A Glossary Of Karst Terminology - USGS
A Glossary ofKarst TerminologyGEOLOGICALSURVEYWATER-SUPPLYPAPER1899-K
A Glossary ofKarst Terminolog)'Compiled by WATSON H. MONROECONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATESGEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1899-KA contribution to the InternationalHydrological DecadeUNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORROGERS C. B. MORTON, SecretaryGEOLOGICAL SURVEYV. E. McKelvey, DirectorLibrary of Congress catalog-card No. 75-607530First printing 1970Second printing 1972
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATE."A GLOSSARY OFKARST TERMINOLOGYCompiled by WATSON H. MONROBABSTRACTThis glossary includes most terms used in describing karst geomorpho'ogicfeatures and processes. The terms are primarily those used in the literature ofEnglish-speaking countries, but a few of the more common terms in Fronch,German, and Spanish are included, with references to the corresponding Enrlishterms where they are available. The glossary also includes simple definitions ofthe more common rocks and minerals found in karst terrain, common terms ofhydrology, and a number of the descriptive terms used by speleologists. Theglossary does not include definitions of most biospeleological terms, geologicstructure terms, varieties of carbonate rock that require microscopic techniquesfor identification, or names describing tools and techniques of cave exploration.INTRODUCTIONThis glossary of karst terminology has been compiled mainly frompublished definitions and suggestions made by the following investigators in karst geomorphology: Keuben Frank and Joseph N. Jennings, Australia; Marjorie M. Sweeting, England; Paul Fenelon,France; Paul W. Williams, Ireland; David Wozab, Jamaica, TTestIndies; Victor R. Baker, Eugene Borax, Eeginald P. Briggs, WilliamE. Davies, John J. Fisher, L. A. Heindl, Harry LeGrand, C. L.McGuinness, George W. Moore, James P. Quinlan, Zane Spiegel, andV. T. Stringfield, United States.The terms are primarily those used in the literature of EngMshspeaking countries, but a few of the more common terms in French,German, Spanish, and Slavic languages are included, with referencesto the corresponding English terms. The existing glossaries of geology,geography, and speleology listed in the references have been paraphrased or quoted freely. Authorship has not been cited because theorigin of most terms has not been determined.Although the glossary was originally intended to include onlydefinitions of karst geomorphologic features, it was soon found desirable to include definitions of the more common rocks and mineralsfound in karst terrain, common terms of hydrology, and a number ofthe descriptive terms used by speleologists; most biospeleologicalKl
K2CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATESterms have been omitted. Also omitted are definitions of geologicstructure terms, which are defined in most dictionaries; varieties ofcarbonate rocks that require microscopic techniques for identification;and names describing tools and techniques of cave exploration,GLOSSARYabime. (French.) 1. Abyss. 2. Wide, deepshaft, in limestone, the walls of whichare vertical or overhanging.abris sous roche. (French.) See rockshelter.active cave. 1. Cave containing a runningstream. 2. Cave in which speleothemsare growing. (Less common and lessdesirable usage.) Compare live cave.aeolianite. See eolian calcarenite.aeration, zone of. See zone of aeration.aggressive water. Water having the ability to dissolve rocks. In the context oflimestone and dolomite, this term refersespecially to water containing dissolvedcarbon dioxide (carbonic acid) or,rarely, other acids.aguada. (Spanish for watering place.) InYucatan, shallow depression generallycovering several hectares used forwater supply.air pocket. An enclosed air space betweenthe water surface and the roof of acave.aisle. An elongated high narrow traversable passage in a cave. See also crawl,crawl way; corridor; passage.alternative. Adjective used to designatean intake or resurgence operating onlyduring rainy seasons; in some areasreversible; equivalent to intermittentUsed also as a noun.alveolization. (From the Latin word"alveolatus," meaning hollowed out.)Pitting of a rock surface produced bywind loaded with sand, by watercharged with carbonic acid, or by plantroots.anastomosis. A network of tubular passages or holes in a cave or in a solutionsculptured rock. A complex of manyirregular and repeatedly connected passages. Synonym, labryrinth.anentolite. A helictite in vhich the eccentricity is ascribed to the action of