2020-2021 Vegetable Production Recommendations

State Extension InformationNEW JERSEYRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNew Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station: http://njaes.rutgers.edu/ag/Fact Sheets and Bulletins: https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/Plant & Pest Advisory: http://plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.eduRutgers Vegetable Crops Online Resources: s.edu/Mid-Atlantic Commercial Vegetable Production ication.asp?pid E001Rutgers Pest Management Office: https://pestmanagement.rutgers.edu/Rutgers NJAES Extension Specialists and IPM Program PersonnelFor a complete listing see: rvice.phpAlbert Ayeni (Vegetables), A.J. Both (Controlled Environmental Engineering), George Hamilton(Pest Management), Joseph Heckman (Soil Fertility), Kris Holmstrom (Vegetable IPM ResearchProject Coordinator), Joseph Ingerson-Mahar (Vegetable IPM Sr. Program Coordinator),Thomas Orton (Vegetables), Jim Simon (Plant Biology), C.A. Wyenandt (Vegetable Pathology)Rutgers Cooperative Extension County Agricultural Agents with Vegetable ResponsibilitiesFor a complete listing of county offices and agents see: https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/Atlantic County, Richard VanVranken, 609-625-0056, vanvranken@njaes.rutgers.eduCape May County, Jennifer Sawyer (interim), 609-465-5115, sawyer@njaes.rutgers.eduCumberland County, Wesley Kline, 856-451-2800, wkline@njaes.rutgers.eduGloucester County, Michelle Infante-Casella, 856-224-8040, minfante@njaes.rutgers.eduMercer County, Meredith Melendez, 609-989-6830, melendez@njaes.rutgers.eduMiddlesex County, Bill Hlubik, 732-398-5262, hlubik@njaes.rutgers.eduMorris County, Peter Nitzsche, 973-285-8304, nitzsche@njaes.rutgers.eduRutgers Vegetable Working Group DirectoryFor complete listing and contact information tgers.edu/ and go to “members” section.Rutgers NJAES Plant Diagnostic Lab and Nematode Detection /; clinic@njaes.rutgers.edu20 Indyk-Engel Way, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, phone: 732-932-9140, fax: 732-932-1270,Rutgers Soil Testing Lab http://njaes.rutgers.edu/soiltestinglab/57 US Highway 1, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, 848-932-9295, soiltest@njaes.rutgers.eduPENNSYLVANIAThe Pennsylvania State UniversityPenn State Extension, including publications, fact sheets, and more: http://extension.psu.eduPenn State Vegetable Production: getables (click onthe “News” button to see recent articles related to vegetable and small fruit production)Penn State Vegetable Team DirectoryFor complete listing and contact information s/vegetables/vegetables-expertsPlant Disease Clinic: clinic220 Buckhout Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, 814-865-2204Insect Advice from Extension/Insect Identification Laboratory: https://ento.psu.edu/extension501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, 814-865-3256Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory: https://agsci.psu.edu/aasl111 Ag Analytical Services Lab, University Park, PA 1682, 814-863-4540, aaslab@psu.eduv

State Extension InformationVIRGINIAVirginia Tech & Virginia State UniversityVirginia Cooperative Extension (VCE): https://ext.vt.edu/VCE Publications and Educational Resources:http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/ andhttps://ext.vt.edu/agriculture.htmlVirginia Tech Pesticide Programs (VTPP): http://vtpp.ext.vt.eduVirginia Extension SpecialistsThomas P. Kuhar, Professor, Entomology, 540-231-6129, tkuhar@vt.eduDavid B. Langston, Jr., Professor, Plant Pathology, 757-657-6450, dblangston@vt.eduJames A. Parkhurst, Associate Professor, Wildlife, 540-231-9283, jbparkhur@vt.eduMark S. Reiter, Associate Professor, Nutrient Management, 757-414-0724, mreiter@vt.eduSteve L. Rideout, Associate Professor, Plant Pathology, 757-414-0724, srideout@vt.eduJayesh Samtani, Area Specialist, Small Fruit, 757-363-3901, jsamtani@vt.eduVijay Singh, Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist, Weed Science and Precision Agriculture,757-414-0724, vijaysingh@vt.eduLaura K. Strawn, Assistant Professor of Food Science, 757-414-0724, lstrawn@vt.eduJames Wilson, Apiculturist, 540-231-2168, keepbees@vt.eduPlant Disease Clinic106 Price Hall, 170 Drillfeld Drive, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061-0331Phone: 540-231-6758, Fax: 540-231-7477, clinic@vt.eduOr contact the local VCE officeInsect Identification Lab205A Price Hall, 170 Drillfeld Drive, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319Phone: 540-231-4899, ericday@vt.eduOr contact the local VCE officeWEST VIRGINIAWest Virginia University Extension icultureWest Virginia University Extension SpecialistsLewis W. Jett, Ph.D., Extension Horticulture Specialist, 304-293-2634, Lewis.Jett@mail.wvu.eduRakesh S. Chandran, Ph.D., Extension Weed Specialist and IPM Coordinator, 304-293-2603,RSChandran@mail.wvu.eduMahfuz M. Rahman, Ph.D., Extension Plant Pathology Specialist, 304-293-8838, MM.Rahman@mail.wvu.eduPlant Diagnostic ts/plant-disease/plant-diagnostic-clinicG102 South Ag. Sciences Building, PO Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108Phone: 304-293-8838/288-9541, mm.rahman@mail.wvu.eduSoil Testing Labhttps://soiltesting.wvu.edu1309-B Agricultural Sciences Bldg., P.O. Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108,Phone: 304-293-6023, infoplantsoil@mail.wvu.eduvi

