The FLUKA Code: A Short Introduction
The FLUKA Code: a short introductionAn Introduction to FLUKA:a Multipurpose Particle Interaction and Transport MC code
FLUKAMain authors:A. Fassò, A. Ferrari, J. Ranft, P.R. SalaContributing authors: G. Battistoni, F. Cerutti, M. Chin, T. Empl, M.V. Garzelli, M. Lantz, A. Mairani,V. Patera, S. Roesler, G. Smirnov, F. Sommerer, V. VlachoudisDeveloped and maintained under an INFN-CERN agreementCopyright 1989-2017 CERN and INFN 10000 registered usershttp://www.fluka.org2
The FLUKA International CollaborationR. Augusto, G. Aricò, C. Bahamonde Castro, M.I. Besana, M. Brugger, F. Cerutti, A. Cimmino, L. Esposito, Alfredo Ferrari,R. Garcia Alia, J. Idarraga Munoz, W. Kozlowska, A. Lechner, M. Magistris, A. Mereghetti, E. Nowak, S. Roesler, F.Salvat-Pujol, P. Schoofs, E. Skordis, G. Smirnov, C. Theis, A. Tsinganis, Heinz Vincke, Helmut Vincke, V. Vlachoudis,J.Vollaire CERNG. Battistoni, F. Broggi, M. Campanella, I. Mattei, S. Muraro, P.R. Sala, S.M. Valle INFN. Milano, ItalyN. Mazziotta INFN Bari, Italy A. Margiotta INFN & Univ. Bologna, Italy M.C. Morone Univ. Roma II, ItalyF. Ballarini, E. Bellinzona, M. Carante, A. Embriaco, A. Fontana INFN & Univ. Pavia, ItalyL. Sarchiapone INFN Legnaro, Italy V. Patera, S. Pioli INFN Frascati & Univ. Roma I , ItalyP. Colleoni, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Italy G. Magro, M. Pelliccioni CNAO Pavia, ItalyA. Mairani, CNAO Pavia, Italy & HIT, GermanyP. Degtiarenko, G. Kharashvili, JLab, USA M. Santana, SLAC, USA L. Lari ,FNAL USAA. Empl, S. Hoang, M. Kroupa, L. Pinsky Univ. of Houston, USAK.T. Lee, E. Semones, N. Stoffle, N. Zapp NASA, Houston, USAA.Bahadori Kansas Univ. USA M. Trinczec, A. Trudel TRIUMF, CanadaG. Dedes, S. Mayer, K. Parodi, LMU Munich, Germany Anna Ferrari, S. Mueller HZDR Rossendorf, GermanyS. Brechet, L. Morejon, N. Shetty, S. Stransky, S. Trovati, R. Versaci, ELI-Beamlines, Prague, CzechiaT.J. Dahle, L. Fjera, A. Rorvik, K. Ytre-Hauge , Bergen Univ., NorwayF. Belloni INSTN-CEA, FranceA. Fedynitch DESY Zeuthen, Germany T. T. Boehlen, Medaustron, Austria, D.Georg, MedUni, Vienna, AustriaC. Cuccagna, TERA Switzerland T.V. Miranda Lima Kantonhospital Aarau, SwitzerlandM. Lantz, Uppsala Univ., Sweden F. Fiorini, Oxford Inst. Rad. Oncol., UKP. Garcia Ortega IUFFYM, Spain I. Rinaldi, INP Lyon, FranceM. Chin, MalaysiaA. Fassò, M.V. Garzelli, E. Gadioli, J. Ranft3
FLUKA short description: FLUKA is a general purpose tool for calculations of particle transport and interactions with matterAll Hadrons (p, n, , K,pbar, nbar, (anti)hyperons ) [0-10000 TeV]Electromagnetic ( , e /-) and μ and n[1 keV – 10000 TeV]Nucleus-nucleus[0-10000 TeV/n]Low energy neutrons(0-20 MeV, multigroup, ENDF )Transport in magnetic fieldCombinatorial (boolean) and Voxel geometriesDouble capability to run either fully analogue and/or biased calculationsOn-line evolution of induced radioactivity and doseRadiation damage predictions (NIEL, DPA)User-friendly GUI interface thanks to the Flair interfacehttp://www.fluka.org4
Particles transported by FLUKA:5
The FLUKA Code designBased, as far as possible, on original and well-tested microscopic modelsFull cross-talk between all components: hadronic, electromagnetic, neutrons,muons, heavy ionsIt is a “condensed history” MC code, however with the possibility to use singleinstead of multiple scatteringFLUKA is NOT a toolkit! Its physical models are fully integratedThe user does not need to choose a “physics list”The user has, however, the possibility to optimize CPU vs accuracywhen neededFluka provides powerful built-in scoring, well tested and suited for mostapplicationsThe user does not need to write external code to get results andstatistics6