aircurrents.anthodite. A cave formation composedof feathery or radiating- masses of longneedlelike crystals of gj-psum or aragonite, which radiate ortward from acommon base. See also cave flower.apron. A smooth bulging mass of flowstone covering sloping projections fromwalls of caves or limestone cliffs.aquifer. A ground-water reservoir. Pervious rock that is completely saturatedand will yield water to a well orspring.aragonite. A mineral composed of calciumcarbonate, CaCOa, like calcite but differing in crystal form.arete and pinnacle karat. A landscape ofnaked reticulated saw-topped ridgeshaving almost vertical slopes and arelief of as much as 120 meters. Theridges rise above forest-covered corridors and depressions. Found in NewGuinea at elevations o* 2,000 metersand more.aven. 1. (French.) A vertical or highlyinclined shaft in limestone, extendingupward from a cave passage, generallyto the surface; smaller than an abtme.Commonly related to enlarged verticaljoints. Compare cenote; natural well;pothole. 2. (British.) A vertical extension from a shaft in a passage or chamber roof that tapers upward rather likea very elongate cone. Compare domepit.Bbackflooding. Temporarily rising waterlevel in a cave caused I* downstreampassage being too small to pass an abnormally high discharge. The excavation and reexcavation of some caves isascribed to the enlargement of a pas-
A GLOSSARY OP KARST TERMINOLOGYsage at or near the water table bygravity flow alternating with periodsof calcite precipitation.bacon. Thin, elongated, translucent flowstone having parallel colored bands onor projecting from roofs and walls ofsome caves. See also blanket; curtain;drapery.balcony. Any projection on the wall of acave large enough to support one ormore persons.bare karst. See naked karst.base level, karst. See karst base level.beachrock. A friable to indurated rockconsisting of sand grains of variousminerals cemented by calcium carbonate; occurs in thin beds dipping seaward at less than 15 . Also known asbeach standstone.bed. A layer in sedimentary rocks; astratum.bedding plane. A plane that separatestwo strata of differing characteristics.bedding-plane cave. A passage formedalong a bedding plane, especially whenthere is a difference in susceptibility tocorrosion in the two beds.bicarbonate. A salt containing the radical HCOs'1, such as Ca(HCOs) 2.biospeleology. The study of subterraneanliving organisms, particularly in cavesin limestone regions.blade. In a cave, a thin sharp projectionjutting out from roof, wall, or floor, ofwhich it is an integral part; generallythe remains of a partition or bridge.blanket. A thick layer of dripstone, nottranslucent, see also bacon; curtain;drapery.blind valley. A valley that ends suddenlyat the point where its stream disappears underground; some blind valleyshave no present-day streams. See alsohalf-blind valley; marginal polje.blowhole. 1. A hole on land near theshore through which air and water areforced by incoming waves. 2. (Australia. ) A small hole in the surface of theNullarbor Plain through which airblows in and out with observable force,sometimes audibly.K3blowing cave. A cave out of which orinto which a current of air f aws intermittently.blowing welL A well into T7hich andfrom which air blows with noticeableforce owing to changes in barometricpressure or tidal action on the underlying aquifer.blue hole. 1. (Jamaica.) A m jor emergence where water rises from belowwithout great turbulence. See alsoboiling spring. 2. (Bahamas.) Adrowned solution sinkhole.bogaz. (Slavic.) A long narrow chasmenlarged by solution of the limestone.See also corridor; struga; rinjon.boiling spring. (Jamaica.) A Irrge turbulent spring. See also blue hole.bone-breccia. Cave breccia includingmuch bone.botryoid. A grapelike deposit of calciumcarbonate generally found on walls ofcaves. Synonyms, clusterite; grapeformation.bourne. (British.) Intermittent streamin a normally dry valley in chalkcountry.boxwork. Network of thin blades of calcite or gypsum etched out ii relief onthe limestone walls and ceiling of acave.branchwork. A dendritic system of subterranean watercourses having manyincoming branches and no risible outgoing ones.breakdown. See cave breakdown.bridge. In a cave, a residual rock spanacross a passage. See also naturalbridgeburied karst. Karst topography buriedby younger sediments. See also covered karst; paleokarst.Ccalanque. (French.) 1. Cove or small bay.2. A valley excavated in limestone orformed by collapse of the roof of a caveand subsequently submerged by a risein sea level.calc-. Prefix meaning limy; containingcalcium carbonate.
