGU1 Y Q0 !U \ U?M : 1 !MU3 U5A IUU6. ? ! A O— ,4WEB!.65h›/ *EG16 M / Q! M ? ?E M *E5 .2! !#M ?2! M / 3 5 ((()!W #.5 [d6 s ,4W @ " ,# /// #/.(N E4 C/ *E5 HG1 FG 15 HG1 3 5Q?"?H C // U I 1 #"B 35 C # ?J !1 B 1G !U6(8) K1?EJG(N) :IQ* MM 5"13 ! A B (7) K 5#U ?%[ C / ! 5 // U5M ?1.1 ?(;) K / A. "I 5"#5 / *UG1 #"W .0 5 // G1 #"# " ##PF1R E1Q*U 5 U?U M CU/ ?FG F5!! 0 E?M ? #E5 (') K 5 // K U5?@ ! A! 0 UEI? ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,'?G1 3 !2! M / ?E !2!.N% B.8.' 7s. s ,4W b , " s ,4W - . (oC

'2 C:(@U# %M"# 4# # - q —P @U5G !U U " " !5 6.(7 M ?('I6" 6 E! 6 EUM ! U\6 E! " / Q!#U ?E" "!PM.U: (q ' "# - # #Q @1 JG !1:3 !C "# !." / Q1 – CL ! !!!@ ! *"!\ 3 5!5 ?! E4I & Z'" I ? 3? 0 E.(8M.7.G !// ? 3?C1 Q! j 1? M 4M ?M E ! " ? ?U 0 V j HG1 ?R/. @5/2#P*56' "'(f1 2 : ' " " 0 André Reszler ( r' ' , V A# 4q (f ohArend - ] (C XD ( ' # l 1Georg ed. - 1 ) " "71, - ,"2,4b :) "B'( q @ 5 5 5q- 4 ¡! , :- 9 (: ,' " Luhart- ] 0(C ›k'( ) * ", - '.- "W 1W B5 ]'5 ( 1- "W 1W B5 ]'2 ( 1 b :)[ "# " ' " - ,"2, 5 9 (: ,' "James Viscount Bryce'( 5,0(C YY'( ) * ", - '.(C hk'( ) * ", - '. š 'Macmillan Co. () " ' - 9 (: ,' ", b W "# (,s C X (' (A5 Ck-Ch - 4 (— 9 (: ,' ? 1 – 19s a oi. 6" . * q ,9 (: ,'* ", - '. š '* ", b ) ) " 9 (: ,' "4 V,q"† E(a E(a (f ok, (A 'u( v' (f .ª — , c e - 7a" (C) 4, B,v"' .(C X'( )( š ' ) , (A42,4 6 * "1As dq :B'( (5"4BB -dm 4q dq rW(' .(C o (A,"A# - a † iD * ", b )Bq * ", b ½ 3 B ) ('( s 0tdq hi 1 5 dq (f . 9 (: ,'.tdq hk ]u bs " * ' 2 - 9 (: ,': ] , 4W (]." '( 1q (A ' " * " E # 4q 3 ' , q '(5 3 7 9 (: ,' -C." 9 (: ,' 4 " *r ,, - ," ( B " š 1]-h -,' s Bq (A s ]l4"6 j*( W . c6"s B ,' 9 (: ,' "-i. s ,"2 Á m6 As 74"6 5 y q ,"' m":# # ,f sh

:.UM U 2!MU?U# ? F?6U " \ # U C. ? @U?M UP /*" U C UJG A QUU/ *"U U U? 5# "5 % ! A@E! Q A#Y/! !! M3 53 5. / 2! "/# "*3 C!#5 "#M #3Supp.M5 A! HG1/ @#" M ?* C W#M(;HG1 . ? F% ! /" V F ! 6#% ! I!V # "#"/ *1#?E I #5! #"! 6E?" ? 3 !/!Z* B 6 ?// G/. ! G1 . 6GE9 #FY/! #E2!6 a J G ? 6 *U1G1 3 ! AM MQ!M UM 0 5 CIU C M ?C .((# ? ?M ## /U 6GE9 #35"# E9U % !U ##" ?@ A, B : 9 (: ,'# 55#"

Basic Principles of Democracy: From Principles to Realization.9 Professor M. Cherif Bassiouni, Distinguished Research Professor of Law, President, International Human Rights Law Institute, DePaul University College of Law Section 1: Principles of Constitutional Law 2.

Related Documents:

Constitutional Commentary 1998 Inculcating Constitutional Values: A Review Essay Of: Constitutional Law. by Gerald Gunther & Kathleen M. Sullivan and Constitutional Law. by Geoffrey R. Stone, Louis M. Seidman, Cass R. Sunstein, & Mark V. Tushnet. William K. Kelley Follow this and additional works at:https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/concomm

2. Peter W.Hogg- Canadian Constitutional Law. 3. Ivor Jennings- The Cabinet Government. 4. A.H.Birch - Representative and Responsible Government 5. Colin Howard- Australian Federal Constitutional Law 6. Wade and Phillips - Constitutional Law and Administrative Law. 7. Tressolini- American Constitutional Law. 8.

on a DA Form 2823 Sworn Statement, to wit: that he did not kick an Iraqi prisoner of war, that he did not see any other U.S. soldier kick an Iraqi prisoner of war, that he did not strike an Iraqi prisoner of war, that he did not see any

IED Excellence Center to discuss efforts at countering improvised explosive devices Features Counter-IED conference 4 9 Sadr City newspaper 16 13 Rear Adm. Jawad, Head of the Iraqi Navy paid a surprise visit to a group of Iraqi fishermen Dec. 21 Head of Navy visits Iraqi fishermen 17 The Federal Bureau of Investigation recently

Soldiers assigned to 1st Battalion, 11th Brigade, 3rd Iraqi Army Divi-sion, practice squad movement drills at Al Ghuzlani Warrior Training Regiment, 4th Advise and Assist Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, be-gan training their Iraqi counterparts as part of Al Tadreeb Al Shamil, Arabic for All Inclusive Training, to build upon 3rd IA Div. soldiers'

Indian Polity – Part 23, 24, 25 23] Constitutional Amendment Notes Constitutional Amendment – Part XX Notes Article 368 {Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefore} Constitutional amendment is the protector of the constitution. The article 368 of the cons

Formal and Informal Constitutional . We also claim that it is up to the other powers (political branches of government or the constitutional court/high court itself) to decide whether the informal constitutional . Law may be submitted by the President of the Republic, the Government, any parliamentary committee or any

Cambridge English Qualifi cations Young Learners tests The Cambridge English Qualifi cations Young Learners tests are for learners of English between the ages of 7 and 12. The tests are comprised of three levels: Pre A1 Starters, A1 Movers and A2 Flyers. These tests are designed to take learners from beginner level up to CEFR level A2.