What can be done with FLUKA?Some examples
Cern & FlukaRadiation damage( 9000registeredusers worldwide, vation, Waste disposalLHC:Shielding,pp 6.5 6.5residualTeV, PbPb 2.5 2.5 TeV/ndose ratesPS: 24 GeV pSpallation sources (n ToF),secondary beams (n!!)SPS: 450 GeV p(n) ExperimentsEnergy deposition(quenching, damage)8
Dosimetry cosmic raysComplete simulation of cosmic raysinteractions in the atmosphere Dedicated “cosmic” packageavailable to usersModel of airplane geometryResponse of dosimetersDose to aircrew on commercialflights , depending on routeAmbient dose equivalent from neutrons at solar maximum oncommercial flights from Seattle to Hamburg and from Frankfurt toJohannesburg.Solid lines: FLUKA simulationRoesler et al.,Rad. Prot. Dosim.98, 367 (2002)9
*In collaboration with CEA-SaclayThe neutron albedo from GCR’s at 400 km altitude*10
Medical physics : RadiotherapyBragg peak in a water phantom400 MeV/A C beam:The importance of fragmentationExp. Data (points) from Haettner et al, Rad. Prot. Dos. 2006Simulation: A. Mairani PhD Thesis, 2007, Nuovo Cimento C, 31, 200811
The FLUKA course: an IntroductionHow:This course is intended to provide users with the basic (and possibly morethan basic!) knowledge of:a) The most relevant FLUKA instructions and optionsb) The physics models adopted in FLUKAc) The different scoring options embedded in FLUKAd) The different running optionse) The tools to plot resultsf) The right approach to the existing documentationg) The procedures to overcome difficulties and problems and relateddebugging toolsh) etc. etc.12
Possible problems People here are not all at the same level of FLUKA knowledge. There are those whoalready have some experience, maybe not negligible. However we need to start from scratch. We apologize to the experienced people and beg them to be patient: it’s not excludeda priori that they can learn something new also concerning the very basic elements! FLUKA is written in fortran. No knowledge of fortran or other languages is needed inthis course, however some of the terminology used might be derived from fortran. Ifthis happens and gives problems, please ask! FLUKA runs in a Linux environment. A basic knowledge of most common Linuxcommands is required, as well as the capability to use a text editor (emacs, vi, gedit.).If some of you has troubles with this, please tell us13
Agenda14
A glimpse of FLUKA
The FLUKA versionFLUKA20xx.n(y)(.m)Major versionMinor versionRespinPatchlevelIn this course we are using FLUKA2011.2x16
The FLUKA license (it is not GPL): Standard download: binary library user routines. FLUKA can be used freely for scientific and academic purposes,ad-hoc agreement for commercial purposes It cannot be used for weapon related applications It is possible, by explicit signing of license, to download the source forresearchers of scientific/academic Institutions. FLUKA can neither be copied into other codes (not even partially), nortranslated into another language without permission For commercial use, trial version (limited in time and random seeds) available.Commercial license to be negotiated with CERN & INFN.Please register on www.fluka.org .and read the license!17
