HUNGARY Energy Policies Of
Hungary 12/06/0310:57Page 1I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N E R G Y A G E N C YEnergy Policiesof IEA CountriesHUNGARY2003 Review(61 2003 08 1 P1) 75ISBN 92-64-01470-59:HSTCQE UVY\UV:2003 ReviewAs part of the IEA’s periodic review process ofits Member countries, this report analysesHungary’s energy sector and policies, andprovides proposals and recommendationsfor the Hungarian government.HUNGARYHungary still faces a number of challenges however. In the electricitysector, it needs to ensure that MVM, the largest utility, does not causedistortions through its market power. Security of gas supplyis vital for Hungary. Opening the Hungarian upstream market toincrease indigenous gas production and to facilitate competitionis a positive step. But domestic production is not sufficient.Limited gas-to-gas competition, uncertainty as to futuregas demand and the oligopolistic structure of gas distributioncompanies may constrain the development of competition.Finally, policies which cap energy prices to addresssocial welfare concerns discourage energy saving, distortfuel choices and discourage investment by energy firms.Energy Policies ofHungary has made remarkable progress in liberalising its energy markets,as part of the government's aim to strike a balance between energy security,economic efficiency and environmental protection. A new Electric Power Actwas passed in December 2001, partially opening the electricity market tocompetition by 2003 and to full competition by the time Hungary accedesto the European Union in 2004. A new law on gas will be approvedin 2003 introducing competition in the gas market.Energy Policiesof IEA CountriesHUNGARY2003 Review
I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N E R G Y A G E N C YEnergy Policiesof IEA CountriesHUNGARY2003 Review
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY9, rue de la Fédération,75739 Paris, cedex 15, FranceORGANISATION FORECONOMIC CO-OPERATIONAND DEVELOPMENTThe International Energy Agency (IEA) is anautonomous body which was established in November1974 within the framework of the Organisation forEconomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) toimplement an international energy programme.Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Parison 14th December 1960, and which came into forceon 30th September 1961, the Organisation forEconomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shallpromote policies designed:It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy cooperation among twenty-six* of the OECD’s thirtymember countries. The basic aims of the IEA are: to achieve the highest sustainable economic growthand employment and a rising standard of living inmember countries, while maintaining financialstability, and thus to contribute to the developmentof the world economy; to maintain and improve systems for coping with oilsupply disruptions; to promote rational energy policies in a globalcontext through co-operative relations with nonmember countries, industry and internationalorganisations; to operate a permanent information system on theinternational oil market; to improve the world’s energy supply and demandstructure by developing alternative energy sourcesand increasing the efficiency of energy use; to assist in the integration of environmental andenergy policies.* IEA member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium,Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republicof Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand,Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, theUnited Kingdom, the United States. The EuropeanCommission also takes part in the work of the IEA. to contribute to sound economic expansion inmember as well as non-member countries in theprocess of economic development; and to contribute to the expansion of world trade on amultilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordancewith international obligations.The original member countries of the OECD are Austria,Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, theUnited Kingdom and the United States. The followingcountries became members subsequently throughaccession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan(28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia(7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973),Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic(21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996),Poland (22nd November 1996), the Republic of Korea(12th December 1996) and Slovakia (28th September2000). The Commission of the European Communitiestakes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECDConvention). OECD/IEA, 2003Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this publicationshould be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris cedex 16, France.