Table of ContentsPrefaceCoordinators and EditorsContributors by StateState Extension InformationTable of ContentsListing of Tables and FiguresAbbreviations and ties1Seed Storage and Handling2GeneralSpecialty Vegetables3ProductionOrganic Production4RecommendationsTransplant Production5Conservation Tillage Crop Production (No-Till, Strip-Till)6Mulches and Row Covers7Staking and Trellising8High Tunnels9Greenhouse Production10Wildlife Damage Prevention11Pollination12Food Safety Concerns13Soils1BLiming Soils2Soil andPlant Nutrients3NutrientNutrient Management4ManagementSoil Improvement and Organic Nutrient Sources5Basic Principles1CDrip (Trickle) ace Drip Irrigation Systems4Chemigation5General Information1DPesticide Registration1.1.PesticidePesticides and Food Safety1.2SafetyCertification of Pesticide Applicators2The Pesticide Label3Labels and Labeling3.1Label Statements3.2Restricted Use Classification Statement3.2.1Signal Words3.2.2First Aid Statements3.2.3Other Label Statements3.2.4Significant Labeling Changes3.3Soil Fumigants3.3.1Paraquat dichloride (Paraquat)3.3.2Table of Contents - continued on next 9596061616162626465666666

Table of Contents - 2.5Handling PesticidesPrior to Pesticide ApplicationPesticide ApplicationPesticide TransportPesticide StorageDisposal of PesticidesDisposal of Pesticide ContainersReducing Risks to Handlers and WorkersEPA’s Worker Protection StandardPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE) for PesticidesRespiratory Protection for Pesticide HandlersProtect the EnvironmentProtection of PollinatorsProtection of GroundwaterPesticide SpillsHow to Improve Pest ManagementRecommendations for More Effective Pest ControlCalibrating Field SprayersCalibrating Granular ApplicatorsPesticide Drift and MisapplicationSoil FumigationNematode ControlWeed ControlPostharvest Perennial Weed ControlHerbicide Effectiveness on Common Weeds in VegetablesCrop Rotation Planting RestrictionsPrepackaged Herbicide MixturesHerbicide Site of Action: Reducing the Risk of HerbicideResistanceInsect ControlSoil Pests - Detection and ControlInsecticide Mode of Action: Reducing the Risk of InsecticideResistanceInsect Pest and Mite Control for Greenhouse ProductionInsect Pest and Mite Control for ChemigationDisease ControlFungicide Mode of Action: Reducing the Risk of FungicideResistanceFungicides Registered for VegetablesDisease Control in Seeds, Plant Growing Mix and Plant BedsDisease Control for Greenhouse ProductionPesticide Use DisclaimerAsparagusBeans (Snap and Lima)Beets ecommendations(commodities listedin alphabeticalorder)PageTable of Contents - continued on next 29138152156162

Table of Contents - ole Crops: Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower,Collards, Kale and KohlrabiCucumbersEggplantGarlicGreens (Asian, Mustard, Turnip)HorseradishLeeksLettuce, Endive and EscaroleMuskmelons and Mixed MelonsOkraOnionsParsleyParsnipsPeas (Succulent)PeppersPotatoesPumpkins and Winter SquashRadishes, Rutabagas and TurnipsSpecialty VegetablesSpinachStrawberriesSummer SquashSweet CornSweet PotatoesTomatoesWatermelonsResourcesVegetable Seed SizesPlant Spacing and PopulationsFrequently Used Weights and MeasuresMaking a Plant-Growing MixRecordsPesticide Application RecordPesticide Registration Numbers RecordFCommodityRecommendations(commodities listedin alphabeticalorder)- 0361376381401418418418419419421422423

