Impacts Of Air Pollution On Human Health, Ecosystems And . - UNECE
Impacts of air pollution on human health,ecosystems and cultural heritage
Air pollution causes damage to humanhealth, crops, ecosystems and culturalheritageSulphur dioxide deposition has killed fish in lakesand streams, caused forest dieback and corrosionof cultural heritageThe scientific data presented in this brochure have been collated by the Working Group onEffects to support the revision of the 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication andGround-level Ozone. This Protocol is one of the eight multilateral environmental agreementsunder the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). Since itsratification in 1979, this Convention has contributed to lower transboundary air pollutionthrough policy measures based on scientific studies and collaborations.These agreements on emission reductions cover the following air pollutants: Sulphur dioxide – emitted from fossil fuel burning (industry, households, transport),sulphur dioxide causes acidification of soils, streams and lakes and leads to erosionof building materials, including cultural heritage. Particulate matter – small particles emitted from fossil fuel burningand natural fires cause human health problems and leadto soiling of materials and damage to cultural heritage.Fine particulate matter is a significant healthproblem in urban areas. Ozone – formed by chemical reactions in sunlightfrom air pollutants emitted from fossil fuel burningand industry. Both peak ozone concentrationsand rising background concentrationshave negative impacts on human health,crop production, tree and othervegetation growth. Reactive nitrogen – nitrogenoxides are emitted from fossil fuelburning and ammonia is emittedfrom agricultural activities.Nitrogen is a nutrient and itsincreased deposition affects plantbiodiversity. In addition, nitrogencontributes to acidification ofsoils and waters.μg ammonia m-3 (2020)Although sulphur dioxide deposition has been reduced over thelast 30 years, recovery of the brown trout population inLake Saudlandsvatn (Norway) has only started in the last decade(dashed line: critical level for acidification)
Air pollution causes damage to humanhealth, crops, ecosystems and culturalheritageSulphur dioxide deposition has killed fish in lakesand streams, caused forest dieback and corrosionof cultural heritageThe scientific data presented in this brochure have been collated by the Working Group onEffects to support the revision of the 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication andGround-level Ozone. This Protocol is one of the eight multilateral environmental agreementsunder the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). Since itsratification in 1979, this Convention has contributed to lower transboundary air pollutionthrough policy measures based on scientific studies and collaborations.These agreements on emission reductions cover the following air pollutants: Sulphur dioxide – emitted from fossil fuel burning (industry, households, transport),sulphur dioxide causes acidification of soils, streams and lakes and leads to erosionof building materials, including cultural heritage. Particulate matter – small particles emitted from fossil fuel burningand natural fires cause human health problems and leadto soiling of materials and damage to cultural heritage.Fine particulate matter is a significant healthproblem in urban areas. Ozone – formed by chemical reactions in sunlightfrom air pollutants emitted from fossil fuel burningand industry. Both peak ozone concentrationsand rising background concentrationshave negative impacts on human health,crop production, tree and othervegetation growth. Reactive nitrogen – nitrogenoxides are emitted from fossil fuelburning and ammonia is emittedfrom agricultural activities.Nitrogen is a nutrient and itsincreased deposition affects plantbiodiversity. In addition, nitrogencontributes to acidification ofsoils and waters.μg ammonia m-3 (2020)Although sulphur dioxide deposition has been reduced over thelast 30 years, recovery of the brown trout population inLake Saudlandsvatn (Norway) has only started in the last decade(dashed line: critical level for acidification)
Fine particulate matterreduces life expectancy andincreases hospital admissionsSo does ozone .Ozone reduces crop yield and forest growth,and damages the appearance of leaf cropsOzone-caused losses in wheat value in Europe1Map 1: Economic losses in 2000(3.2 billion Euro in EU27 CH NO)Map 2: Economic losses in 2020(2.0 billion Euro in EU27 CH NO)Losses are in millionEuro per 50 x 50 kmgrid square: 0.010.01 - 0.10.1 - 1.01.0 - 2.52.5 - 5.0 51Calculated using the ozone fluxmethod, the mean economic valuein 2000 and assuming irrigationis used when needed