TABLE OF CONTENTS1SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . .2ORGANISATION OF THE REVIEW.153GENERAL ENERGY SCENE AND ENERGY POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . .174ENERGY EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516RENEWABLE ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597FOSSIL FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658ELECTRICITY AND NUCLEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION . . . . . . . . . 137AANNEX: ENERGY BALANCES AND KEY STATISTICAL DATA . . . . . . 141BANNEX: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY “SHARED GOALS” . . 145CANNEX: GLOSSARY AND LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 14773
Tables and FiguresTABLES1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.General Economic Features, 1997 to 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Energy End-use Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Excise Duty Levels for Liquid Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2001 Objectives and Results of Energy-saving Programmeswithin the Széchenyi Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Activities Implemented Jointly in Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Air Pollutants in Hungary, 1992 to 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Renewable Energy in Hungary, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Petrol Stations in Hungary, 1998 to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gas Consumption by Sector, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Principal Coal Mines in Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Licence Holders of the Hungarian Electricity Industry, 2001 . . . . .Average Electricity Prices of Representative Consumer Groups(taxes excluded), 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Origin and Distribution of Capital Ownership in the HungarianElectricity Sector, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8.9.10.11.12.13.4Map of Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Total Primary Energy Supply in IEA Countries, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . .Energy Production by Source, 1973 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Total Primary Energy Supply, 1973 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Total Primary Energy Supply and Total Final Consumption,1990 to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Total Primary Energy Supply and Gross Domestic Product,1990 to 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Energy Intensity in Hungary and in Other Selected IEA Countries,1973 to 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Energy Intensity in Hungary and in Other Selected IEA Countries,1973 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Total Final Consumption by Sector, 1973 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Total Final Consumption by Sector and by Source,1973 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Energy-related CO2 Emissions per GDP in Hungaryand in Other Selected IEA Countries, 1973 to 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CO2 Emissions by Fuel, 1973 to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CO2 Emissions by Sector, 1973 to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18212323363637404041515252
.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.Final Consumption of Oil by Sector, 1973 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oil and Gas Exploration Concession Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oil Infrastructure in Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Refineries in Central and Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fuel Prices, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OECD Unleaded Gasoline Prices and Taxes, Third Quarter 2002 . .OECD Automotive Diesel Prices and Taxes, Third Quarter 2002 . .Main Gas Distribution and Supply Areas in Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ownership Structure of Regional Gas Distribution Companies . . .Natural Gas Transportation Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Final Consumption of Natural Gas by Sector, 1973 to 2020 . . . . .Monthly Gas Consumption, January 1994 to April 2002 . . . . . . . .Indigenous Gas Production and Imports, 1973 to 2020 . . . . . . . . .Gas Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gas Prices in Hungary and in Other Selected IEA Countries,1980 to 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gas Prices and Taxes in IEA Countries, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Functional Model of the Hungarian Gas Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The New Gas Market Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Final Consumption of Coal by Sector, 1973 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . .Electricity Distributors and Retailers in Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Electricity Generation by Source, 1973 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Electricity Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Import and Export of Electricity, 1990 and 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Hungarian Transmission Network and Main Power Plants . . .Final Consumption of Electricity by Sector, 1973 to 2020 . . . . . . . .Yearly Electricity Consumption per Inhabitant in the Supply Regions,1980, 1990 and 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Electricity and Heat Regulated Price Formation, 1 January 2001to 31 December 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Electricity Prices in IEA Countries, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Electricity Prices in Hungary and in Other Selected IEA Countries,1985 to 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141151161171211241255
SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONSSUMMARYThe aim of Hungary’s energy policy is to strike a balance between energysecurity, economic efficiency and environmental protection, in line with theIEA Shared Goals. In 1999, the “Hungarian Energy Policy Principles and theBusiness Model of the Energy Sector” (Resolution 2199/1999 VIII. 6) waspublished. This document promoted the following policy principles andobjectives: Creation of an efficient domestic energy market functioning as an integralpart of the single European energy market, but respecting nationalparticularities, serving both economic competition and consumerprotection. Preservation and augmentation of the security of energy supply. Enforcement of environmental protection requirements on both futuredevelopments and existing generating and energy-consuming plants. Improvement of public scrutiny and information, democratic control and,for the remaining monopolies, transparent price regulation.Hungary continued its remarkable progress in energy market liberalisation sincethe last In-depth Review, creating the conditions for an electricity market todevelop on similar grounds as in other European countries, and paving the wayfor a natural gas market. A new Electric Power Act was passed in December2001, introducing competition into the restructured power industry and makingHungarian legislation in this area compatible with EU directives. In 2003, theHungarian electricity retail market will be partially opened to competition andthen gradually fully opened by the time Hungary is admitted to the EuropeanUnion (EU). A new gas law is being discussed and will probably be approved in2003. This law will pursue the liberalisation of the gas sector, with an initialopening of the gas market to 25% of gas consumption, creating a new gaspricing mechanism and discontinuing the practice of setting prices for gasproduced in Hungary. The government deserves full credit for its determinationto pursue reforms. While the strong driving force in energy policy has clearlybeen the need to conform to the acquis communautaire 1 given the prospect ofEU accession, it is also a step towards a more efficient energy system.1. The acquis communautaire is a term used to designate the current state of EU legislation andprocedures.71
Despite these positive developments, Hungary faces a number of challenges.In the electricity sector, it needs to ensure that the state electricity generationand grid company (MVM) does not cause market distortions given itsimportance in the market. In particular, existing long-term contracts of MVMshould be monitored, since the company has access to low-cost nuclearfacilities, influencing effective competition. The independent system operator(MAVIR) was established in 2002, but the ownership of transmission linesremains with MVM. MAVIR’s responsibilities need to be further strengthened.Capacity and transmission constraints are also causes of concern. Hungary islikely to encounter capacity constraints around 2005 when some of the oldcoal-fired plants will be closed in line with EU environmental directives. Therecould also be severe congestion in the interconnection between the SlovakRepublic and Hungary. The government will need to monitor generation,transmission and interconnection capacities.Security of natural gas supply is vital for Hungary given the high shareof natural gas in the energy mix. It is therefore commendable to strive toopen the Hungarian upstream market to increase indigenous gas productionand facilitate competition. Domestic production prospects could belimited, because of uncertainties concerning the regulation of the natural gasmarket given the delayed implementation of the proposed Gas Act. Theact should be adopted and implemented as quickly as possible. Limitedgas-to-gas competition due to the strong dominance of Russian gas,uncertain future gas demand given uncertain electricity demand and theoligopolistic structure of gas distribution companies are fundamentalconstraints to the development of strong and healthy competition in theHungarian natural gas market. The appropriate authorities, including theHungarian Energy Office (MEH), should monitor the development of the gasmarket, in particular the implication of existing take-or-pay (TOP) contracts,limited sources of supply and interaction with stranded costs as marketconditions develop.While the new legislation has increased MEH’s independence, key pricingdecisions for non-eligible consumers are still a government responsibility.Despite recent efforts for prices better to reflect costs, a policy to keepenergy prices low for certain categories of consumers for social reasons stillexists. This policy has various harmful effects, such as discouraging energysaving and distorting fuel choices. Furthermore, low prices havediscouraged investment by domestic energy firms such as MVM and theHungarian oil and gas company (MOL) because the policy has causedfinancial losses and rendered economic viability of new investmentuncertain. This could have serious implications for energy security. Thegovernment should provide a clear timetable with milestones for priceincreases to market levels for gas and electricity. To avoid possible conflictsof interest, it should give full responsibility to the MEH, not only to calculateprices, but also to set them.8
As in many other transition countries, Hungary’s energy policy has for a longtime focused on the expansion of energy supply, while paying little attentionto costs and economic efficiency. During the past decade, the governmentincreased its emphasis on the demand side, but its primary focus remainslargely on the supply side, i.e. securing supply, introducing competition in theenergy markets and diversifying energy sources. Weak emphasis on theenergy demand side could be problematic in the future. Final energyconsumption has been quite stagnant in past years, largely because ofeconomic restructuring, during which several energy-intensive industriesshrunk and less energy-intensive industries emerged and grew. Economicrestructuring is likely to slow down, which will lead to growth in final energyconsumption, following a gradual increase of GDP per capita. In the future,some specific sectors of the Hungarian economy will require more focus onincreased energy efficiency, in particular the building