K4CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATEScalcarenite. Limestone or dolomite composed of coral or shell sand or of grainsderived from the disintegration anderosion of older limestones. Size ofparticles ranges from 1/16 to 2 millimeters.calcareous. Containing calcium carbonate.calcareous tufa. See sinter.calcification. Replacement of the originalhard parts of an animal or plant bycalcium carbonate.calcilutite. Clastic limestone or dolomitein which the grains have an averagediameter of less than 1/16 millimeter;calcareous mudstone.calcirudite. A fragmental limestone inwhich the particles are generally largerthan 2 millimeters.calcite. A mineral composed of calciumcarbonate, CaCOs, like aragonite butdiffering in crystal form; the principalconstituent of limestone.calcite bubble. A hollow sphere formedby the deposition of calcite around agas bubble; the interior is smooth, andthe exterior consists of small jaggedcrystals.calcite flottante. (French.) See floe calcite.calcrete. (South Africa.) See caliche.caliche. 1. (Chile and Peru.) A naturaldeposit of nitrates and other saltsprecipitated at the soil surface. 2.(Mexico and Southwestern UnitedStates.) Indurated calcium carbonateand other salts found in the soil at thesurface in arid and semiarid regions,generally formed by evaporation oflime-bearing waters drawn to the surface by capillary action. 3. In someareas, refers to hardpan resulting fromconcentration of carbonate in the soilby downward leaching and repreciptation. See also kankar, kunkar.canalc. (Italian.) Long drowned valleyon the Dalmatian coast. Some canalimay be drowned poljes.canopy. A compound cave formation consisting of flowstone hanging from asloping wall projection and forming afringe of shawls or stalactites on theouter edge.canyon. 1. A steep-walletf chasm, gorge,or ravine cut by running: water. 2. Achasm that has been formed by a cavestream. 3. A valley forned by collapseof the roof of a long fairly straightcave; a karst valley.capillary stalagmite. Hollow stalagmiteformed by saturated karst waterpushed up through capillaries and smallcracks in a sinter crus"; covering permeable fluvial deposits on the floor ofa cave; first reported from Cuba, wheresuch stalagmites are composed ofaragonite.carbonate. 1. A salt or es*er of carbonicacid; a compound containing the radical COs"2, such as calcrum carbonate,CaCOs. 2. A rock consisting mainly ofcarbonate minerals, suc* as limestoneor dolomite.causse. (French.) A limestone plateau inthe southeastern part of the centralmassif of France chrracterized byclosed depressions, caves, and avens;a number of such plrteaus in andaround the basin of t e river Tarnconstitute Les Grandes Gausses. Thisregion was considered by CvijiC to exemplify karst development intermediatebetween holokarst and merokarst.cave. 1. A natural underground room orseries of rooms and passages largeenough to be entered b7 a man; generally formed by solutio of limestone.2. A similar artificial opening.cave blister. A small pimpMike cave formation, roughly oval in shape, generally loose, and having a core of mud.cave breakdown. 1. Enlargement of partsof a cave system by fall of rock massesfrom walls and ceiling. 2. Heaps of rockthat have collapsed froir the walls andceiling of a cave, generally called cavebreccia.cave breccia. Angular fragments of rockforming a fill in a cave, either cementedtogether by dripstone or in a matrix ofcave earth. Sec also solution breccia.