Fine particulate matterreduces life expectancy andincreases hospital admissionsSo does ozone .Ozone reduces crop yield and forest growth,and damages the appearance of leaf cropsOzone-caused losses in wheat value in Europe1Map 1: Economic losses in 2000(3.2 billion Euro in EU27 CH NO)Map 2: Economic losses in 2020(2.0 billion Euro in EU27 CH NO)Losses are in millionEuro per 50 x 50 kmgrid square: 0.010.01 - 0.10.1 - 1.01.0 - 2.52.5 - 5.0 51Calculated using the ozone fluxmethod, the mean economic valuein 2000 and assuming irrigationis used when needed
Although vegetationgrowth is increasedby nitrogen deposition,it leads to loss of plantbiodiversityAir pollution will remain a problemin the future Air pollution continues to cause cardiovascular andrespiratory illnesses. Air pollution reduces the economic value of crops and leadsto expensive cleaning of cultural heritage. Air pollution reduces plant biodiversity and affects otherecosystem services, such as clean water, recreational activitiesand carbon storage.Before nitrogen deposition Air pollution contributes to climate change, hence air pollutionabatement policies have co-benefits for climate changeabatement policies.Although air pollution abatement policies have beensuccessful for sulphur dioxide, further abatement measuresare required for reactive nitrogen, ozone precursors andparticulate matter.After nitrogen depositionThe level of exceedance of the nitrogen critical loadprovides an indication of the level of risk of adverseeffects of nitrogen on ecosystems
Although vegetationgrowth is increasedby nitrogen deposition,it leads to loss of plantbiodiversityAir pollution will remain a problemin the future Air pollution continues to cause cardiovascular andrespiratory illnesses. Air pollution reduces the economic value of crops and leadsto expensive cleaning of cultural heritage. Air pollution reduces plant biodiversity and affects otherecosystem services, such as clean water, recreational activitiesand carbon storage.Before nitrogen deposition Air pollution contributes to climate change, hence air pollutionabatement policies have co-benefits for climate changeabatement policies.Although air pollution abatement policies have beensuccessful for sulphur dioxide, further abatement measuresare required for reactive nitrogen, ozone precursors andparticulate matter.After nitrogen depositionThe level of exceedance of the nitrogen critical loadprovides an indication of the level of risk of adverseeffects of nitrogen on ecosystems
This brochure was produced by the Working Group on Effectsof the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Conventionon Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution to support the revisionof the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol.The following International Cooperative Programmes (ICPs) or Task Force have contributed to this brochure: ICP Forests: http://icp-forests.net/ ICP Integrated Monitoring: www.environment.fi/syke/im ICP Materials: e.aspx ICP Modelling and Mapping: http://www.rivm.nl/en/themasites/icpmm/index.html ICP Vegetation: http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk ICP Waters: http://www.icp-waters.no/ Task Force on Health: ionFor a more detailed assessment, see the full report entitled“Impacts of air pollution on ecosystems, human healthand materials under different Gothenburg Protocol scenarios”,available at elcome.htmlFor further information please contact:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)Environment DivisionSecretariat to the LRTAP ConventionTelephone: 41-22-91-72-345Email: air.env@unece.orgThe Swiss Federal Office for the Environment(FOEN) provided financial support for printingthis brochure.Shutterstock (UK), and ICP centres and participantsare thanked for the photographs used here.
† Air pollution reduces plant biodiversity and affects other ecosystem services, such as clean water, recreational activities and carbon storage. † Air pollution contributes to climate change, hence air pollution abatement policies have co-benefits for climate change abatement policies. Although air pollution abatement policies have been
global scale and nested U.S. cities and quantify air pollution and health impacts, Conduct a detailed Northeast U.S. case study to validate the metamodel, Quantify air pollution and health impacts from transportation technology choices, Quantify air pollution and health impacts of coupled global climate and pollution policies.
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