sector, small andmedium-sized enterprises and the transport sector.Renewable energy potential, though limited, largely remains to be developedin Hungary. Significant near-term potential lies in bioenergy resources andrenewable municipal wastes for electricity and heat production, and ingeothermal energy for heat. However, current grants and funds without cleartechnology or market priority may eventually support technologies that havelittle economic relevance in Hungary. Similarly, the use of a single feed-intariff for electricity generated from renewable sources may end up supportingrelatively high-cost renewable energy options while generating rents for lowercost options. The current policy framework for renewables will need to beimproved to better reflect cost-effectiveness.RECOMMENDATIONSThe government of Hungary should:General Energy Policy Establish an indicative timetable for price increases to market levels for gasand electricity for non-eligible consumers. Address social hardship through social policy measures, not through energyprices. Establish a timetable for handing price control responsibilities to the MEH. Ensure that the Directorate-General for Energy is adequately staffed and hassufficient resources to administer the energy market liberalisation process.9
Organise, in a transparent fashion, the contributions of the differentrepresentative bodies of consumers of the network industries (electricity, gas,district heating) to avoid any risk that certain groups of consumers wouldhave a favoured position in influencing government policy. Define a timetable to improve energy quality and reduce technical and nontechnical losses. Devise indicators for monitoring the quality of energy supply (electricity,gas), in co-operation with all the energy stakeholders. Design and implement a system of improved measures (detection andsanctions or penalties) against electricity pilferage.Energy Efficiency Continue to strengthen the close co-ordination among all energy efficiencyplans involving national, European and international institutions to makeoptimal use of such expertise and funding. Provide the Energy Centre with an adequate budget, staff and executivepowers to allow it to fulfil its tasks at both national and international levels. Investigate through the MEH and the Hungarian Competition Officewhether heat prices are being set on a reasonable cost-reflective basis and,if not, devise and implement an appropriate solution to avoid pricedistortions between heat and power that would negatively affect investmentin and modernisation of combined heat and power (CHP) and districtheating systems. Give priority to strengthening energy efficiency in the building sector throughthe implementation of EU regulations on energy-efficiency standards in thehousehold sector, improve and enforce the mandatory thermal insulationstandards and strengthen the programme for retrofitting the energyinefficient housing stock. Strengthen energy audits in industry (including small and medium-sizedenterprises), and measures to encourage the audited enterprises toimplement recommended cost-effective measures. Establish and implement a comprehensive long-term energy efficiencyTransport Plan with clear objectives supported by adequate cost-effectivemeasures and investments funded over the long term to limit the growthof road transport. Include measures to stimulate investment in publictransport, on driver behaviour (car labelling for example) and on thediffusion of cleaner fuels and low-emission vehicles.10
Strengthen the appropriate measures and capacities to carefully monitorand assess all the energy efficiency programmes and measures, and adjustthem according to the changing economic context.Energy and the Environment Establish a clear institutional framework for Joint Implementation (JI)projects to facilitate access of foreign investors and minimise transactioncosts. Consider whether to use the existing emissions trading surplus underthe Kyoto Protocol to encourage early investment in JI projects. Consider broader participation in international emissions trading underthe Kyoto Protocol and how the government can improve Hungary’senvironmental performance, e.g. through financing additional projects toreduce greenhouse gas emissions. Define a timetable for joining an emissions trading regime. Maximise transparency on environmental issues to encourage publicacceptance. Continue to seek improvements in local pollutant emissions levels.Renewable Energy Create a roadmap for renewable energy resource development, highlightingeconomic potential in priority technologies. Evaluate the added value of expanding technology co-operation through theIEA Implementing Agreements. Anticipate that the future level of support will gradually decline as viabletechnologies are identified and sustainable markets are developed. Work towards the introduction and development of market-oriented policyinstruments as the mainstream for cost-effective exploitation of renewables.Fossil FuelsOil Make sure that the relevant competition authorities continue to monitorwhether oligopoly is developing in the regional market and if there is a needfor regulatory action. Consider reducing the price distortion created by the relatively high exciseduty on light fuel oil in order to diversify energy supplies for heating.11