A GLOSSARY OF KAKST TERMINOLOGYcave coral. A rough, knobby growth of calcite resembling coral in shape, generally small; found on floor, walls, orceiling of a cave. Synonym, coral formation. See also knobstone.cave earth, cave fill. Insoluble deposits ofclay, silt, sand, or gravel flooring or filling a cave pa.ssage. In a more restrictedsense, cave earth includes only the finerfractions: clay, silt, and fine sanddeposits.cave flower. An elongate curved depositof gypsum or epsomite on a cave wallin which growth occurs at the attachedend. Synonyms, gypsum flower; oulopholite.cave formation. Secondary mineral deposit formed by the accumulation, dripping, or flowing of water in a cave. Seealso speleothem.cave group. A number of caves or cavesystems, not interconnected but geographically associated in some relieffeature or particular geological outcrop. See also cave series.cave guano. Accumulations of dung incaves, generally from bats; in someplaces partially mineralized.cave ice. Ice formed in a cave by naturalfreezing of water. Loosely but incorrectly applied to calcium carbonatedripstone and flowstone.cave-in. The collapse of the ceiling or sidewalls of a cave or of the land surfaceinto a subterranean passage as a resultof undermining or of pressure fromabove.cave marble. Banded deposit of calcite oraragonite capable of taking a highpolish. See also flowstone; onyxmarble.cave onyx. See onyx marble.cave pearl. Small concretion of calcite oraragonite formed by concentric precipitation around a nucleus. Synonyms,pisolite, pisolith.cave series. A group of caves of similarmorphology in a particular district.See also cave group.cave spring. A spring rising in a cave.cave system. 1. An underground networkof passages, chambers, or other cavities.K52. The caves in a given area related toeach other hydrologically, whethercontinuous or discontinuous from a single opening. See also cave grrnp, caveseries.caver. One who explores caves as a sport.Synonyms, potholer; spelunker.cavern. A cave, often used poetically or toconnote larger-than-average size.cavernous. Containing numerous1 cavitiesor caverns.caving. The sport of exploring caves.Synonyms, potholing; spelurking. 2.A method of mining in whicl the oreis allowed to cave or fall.ceiling block. Roughly cubical jointbounded large block, which h s fallenfrom the ceiling of a cave. See also cavebreakdown; ceiling slab.ceiling cavity. Solutional concav'ty in theceiling of a cave. The orientat'on is determined by joints or a bedding plane.ceiling channel. Sinuous channel developed in the ceiling of a cave, presumably during the phreatic phase of cavedevelopment.ceiling meander. A winding upside-downchannel in a cave ceiling.ceiling pocket. See pocket.ceiling slab, roof slab. A thin bnt extensive piece of rock that has fallen fromthe ceiling of a cave in roughly horizontal limestone. See also cave breakdown ; ceiling block.ceiling tube. A half tube remaining in theceiling of a cave.cenote. (Spanish, after Mayan tzouet ordzonot.) Steep-walled natural well thatextends below the water tabl?; generally caused by collapse of a cave roof.Term used only for features in Yucatan.See also natural well.chalk. Soft poorly indurated limestone,generally light in color; commonly composed of the tests of floating microorganisms in a matrix of veT finelycrystalline calcite.chamber. 1. (America.) The largest orderof cavity in a cave or cave system; ithas considerable length and breadthbut not necessarily great lieight. 2.(England.) A room in a cave.
