Forests, Trees And Agroforestry - Cgspace.cgiar

EmbrapaEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Brazilian Enterprise forAgricultural ResearchEPIAEx post impact assessmentERAIFTEcole régionale post-universitaire d'aménagement et de gestionintégrés des forêts et territoires tropicauxESEnvironmental servicesEU ETSEuropean Union Emission Trading SystemEUEuropean UnionEUFORGENEuropean Forest Genetic Resources ProgrammeEU-REDEuropean Union-Reducing Emissions from DeforestationFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFAO’s COFOsCommittee on Forestry of the FAOFARAForum for Agricultural Research in AfricaFAWEForum for African Women EducationalistsFBDForestry and Beekeeping Division (Tanzania)FCPFForest Carbon Partnership FacilityFDIForeign direct investmentFEMFood, energy and medicineFFIFauna and Flora InternationalFLACSOFacultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (Latin AmericanSchool of Social Sciences)FLEGTForest Law Enforcement, Governance and TradeFLRForest landscape restorationFMUForest management unitFORDAForestry Research and Development Agency (Indonesia)FORIForestry Research InstituteFORIGForestry Research Institute of GhanaFORNESSAForestry Research Network for Sub-Saharan AfricaFPPForest Peoples ProgrammeFRIForestry Research InstituteFRIMForestry Research Institute of Malawi/ Forestry Research InstituteMalaysiaFSCForest Stewardship CouncilGCARDGlobal Conference on Agricultural Research for DevelopmentGCBSGlobal Strategic Base CollectionGCSGlobal Comparative Study on REDD ix

GEFGlobal Environmental FacilityGEOSSGlobal Earth Observation System of SystemsGFARGlobal Forum on Agricultural ResearchGHGGreenhouse gasGIAHSGlobally Important Agricultural Heritage SystemsGISGeographic Information SystemGOFC-GOLDGlobal Observation of Forest and Land Cover DynamicsGRPRGender responsive participatory researchGSACGlobal Strategic Active CollectionIAASTDInternational Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology forDevelopmentIADBInter-American Development BankIBIFBolivian Institute of Forestry ResearchICARIndian Council of Agricultural ResearchICCRIIndonesian Coffee Cocoa Research InstituteICECRDIndonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and DevelopmentICHORDIndonesian Center for Horticulture Research and DevelopmentICIMODInternational Centre for Integrated Mountain DevelopmentICRWInternational Center for Research on WomenIDRCInternational Development Research CenterIERInstitut d’Economie Rurale du MaliIETAInternational Emissions Trading AssociationIFADInternational Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFCInternational Finance CorporationIFRIInternational Forestry Resources and InstitutionsIGBPInternational Geosphere-Biosphere ProgramIHDPInternational Human Dimensions ProgramIHSANatural Resources Law Institute (Institut Hukum Sumberdaya Alam,Indonesia)IIAMNational Institute for Agriculture Research (Mozambique)IIAPInstituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (PeruvianAmazon Research Institute)IIEDInternational Institute for Environment and DevelopmentIITAInternational Institute of Tropical AgricultureILCInternational Land CoalitionILTERInternational Long-term Ecological Researchx

IMFNInternational Model Forest NetworkIMSInformation management systemINBARInternational Network for Bamboo and RattanINERAL’Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles(Burkina Faso)INESEFORInstituto de Investigaciones y Servicios Forestales (Costa Rica)INIAInstitute of Agricultural Research (Spain)INIANational Institute of Agrarian Innovation (Peru)INIAPInstituto Nacional de Investigacao Agraria e das Pescas (Ecuador)INTAEl Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Argentina)IPBBogor Agricultural University I(ndonesia)IPBESIntergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem ServicesIPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPEAInstituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Brazil)IPGInternational public goodsIPOCIndonesian Palm Oil CommissionIRADInstitute of Agricultural Research for Development (Cameroon)IRDL'Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementIRETInstitut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (CENAREST)ISPCIndependent Science and Partnership CouncilITTOInternational Tropical Timber OrganizationIUCNInternational Union for Conservation of NatureIUFROInternational Union of Forest Research OrganizationsIWGFFIndonesian Working Group on Forest FinanceIYFUN International Year of Forests (2011)JRCJoint Research CenterKARIKenya Agricultural Research InstituteKEFRIKenya Forestry Research InstituteLAFORGENLatin American Forest Genetic Resources NetworkLAMILLandscape Management for Improved LivelihoodsLDCFLeast Developed Countries FundLIPILembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (Indonesian Institute ofSciences)LLSLivelihoods and Landscapes Strategy of the IUCNLSMSLiving standard measurement surveyLTERLong-term ecological researchxi