Listing of Tables and tleTemperature, and Planting Recommendations for Transplant ProductionPlanting and Harvesting Schedule for Freestanding High Tunnel Vegetable Crop ProductionState Pollinator Protection PlansTarget Soil pH Values for Vegetable CropsPounds of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) Recommended per AcreConversion of Recommended Calcium Carbonate Equivalent to Recommended LimestoneSoil Test Categories for Nutrients Extracted by Mehlich 3 and 1Composition of Principal Macronutrient Fertilizer MaterialsChemical Sources of Secondary and MicronutrientsBoron Recommendations Based on Soil Tests for Vegetable CropsRecommendations for Correction of Vegetable Crop Nutrient DeficienciesSufficiency Ranges for Fresh Petiole Sap Concentrations in Vegetable CropsPlant Nutrient Value Credits to Be Allowed for Manure Applications and Crop ResiduesStatus for Organic Production, Mineral Nutrient Value, and Relative Availability ofVarious MaterialsMost Critical Periods of Water Needs by CropsAvailable Water Holding Capacity Based on Soil TextureSoil Infiltration Rates Based on Soil TextureIrrigation Applied per Hour per Cropped Acre (inches)Maximum Number of Hours per Application for Drip Irrigated VegetablesIrrigation Guidelines for TensiometersEquivalent Injection ProportionsEPA Signal Words According to Toxicity Categories (I, II, III, IV) of Pesticide ProductsKd, Koc, Water Solubility and Persistence Values for Selected PesticidesGround Speed ConversionHerbicide Effectiveness on Common Weeds in VegetablesCrop Rotation Planting RestrictionsPrepackaged Herbicide Mixtures Available for Various Vegetable Crops andthe Components of the MixturesImportant Herbicide Groups for Commercial VegetablesInsecticides and Miticides Labeled for Use on Greenhouse VegetablesInsecticides with Labels for ChemigationFRAC Codes and Corresponding Chemical Groups for Commonly-Used FungicidesCommonly Used Fungicides Registered for VegetablesEffective Seed Treatment Temperature Protocols (2nd Bath) for Pathogen EradicationSelected Fungicides and Bactericides Labeled for Greenhouse UseVegetable Seed SizesPlant Spacing and PopulationsFrequently Used Weights and MeasuresSimple Plant-Growing MixPreferred Plant-Growing MixTitleThe Environmental Protection Agency Bee Advisory BoxNutrient Application Rates Vary in Relation to Soil Test CategoryPetiole Delineation for Several Plant 20Page273642

Abbreviations and AcronymsOFoil formulationOLFother labeled formulationsProduct Formulations - continuedSCspray concentrate, soluble concentrateSGsoluble granulesSPsoluble powderWwettableWBEwater-based emulsionWDGwater-dispersible granulesWDLwater-dispersible liquidWPwettable powderWSBwater-soluble bagWSPwater-soluble packetUnits of Measurement/Abu Ccccu ftcu ydcwtd Fftfl ozggalgpmhinlbminmphozppmpsiptqtsq fttbstspwkyrper acrebushel(s)degrees Celsiuscubic centimeter(s)cubic foot (feet)cubic yard(s)hundredweightday(s)degrees Fahrenheitfoot (feet)fluid ounce(s)gram(s)gallon(s)gallons per minutehour(s)inchpound(s)minute(s)miles per hourounce(s)parts per millionpounds per square inchpint(s)quart(s)square foot ct iAPALSAMSFRACIRACKK 2ONOMRIPP2O5PHIREIWSSAcrop oil concentratedustdry flowabledry prilldry saltemulsionemulsifiable concentrateemulsifiable suspensionemulsion in waterflowableflowable concentratefluidflowable micro-encapsulatedgranuleliquidliquid concentrateliquid flowablemicro-encapsulatedxialfalfa mosaic virusearly blight disease controlFusarium wilt resistanceleaf roll resistantmosaic testedpowdery mildew resistantpowdery mildew tolerantPhytophthora resistancePhytophthora tolerantpotato virus Xpotato virus Ywatermelon mosaic viruswatermelon mosaic virus race2white rust resistancezucchini yellow mosaic virusactive ingredientat plantingacetolactate synthaseammonium sulfateFungicide Resistance Action CommitteeInsecticide Resistance Action Committeepotassiumavailable potashnitrogenOrganic Materials Research Institutephosphorusavailable phosphoric acidPre Harvest Interval (in days)Restricted Entry Interval (in hours)Weed Science Society of America