K6CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATESlimestone or dolomite that has formedchasm. 1. A deep, fairly narrow breach inas the result of the collapse of the roofthe earth's surface; an abyss; a gorge;of a cave, of an underlying cave, or ofa deep canyon. 2. A deep, wide,an overhanging ledge. See also solutionelongated gap in the floor of a cave.breccia.chert. Light-cream or gray to black rockcomposed of silica, found occurring as collapse sink. A closed depression formedby the collapse of tie roof of a cave.nodules or layers in limestone, or as aSee also doline.replacement of limestone.chimney. A narrow vertical shaft in the column. A flowstone formation, generally.cylindrical, formed l the union of aroof of a cave, generally smaller thanstalactite and stair rnite. See alsoan aven; a dome pit.pillar.chockstone. A rock wedged between theconduit. A subterranean stream coursewalls of a cave passage.filled completely with water and alwayschoke. Rock debris or cave fill completelyunder hydrostatic pressure. See alsoblocking a passage.siphon.chute. An inclined channel or trough in acone karst. A type of karst topography,cave,common in the tropicr. characterized byclay fill. Dry or wet clay that fills a cavestar-shaped depressions at the feet ofpassage.many steep-sided cor -shaped hills. Aclay filling. According to Bretz (1942),variety of Kegelkarst. See also cockpittime interval between end of phreatickarst.solution of a cave and beginning ofconical wall niche. See meander niche,deposition of flowstone.constructivewaterfall. A large rimstoneclint. (England.) ialabs of limestone, pardam on a surface stream.allel to the bedding, forming a pavement. Widened joints, or grikes, iso- conuiite. A hollow, cone-shaped speleothem formed when a conical depressionlate individual clints. Synonym,is drilled in cave muc1 by falling water.Flachkarren.Subsequent erosion may remove theclosed depression. A general term for anymud, isolating the calcite lining of theenclosed topographic basin having nodepression.external drainage, regardless of origincorrasion. Mechanical erosion performedor size.by such moving agents as water, ice,clusterite. See botryoid.and wind, espe' ' Jly when armed withcockpit. (Jamaica.) 1. Any closed depresrockfragments. See also corrosion,sion having steep sides. 2. A star-shapeddepression having a conical or slightly corridor. 1. Relatively narrow passageway permitting travel between twoconcave floor. The surrounding hilllarger areas. 2. A fairljy level andslopes are steep and convex. Cockpitsstraight passage that links two or moreare the common type of closed depresrooms or chambers in a cave. 3. Intersions in a Kegelkarst.secting linear depressions on the surcockpit karst. Tropical karst topographyface of the land, related to joints orcontaining many closed depressionsdikes. See also bogaz; struga; zanjon.surrounded by conical hills. Divided bycorrosion.Erosion by solution or chemiFrench and German geographers intocalaction.See also corrasion.several types depending on shape ofhills. See also cone karst; Halbkugel- coupole. (French.) C "oola or hemispheric hill.karst; Kegelkarst; Spitzkegelkarst;cove. (Southern Appalachians.) Narrowtower karst.steep-sided karst val y flanking limecollapse breccia. A mass of rock composedstone plateaus.of angular to rounded fragments of
A GLOSSARY OF KARST TERMINOLOGYK7Dcovered karst. A terrane of karst features, usually subdued, resulting fromdaylight hole. A hole in the roof of athe development of solution featurescave, reaching the surface.in limestone covered by soil; contrasteddead cave. A dry cave in which all sowith naked karst, which is soil free.lution and precipitation has ceesed.See also buried karst.dead end. See cul-de-sac.crawl, crawlway. A cave passage thatdecalcification. Removal of calcium carmust be negotiated on hands and knees.bonate from a rock, leaving a residuumcrescentic wall niche. See meander niche,of noncalcareous material.crevice karst. An intricate irregular crevDeckenkarren.