Ensure the implementation of the law requiring that MOL submit thenecessary data for the reporting requirement under internationalcommitments. Adopt the proposed Gas Act as soon as possible to implement a stableregulatory tax and pricing regime as a means to reduce uncertainties for allmarket participants, including domestic gas producers. Price all gas in the wholesale market on a market-related basis. If the government decides to impose an “excess profits tax” to capture, forthe public benefit, excess profits derived from gas production at facilitiesthat have been fully written down, ensure that such a tax only capturesgenuine “excess” profits. Continue to monitor the effects on competition of existing TOP contracts,limited sources of supply and interaction with stranded costs. Set up the conditions to facilitate the decision by MOL (or others) to installadditional gas storage facilities, keep this option under review inconsultation with the MEH and allow tariffs to reflect storage costs. Address the social consequences of bringing gas prices to market-relatedlevels through targeted social policy measures. Develop a contingency plan for possible supply disruption, to ensure thatappropriate co-ordinated emergency arrangements are put in place to avoidgas supply shortfalls, and for the safe reconnection of consumers in the eventof a gas supply shortfall.GasElectricity and NuclearElectricity Give MAVIR more extensive responsibilities in the management and operationof the network and strengthen MAVIR’s responsibilities as an independentsystem operator. Ensure that balancing services provided by MAVIR are priced on a competitivebasis. Ensure that appropriate arrangements are made for MAVIR to monitor theadequacy of the transmission network cross-border interconnection capacity. Monitor the development of competition to avoid excess market powerexerted by companies through long-term contracts.12
Address the problem of electricity pilferage. Review the arrangements for price caps as a means of price regulation,ensuring that social objectives are pursued through means other than energyprices. Strengthen the MEH’s autonomy in regulating electricity.Nuclear Take decisions on the nuclear waste disposal framework as soon as possible,consistent with a full safety assessment. Continue to ensure a high level of safety and maintain public confidence innuclear plant operations, by securing the independent position of theHungarian Atomic Energy Authority (HAEA) to regulate nuclear safety. Take the necessary steps to separate the management of the Public Agencyfor Radioactive Waste Management (PURAM) from HAEA in order to clarifythe relationship between the safety regulator and the licensee.Research, Development and Demonstration Design and implement a comprehensive energy RD&D strategy integratingthe existing fragmented programmes and clearly setting priorities. Consider joining IEA Implementing Agreements.13
ORGANISATION OF THE REVIEWREVIEW TEAMAn IEA review team visited Hungary in October 2002 to review the country’senergy policies. This report was drafted on the basis of information receivedduring and prior to the visit, including the official Hungarian government’sresponse to the IEA 2002 policy questionnaire, and the views expressed byvarious parties during the visit. Pierre Audinet managed the review processand is the main author of this report. The team greatly appreciated theopenness and co-operation shown by everyone it met.The members of the team were:Mr. John Havard(Team Leader)Assistant DirectorEnergy Markets UnitDepartment of Trade and IndustryUnited KingdomMrs. Helen GratsiaHead of Energy Statistics SectionEnergy Policy DirectorateMinistry of DevelopmentGreeceMrs. Karina VeumAdviser, Energy SectionMinistry of Petroleum and EnergyNorwayMr. Olivier AppertDirector, Long-Term Co-operationand Policy Analysis OfficeInternational Energy AgencyMr. Alain BilotAdministrator, Energy EfficiencyPolicy Analysis DivisionInternational Energy AgencyMr. Pierre Audinet(Hungary Desk Officer)AdministratorCountry Studies DivisionInternational Energy AgencyMr. Timo HaapalehtoAdministratorOECD Nuclear Energy AgencyORGANISATIONS VISITEDThe team held discussions with representatives of the following organisations:Association for the Protection of Consumers (OFE), www.ofe.huAssociation of Gas Distribution Companies (GE), www.hungas.huAssociation of Hungarian Energy Consumers (MESZ)152
Budapest Electricity (ELMÜ), www.elmu.huClean Air Group (Levegö Munkacsoport), www.levego.huCoal Mining Restructuring Centre (SZÉSZEK), www.szeszek.huE.ON Hungária, www.eon-hungaria.huEl Paso Hungary (EL-PASO)Energy Centre (Energia Központ), www.energycentre.huEnergy Club (Energia Klub), www.energiaklub.huHungarian Association of Electricity Distributors (MÁE)Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority (HAEA), www.haea.gov.huHungarian Competition Office (GVH), www.gvh.huHungarian District Heating Association (MATA'SZSZ)Hungarian Energy Office (MEH), www.eh.gov.huHungarian Petroleum Association, www.petroleum.huIndustrial Energy Consumers’ Forum (IEF), www.ief.huInstitute for Electric Power Research (VEIKI), www.veiki.huMAVIR, www.mavir.huMinistry of Agriculture, www.fvm.huMinistry of Economy and Transport, www.gkm.huMinistry of Education, www.om.huMinistry of Environment and Water, www.kvvm.huMOL, www.mol.huMVM, www.mvm.huNorth-Transdanubian Gas Supply Corporation (ÉGÁZ)Paks Nuclear Power Plant, www.npp.huPublic Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (PURAM), www.rhk.huWorld Wide Fund Hungary, www.wwf.hu16
GENERAL ENERGY SCENEAND ENERGY POLICYOVERVIEWHungary is a landlocked country in the centre of Europe. It borders on Austria,Croatia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia andUkraine and has a surface area of 93 000 km2. The country has a temperateclimate.Hungary transitioned from a communist state to a democracy relativelysmoothly and held its first free, multi-party parliamentary election in March1990. Prior to this important change, Hungary had already led significantmarket reforms that provided a competitive edge to its economy. Hungary’sinfrastructure, particularly that of the energy sector, has features that date backto the time it was a communist state within the Council of Mutual Ec
United Kingdom, the United States. The European Commission also takes part in the work of the IEA. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development .
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Toolkit for detecting collusive bidding in public procurement With examples from Hungary Working Paper series: CRC-WP/2014:02 Version 2.0 April 2015, Budapest, Hungary The Corruption Research Center Budapest was created in November 2013 in response to the growing need for independent research on corruption and quality of government in Hungary.
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