LTSERLong-term socio-ecological researchLUCCLand use and cover changeM&AMitigation and adaptationM&EMonitoring and evaluationMABMan and the Biosphere ProgrammeMARDMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Vietnam)MCBMalaysian Cocoa BoardMDGMillennium Development GoalMERCOSURSouthern Common MarketMRVMeasurement, Reporting and VerificationMSUManagement Support UnitNAFFORINational Forestry Resources Research Institute (Uganda)NAFRINational Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (Lao PDR)NAMANationally Appropriate Mitigation ActionNAPANational Adaptation Programme Of ActionNARISNational agricultural research information systemsNARONational Agricultural Research Organisation (Uganda)NARSNational agricultural research systemsNEPAD-CAADPNew Partnership for Africa’s Development – Comprehensive AfricanAgricultural Development ProgrammeNFANational Forestry Authority (Uganda)NGONon-governmental organizationNHSCPNational Household Survey Capability ProgramNICFINorway’s International Climate and Forest InitiativeNRMNatural resources managementNSSNegotiation Support SystemsNTFPNon-timber forest productNWPUNFCCC Nairobi Work ProgrammeODAOverseas development assistanceODIOverseas Development InstituteOECDOrganization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOTCAAmazon Cooperation Treaty OrganizationPAProtected areaPCAPhilippine Coconut AuthorityPEFCProgramme for the Endorsement of Forest Certificationxii

PENPoverty Environment NetworkPESPayments for environmental servicesPILIPusat Informasi Lingkungan Indonesia (Indonesian EnvironmentalInformation Center)PIPAParticipatory impact pathways analysisPLAASInstitute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian StudiesPRAParticipatory rural appraisalsPRESAPro-poor payments for Environmental Services in AfricaPROFORProgram on ForestsPSPPermanent sample plotRECRegional Economic CommunityRECOFTCCenter for People and ForestsREDD Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation andenhancing carbon stocksRESRewards for environmental servicesRFNRainforest Foundation NorwayRIFFEACRéseau des institutions de formation forestière et environnementaled'Afrique centrale (Gabon; Network of Forestry Schools in CentralAfrica)RILReduced impact loggingRPIIntegrated Research Plan (FORDA)RPPReadiness preparation planRRIRights and Resources InitiativeRSBRoundtable for Sustainable BiofuelsRSPORoundtable on Sustainable Palm OilRTRSRoundtable on Responsible SoyaRUFORUMRegional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in AgricultureRUPESRewards for use of and shared investment in pro-poor environmentalservicesSADCSouthern African Development CommunitySAFORGENSub-Saharan African Forest Genetic ResourcesSARDSustainable Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentSBSTASubsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological AdviceSBTTASpecial Body for Scientific, Technical and Technological AdviceSCALESustainable Collective Action for Livelihoods and the EnvironmentSCCFSpecial Climate Change FundSCRIScottish Crop Research Institutexiii

SEANAFESoutheast Asia Network for Agroforestry EducationSEARCARegional Center for Graduate Study and Research in AgricultureSEIStockholm Environment InstituteSFAStephen F. Austin State UniversitySFMSustainable forest managementSIGEOSmithsonian Institution Global Earth Observatory NetworkSLIMFSmall and low intensity forest managementSLUSt Louis UniversitySMARTSpecific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-boundSMESmall- and medium-sized enterpriseSNGFSilo National des Graines Forestières (Madagascar; National ForestrySeed Bank)SNVNetherlands Development OrganisationSPCSecretariat of the Pacific CommunitySPDAPeruvian Society for Environmental RightsSPIAStanding Panel on Impact AssessmentSRFStrategic results frameworkSSACScientific and Stakeholder Advisory CommitteeSTCPSustainable Tree Crops ProgramSTRISmithsonian Tropical Research InstituteSVATSoil vegetation atmosphere transferT&ITrade and investmentTATanzania Association of ForestersTAFORITanzania Forestry Research InstituteTAWLAETanzanian Association of Women Leaders in Agriculture andEnvironmentTBITropenbos IndonesiaTEEBThe Economics of Ecosystems and BiodiversityTNCThe Nature ConservancyUEAUniversity of East Anglia (United Kingdom)UNAMUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoUNAMAZAsociación de Universidades AmazónicasUMBNorwegian University of Life SciencesUNCCDUnited Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDPUnited Nations Development Programmexiv

UNEPUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCOUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNFFUnited Nations Forum on ForestsUN-REDDUnited Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions fromDeforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing CountriesVARTCVanuatu Agricultural Research and Training CentreVCSAVoluntary Carbon Standards AssociationVDSAssociation des Volontaires pour le Dévelopement au Sahel (BurkinaFaso)VPAVoluntary partnership agreementWACWatershed Agricultural CouncilWALHIWahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Indonesian Forum for theEnvironment)WARSIConservation Information Forum (Indonesia)WBWorld BankWCSWildlife Conservation SocietyWEDOWomen’s Environment and Development OrganizationWFPUN World Food ProgrammeWOCANWomen Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural ResourceManagementWRIWorld Resources InstituteWWFWorld Wide Fund for Naturexv

AcknowledgementsThis proposal is the result of a collaborative effort involving numerous research, managementand communications staff from all four participating centers: CIFOR, the World AgroforestryCentre, Bioversity and CIAT. Many of these CGIAR employees delayed other work tocontribute to this proposal, frequently giving up evenings, weekends and holidays to meettight deadlines. Without their tireless support, pulling together this proposal would not havebeen possible, and we are extremely grateful to them all. The overall effort was coordinatedby a core team that included Andrew Taber for CIFOR, Tony Simons and Meine vanNoordwijk for the World Agroforestry Centre, Laura Snook and Judy Loo for Bioversity andGlenn Hyman for CIAT. The editorial team at CIFOR also did an excellent job at pullingtogether the final proposal from many different sources. We further thank staff at otherCGIAR centers, particularly ICARDA, IITA, IFPRI, ILRI and IWMI, both for theirperspectives and for their advice for collaboration and synergy with other CRPs.We received endorsement letters, provided in Annex 6, from key partner institutionsincluding: CIRAD, the Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA) of Indonesia,the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), the International Union forConservation of Nature (IUCN), the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations(IUFRO), the Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), the Latin American Forest GeneticResources Network (LAFORGEN), the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), theSub-Saharan Africa Forest Genetic Resources Network (SAFORGEN) and the TropicalAgricultural Research and Higher Education Centre (CATIE). We express our gratitude toall, particularly for providing advice and perspectives on our evolving ideas and the proposaldocument itself, often within tight timeframes.In addition, representatives from more than 50 institutions provided valuable comments andfeedback on earlier versions of this proposal. Many of them also participated in one or moreof our outreach events (GCARD, IUFRO, COP16, UNFF9) or attended the CRP6 partnerconsultation workshop in Nairobi (see Annex 2).We thank them all for their time, effort andresponsiveness. Members of the CGIAR Consortium Board along with four anonymousreviewers provided invaluable critiques and reviews of various versions of this proposal forwhich we are grateful. Our investors/donors also provided valuable formal and informalviews that have helped us better assess demand for our work. Among other non-CGIARcontributors, we thank Jürgen Hagmann and Picoteam for facilitating planning events andproviding fresh perspectives.xvi