(German.) Solutionalice system that has formed by solutionpendantfeaturesin cave ceilir s.widening of closely spaced joints. Crevdecoration.Cavefeaturesdue to secondices may be as much as 6 meters acrossary precipitation of calcite, aragonite,and 20 meters deep. Especially wellgypsum, and other rarer minerals.developed near rivers in lowland Newdiffuse circulation. Circulation of groundGuinea.water in karst aquifers under condicrust stone. A fragile layer of flowstonetions in which all, or almost all, opencovering portions of walls of caves;ingsin the karstified rock intercomlooks like a flaky crust. Found in somemunicate and are full of water in theKentucky caves.zone of saturation.cryokarst. European equivalent of therdissolution. See solution.mokarst.dog-tooth crystal, dog-tooth spar. Acrystal cave. A cave in which much ofvariety of calcite in the form of sharpthe surface of the roof, walls, and floorpointedcrystals.is covered with well-formed mineraldoline. A basin- or funnel-shaped hollowcrystals.in limestone, ranging in diameter fromcrystal pool. In caves a pool, generallya few meters to a kilometer and inhaving little or no overflow, containingdepthfrom a few to several hundredcrystals.meters. Some dolines are gentle grassycueva. (Spanish.) Cave, especially onehollows; others are rocky cliff-boundedthat is horizontal or nearly so.basins. A distinction may be made becul-de-sac, dead end. A subterranean pastween those formed mainly by directsage having only one entry.solution of the limestone surface zone,cupola. A hemispheric hill of limestone.solution dolines, and those formed by(French.) Cupole. (German.) Halbcollapse over a cave, collapse dolines,kugel.but it is generally not possible to estabcurrent marking. Shallow asymmetricallish the origin of individual eramples.hollows, caused by turbulent waterfiow,Closed depressions receiving a streamthat are distributed in rather regularare known as swallow holes or streamfashion over limestone surfaces. Seesinks. In America most dolinesr are realso scallop.ferred to as sinks or sinkholescurtain. A wavy or folded sheet of flow- doline lake. A small karst lake occupystone hanging from the roof or proing a doline.jecting from the wall of a cave; oftendolomite. 1. A mineral composed oftranslucent and resonant. See alsocalcium magnesium carbonate,bacon; blanket; drapery,CaMg(CO»)*. 2. Rock chiefly composedcutter. 1. (Tennessee.) Solution creviceof the mineral dolomite. Also calledin limestone underlying residual phosdolostone.phate deposits. 2. A Karren-like groove dolomitization. The process wherebyformed beneath the soil, more comlimestone becomes dolomite by the submonly referred to as subsoil Karren.stitution of magnesium carbonate forSee also Karren.part of the original calcium carbonate.489-369 O - 72 - 2
K8CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATESdome pit. "Mammoth Cave possesses several extraordinary vertical cavities ofwhich the arched tops are called domesand the deep bottoms are called pfts.The combined names, dome pits, is hereused for them." (Davis, 1930, p. 600.)drapery. A thin sheet of dripstone, equivalent to curtain. See also bacon;blanket.driphole. 1. Hole in rock or clay produced by fast-dripping water. 2. Hollow space surrounded by precipitatedmaterial, such as the bottom of astalactite.dripstone. Calcium carbonate depositedfrom water dripping from the ceilingor wall of a cave or from the overhanging edge of a rock shelter; commonlyrefers to the rock in stalactites, stalagmites, and other similar speleothems;in some places composed of aragoniteor gypsum. See also flowstone.dry cave. A cave without a runningstream. See also dead cave.dry valley. A valley that lacks a surfacewater channel; common in the chalk ofsouthern England.duck-under. 1. A place where waterreaches the cave roof for a short distance and can be passed by quick submergence without swimming. 