The FLUKA mailing lists fluka-users@fluka.orgUsers are automatically subscribed here when registering on the web site.It is used to communicate the availability of new versions, patches, etc. fluka-discuss@fluka.orgUsers are encouraged to subscribe at registration time, but can uncheck the relevantbox. It is used to have user-user and user-expert communication about problems,bugs, general inquiries about the code and its physics contentUsers are strongly encouraged to keep this subscription18
Using FLUKAPlatform: Linux with g77 (on 32 and 64 bit machines)and gfortran (on 64 bit machines)Mac OSX with gfortranThe code may be compiled/run only using operating systems, compilers (and associated)options tested and approved by the development teamStandard Input: Command/options driven by “data cards” (ascii file)Graphical interface is available Standard Geometry (“Combinatorial geometry”): input by “data cards” Standard Output and Scoring:Apparently limited but highly flexible and powerfulOutput processing and plotting interface available19
Disclaimer A good FLUKA user is not one that only masters technically the programBUT a user that: Indeed masters technically the code; Know its limitations and capabilities; Can tune the simulation to the specific requirements and needs of theproblem under study;but most of all Has a critical judgment on the resultsTherefore in this course we will equally focus on: The technical aspects of the code[building your input, geometry, scoring, biasing, extracting results ]as well as The underlying physics and MC techniques20
The course team Teachers, please introduce yourself21
The students Students, please introduce yourself, with a word on your application field22
Thanks for your attention!23
Examples of FLUKA Applications
The TARC experiment at CERN:25
The TARC experiment: neutron spectraFLUKA EA-MC (C.Rubbia et al.)26
Application & Benchmarking – LHC operationTest quench induced by the wire scanner on 2010 Nov 1 on the left of P4 at 3.5TeVEN General Meeting - 27
Applications – LHC collimationregionRFMomentunCleaningCMSPoint 4Point 5MagnetsLHC DumpPoint 3.3Point 3.2The LHCLoss RegionsPoint 6Regions of high losses(e.g., Collimators, )Point 2Regions with low losses(e.g., due to residual gas)Point 7BetatronCleaningPoint 8ALICEPoint 1LHCbATLASCollimatorsFLUKA geometryvisualized withflair
Example: 3 Primary Collimators IR729
Example: 3 Primary Collimators IR730
Applications – LHC collimation regionCooling timeResidual dose rate (mSv/h)after one year of operation8 hours1 week4 monthsCERN-SC-2005-092-RP-TN6th FLUKA course, CERN 200831
Applications – totaland Neutron Dosefrom PHOTONbeamCalculated 1-MeV neutronequivalent fluence rate inSi(GlueX experiment at Jlab)Beam : 8-9 GeV photons,From the CEBAF electronaccelerator32
Applications – CNGS33
Cern Neutrino to Gran SassoEngineering and physics: target heating,shielding, activation, beam monitors, neutrino spectraMuons in muon pits: horiz. distribution for beam alignmentEnergy deposition in CNGS target rods, GeV/cm3/pot34
Applications – CNGSmSv/hExample:100tcool 1 day1016th FLUKA course, CERN 200835
Damage to electronicsSLAC: Damage to electronics near the dumps at theLCLS (Linear Coherent Light Source)36
CERN-EU High-Energy Reference Field facility (CERF)Thermo-Eberline dose-meter FHZ 672ACTIVATION ofsamples in contactwith a 50 cm long, 7cm diameter coppertarget, centred onthe beam axisMicrospec
Test of instrumentation : Beam Loss Monitors at CERFCERN-EN-NOTE-2010-002-STICERF setupBLM’s positions38
CERF particle spectraNeutron spectrach hadronfluenceCh. Had.and BLM1Ch Hadand BLM 639