Executive SummaryThe challengeForests are cut, temperatures rise and biodiversity is lost. The poor become poorer andindigenous cultures disappear. With the rise in temperatures, fires increase, droughtslengthen, floods spread, and pests and diseases affecting livestock and plants adapt andmultiply. What many are calling a “perfect storm” gathers strength and the impact rollsacross the developing world from the forests to the farms to the atmosphere. The first andhardest hit are the poorest people who eke out a living on formerly forested lands, or farm drycereals on degraded and rain-fed lands where the margins for error are slim to none. Next hitare the irrigated areas where floods and drought combine to silt or empty reservoirs; andfarmers who plant highly targeted crop varieties struggle to adapt. The incomes andlivelihoods of the world’s poorest people spiral downward.This scenario stems in large measure from the poor management of our forests, trees and wildgenetic resources. Despite decades of research and development efforts to reversedeforestation, forest degradation and biodiversity loss, these trends continue at an alarmingrate. During the time it takes to read this case for investment, as much as 3000 hectares ofnatural forests and tree cover will disappear, along with the biodiversity they embrace, a lossof almost 13 million hectares annually. Deforestation and land use change contribute 12–18%of the world’s total annual carbon emissions accelerating global warming.Natural forests form a dwindling part of a finite land area where conversion to agricultureposes the greatest threat in the developing tropics. Adjacent or newly cultivated cropland mayretain remnant trees or accommodate natural tree regeneration. However, these areinsufficient to provide the environmental goods and services formerly coming from intactforests. And while conversion of forest to agriculture can in some cases improve ruralincomes, all too often deforestation leads to impoverishment of both ecosystems andcommunities.Such outcomes are overwhelmingly the result of governance failures at landscape, nationaland global scales. Such governance failures are typically manifested through such factors asunclear land tenure or insecure access rights to resources; poorly regulated extraction, tradeand investment regimes; nonexistent or inchoate land use planning; a growing propensity forland grabbing; perverse incentives; exclusion of poor, often indigenous, people fromdecision-making processes; and weak law enforcement. Individually or collectively, thesefactors contribute to the loss of forest and tree cover, the progressive depletion of tree geneticresources and biodiversity, and the unequal distribution of economic and social benefits fromforests, trees and agroforestry systems.Deforestation and degradation cause the loss of more than just the biodiversity, products andenvironmental services that forests and trees provide—carbon sequestration, stabilization ofsoils, adaptation to the destructive effects of rising temperatures or a simple, peaceful retreat.Failure to optimize land use means we are squandering an opportunity to improve thelivelihoods of more than a billion of the world’s poorest people, as well as the nationalbalance sheets of developing countries. More than US 3 billion a year is lost in illegallogging in Indonesia alone. Forests and trees conservatively provide US 250 billion in thevarious types of income—timber, fuelwood, food, medicines and non-forest tree products—xvii

from these resources. However, this amount could be much higher and could also besustainable for generations to come.Studies show that people living in or near forests earn on average about 25% of their incomefrom forest resources; this amount could be much higher with multiple-use managementapproaches that target all the potential sources of income from forests, trees andenvironmental services, instead of the prevailing narrow focus on the extraction of a fewvaluable tree species. The potential of payments for environmental services (PES)—andspecifically reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD )—as sources ofrevenue for rural forest stewards remains barely tapped. Trees on farms offer tremendouspotential to increase rural incomes. Roughly 10% of the world’s tree cover is found onfarms—and the rate is increasing—making an important contribution to climate mitigationand adaptation. In developing countries, agroforestry systems provide essential fodder andnon-timber forest products, and contribute significantly to the revenues of women-ledhouseholds. Wild tree species have the potential to play a critical role in improvinglivelihoods on small farms. Nevertheless, most extension agents do not receive training inagroforestry techniques and most wild tree species are not yet adequately conserved. Ifextension agents were so trained, if wild tree species were classified and cultivated topreserve and improve their sustainable productivity, and if access to markets for tree productswere enhanced, then income from trees on farms could be vastly increased.The world requires a well-planned, well-resourced and long-term effort to improve themanagement and governance of our remaining forests, to reduce conflicts over disputedlands, to increase the input of women and marginalized communities and to derive morevalue from trees deliberately cultivated in agricultural and forest-adjacent lands. In theabsence of that effort, those people who depend on forests and trees for their livelihoods willbe left to become even further impoverished, and climate change will continue to warmthe world.What is needed now to answer this challenge is a new approach to research—more strategic,more targeted and more collaborative. It must be ambitious and far reaching. It must bedriven by innovation, by new methods, by new partnerships and by more capacity. The timeit takes to move from science to impact must be slashed. Time is not a friend of forestsand trees.A new research approachIn response to the urgency of the challenge described abov

4. Program Support 215 . 4.1 Communications and knowledge sharing in CRP6 215 . 4.2 Monitoring and evaluation for impact 224 . 4.3 Program management 230 . 5. Budget 241 . 5.1 Overview 241 . 5.2 Assumptions and basis of projections 243 . 5.3 Composition 247 . 5.4 Resource allocation 248 . Annexes 251 . Annex 1. Descriptions of CGIAR centers 251