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A General Production RecommendationsA. General Production Recommendations1. VarietiesNew varieties are constantly being developed throughout the world and it is impossible to list and describe all; onlythose that are available and adapted to the mid-Atlantic region are listed in this publication (see crop sections inchapter F). While all efforts are made to have comprehensive lists, not all varieties may be listed. New varieties orvarieties with a limited release will have the designation “trial”; they should be evaluated in smaller plantings first.The ultimate value of a variety for a particular purpose is determined by the grower: performance under his or hermanagement adaptation to specific environmental conditions, as well as having desired horticultural characteristics.Some Variety Selection Criteria:Yield: The variety should have the potential to produce crops at the same or better yield and quality to those alreadygrown. Harvested yield may be much less than potential yield depending on markets and quality factors.Days to Harvest: Choose varieties that meet market requirements based on days to harvest. Earliness is a majorselection factor for first spring plantings and days to harvest is a critical selection factor for late summer and fallmaturing crops, especially in shorter season areas of the region. Days to harvest in seed guides are based on themost common planting date and may be considerably longer in cooler periods or shorter in warmer periods. A moreaccurate guide to maturity will be Growing Degree Days (GDD), which are calculated for a specific crop usingdaily highs and lows and a base temperature. GDD information for different vegetable crops such as peas and sweetcorn are available from seed suppliers and breeders.Disease and Insect Resistance, Herbicide Resistance: The most economical and effective means of pestmanagement is through the use of varieties that are resistant or tolerant to diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses,or nematodes. When all other factors are equal, select a variety with needed disease resistance or tolerance. In somevegetables, such as sweet corn, insect resistant varieties are also available and should be considered where they fityour requirements. Herbicide resistant varieties of sweet corn are also available to allow for the use of postemergence non-selective herbicides for weed control. The continuous or intense production of herbicide or pestresistant varieties can potentially lead to herbicide-tolerant weeds and new, more virulent pest strains. Adherenceto vender or Extension recommendations and a long-term crop rotation plan should minimize this risk.Resistance to Adverse Environmental Conditions: Choose varieties that are resistant to environmental conditionsthat are likely to be encountered. This includes heat or cold tolerance (disorders such as tuber heat necrosis or frosttolerance); drought tolerance; resistance to wet weather (disorders such as cracking and edema); and resistance tonutrient disorders such as blossom end rot, leaf tip burn and hollow stem.Horticultural Quality: Choose varieties that meet market quality requirements. Quality attributes such as taste,texture, size, shape, color, uniformity, and defects will often dictate variety selection. Grades, percentage by grade,or pack-outs are key quality attributes for some markets. Variety test data such as soluble solids (sugars orsweetness), acidity, pungency, fiber content and consumer taste panel information can assist in variety selectionwhere available. Processing performance is of major concern for frozen, canned or pickled vegetables. Otherconsiderations include the ability to handle mechanical harvest or the ability to be packed and shipped distanceswith minimum damage in contrast to vegetables that are adapted only to hand harvest and local sales or shortdistance shipping. Other quality characteristics to consider include holding or storage ability, ripeningcharacteristics, nutritional content, and culinary qualities.Plant Characteristics: Plant characteristics that may be considered in variety selection include plant form such asbush, upright, or vining; plant height; plant size; location of harvested part on the plant (such as top set in beans);and ease of harvest.Adaptability: Successful varieties must perform well under the range of environmental conditions and productionpractices commonly encountered on individual farms. Seasonal adaptation is another selection consideration. Pleasenote that varieties listed under the “Recommended Varieties” section for individual crops in chapter F may not beadapted to all areas of the Region (e.g., mountain vs coastal growing areas).1

A General Production RecommendationsMarket Acceptability: The harvested plant product must have characteristics desired by both you and your buyers.Consider the requirements or desires of consumers, packers, shippers, wholesalers, retailers, or processors. Includedamong these qualities are flavor, pack out, size, shape, color, culinary qualities, nutritional quality or processingquality. Specialty markets such as ethnic markets, restaurants, or gourmet sales will have very specific varietyrequirements. Many vegetable seed companies offer varieties that are transgenic or “GMO” (genetically modifiedorganism). GMO varieties feature a small amount of DNA from a source outside of the crop species gene pool;another plant species, bacterium, virus, or even animal. This foreign DNA is either the direct source of a new traitsuch as herbicide, or disease or insect resistance or is needed to assist the gene insertion process. GMO products inthe food chain are of concern to some consumers and buyers. Be aware of potential adverse public sentiment beforegrowing and marketing GMO varieties of vegetable crops.Variety selection is a very dynamic process. Some varieties retain favor for many years, whereas ot

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national . University of Delaware Rutgers University Virginia Tech Horticulture Horticulture Horticulture E. Ernest M. Infante-Casella M.S. Reiter G.C. Johnson W. Kline Entomology