(3D) Calculation of Atmospheric n FluxThe first 3-D calculation ofatmospheric neutrinos was donewith FLUKA.The enhancement in thehorizontal direction, whichcannot be predicted by a 1-Dcalculation, was fullyunexpected, but is now generallyacknowledged.In the figure: angulardistribution of n , n ,, ne, neIn red: 1-D calculation
COMIC RAYS: Negative muons at floating altitudes:CAPRICE94Open symbols: CAPRICE dataFull symbols: FLUKAprimary spectrum normalization AMS-BESSAstropart. Phys., Vol. 17, No. 4 (2002) p. 47741
Neutrons on the ER-2 plane at 21 km altitudeMeasurements:Goldhagen et al., NIM A476, 42 (2002)Note one order of magnitudedifference depending on latitudeFLUKA calculations:Roesler et al., Rad. Prot. Dosim. 98,367 (2002)42
Dosimetry ApplicationsRoesler et al.,Rad. Prot. Dosim.98, 367 (2002)Ambient dose equivalent from neutrons at solar maximum oncommercial flights from Seattle to Hamburg and from Frankfurt toJohannesburg.Solid lines: FLUKA simulation
Dosimetry applications: doses toaircrew and passengersToilet orGalleyAIRBUS 340Wing fuel tankCockpitFerrari et al, Rad. Prot.Dosim. 108, 91 (2004)Business ClassEconomic ClassCenter fuel tankHold44
Carbon Ion TherapyBragg peak in a water phantom400 MeV/A C beam:The importance of fragmentationExp. Data (points) from Haettner et al, Rad. Prot. Dos. 2006Simulation: A. Mairani PhD Thesis, 2007, Nuovo Cimento C, 31, 200845
Using the information from the patient CT in the MC FLUKA can embed voxelstructures within its standardcombinatorial geometry Transport through the voxels isoptimized and efficient Raw CT-scan outputs can beimportedThe GOLEM phantom PetoussiHenss et al, 2002The Voxel Geometry46
Proton therapy: dose and PET distributions from MC,HeadClival Chordoma, 0.96 GyE / field, DT1 26 min, DT2 16 min2 Field1 FieldTP DosePETMCMCDoseMeas. PETK. Parodi et al., PMB52, 3369 (2007)47
Online evolution and buildup of induced activityIn all accelerator-related applications. and in many more, the evaluations of induced activationand prompt/residual dose rates are essential. In Fluka: Reliable interaction models, with particular care of the latest stages (evaporation,fragmentation, break-up) Decay β /-’s, ’s, EC electrons, α’s, produced according to a database (based on ENSDF,www.nndc.bnl.gov ) Screening and Coulomb corrections for β /- spectra Analytical calculation of activity build-up and decayIn the same run, prompt and delayed results according to userdefined irradiation and cooling profilesActivities: 2D and 3D distributions, and full inventories at eachbuildup/cooling timeEnergy deposition (dose, decay heat), particle fluences (includingdose equivalent with folding online) at each buildup/cooling time48
ITER geometry: divertor cassette[FLUKA ray tracer by D. Pastor]49
DPA: ITER, blanket moduleFor a safety evaluation ofthe ITER machine, IRSN*asked CERN to performneutronic and activationcalculations with theFLUKA Monte Carlo code.Max. 3 DPAblanketVacuumvessel10% err. 20%The report presents FLUKAresults on radionuclideinventory, ambient residualdose rate, dose evaluation,residual power for the coolingcircuit, and displacement peratom (DPA)Stat. error 20%Stat. error 10%*Institute de Radioprotection et Surete Nucleaire50
Applications -LHC collimation region Regions of high losses (e.g., Collimators,« ) ATLAS Regions with low losses (e.g., due to residual gas) The LHC Loss Regions Point 1 Point 2 Point 3.2 Point 3.3 Point 4 Point 5 Point 6 Point 7 Point 8 ALICE LHCb Momentun Cleaning RF CMS LHC Dump Betatron Cleaning FLUKA geometry visualized with flair .
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