2. In cavediving, a longer stretch of passagewhere the water is so close to the roofthat crawling or swimming beneath thewater surface is needed to pass.dune limestone. (Australia.) see ugh cave.Eebb and flow spring, ebbing and flowingwell. A spring or flowing well exhibiting periodic variation in volume offlow; the periodicity, which is oftenirregular, is attributed to siphonicaction.eccentric. Adjective or noun implying abnormal shape in speleothems, such ashelictites.effluent cave. See outflow cave.emergence. Point at which an underground stream comes to the surface.See also exsurgence; resurgence; rise.eolian calcarenite. A terrestrial limestone formed by the cementation by carbonates of calcareous coastal dunesand. Often shortened to eolianite. Synonym, dune-limestone. Compare beachrock.epiphreas, epiphreatic zone. The zone ina cave system, immediately above thephreatic zone, affected morphologicallyand hydrologically br floods too largefor the cave to absort at once.estavelle. (French.) An intermittent resurgence or exsurgeroe, active only inwet seasons. May ac*: alternatively asa swallow hole and as a rising according to ground-water conditions.etched pothole. See solution pan.evorsion. Mechanical erosion by whirling water that may carry sand andgravel; pothole erosion.exhumed karst. Karst features reexposedby erosion from beneath former covering strata.exsurgence. Point at which an underground stream reaches the surface ifstream has no knovn surface headwaters. See also emergence; resurgence.Ffacet. See scallop.fault cave. A cave developed along a faultor fault zone.fissure cave. A narrow vertical cave orcave passage along a fissure. Fissureswiden out to become wells or shaftcaves.flattener. A cave passage, which thoughwide, is so low that movement is onlypossible in a prone position. See alsocrawl.floe calcite. Very thin film of pure calcium carbonate floating on the surfaceof a subterranean pool of very calmwater.floor pocket. See pocket.
A GLOSSARY OF KARST TERMINOLOGYflowstone. Deposits of calcium carbonate,gypsum, and other mineral matterwhich have accumulated on the wallsor floors of caves at places where watertrickles or flows over the rock. See alsodripstone.fluorescein. A reddish-yellow crystallinecompound that imparts a brilliantgreen fluorescent color to water in verydilute solutions; used to label underground water for identification of anemergence.flute. See scallop.fluviokarst. A predominantly karst landscape in which there is much evidenceof past or present fluvial activity.foiba. (Italian.) 1. A deep wide verticalcavity or the swallow point of a river atthe beginning of its underground course.2. A natural vertical shaft in solublerock, tending toward cylindrical shape;it may or may not reach the surface. Adome pit.formation. 1. The fundamental unit inrock-stratigraphio classification, consisting of a distinctive mappable bodyof rock. 2. See cave formation; speleothem.fossil karst. See paleokarst.free-surface stream. In a cave, a streamthat does not completely fill its passage.fresco. A half-section of a stalactite onthe wall of a cave.fungling. (Chinese.) Isolated limestonehill in alluvial plain, probably similarto mogote.Ggallery. A rather large, nearly horizontalpassage in a cave.geode. Hollow globular bodies varying insize from a few centimeters to severaldecimeters, coated on the interior withcrystals.geological organ. A group of solutionpipes best seen in the walls of quarries.glacier cave. Cave in ice formed withinor at the base of a glacier.glaciokarst. A glaciated limestone regionpossessing both glacial and karstcharacteristics.K9glade. 1. (Jamaica.) An elongate depression, having steep sides, in v hich agenerally flat floor is divided into smallbasins separated by low divides. 2.(Tennessee.) Limestone pavement having extensive growth of cedar trees.globularite. Small crystals of calcitetipped with spheres composed of radiating fibers.gour. See rimstone barrage, r'nistonebarrier, rimstone dam.grape formation. See botryoid.grike, gryke. (England.) A vertical orsubvertical fissure in a limestone pavement developed by solution alongajoint.Synonym.(German.)Kluftkarren.grotto. 1. A small cave, natural or artificial. 2. A room, in a cave system, ofmoderate dimensions but richlydecorated.ground air. See soil air.ground water. 1. The part of the subsurface water that is in the zone ofsaturation. See also phreas, phreaticwater. 2. Used loosely by some to referto any water beneath the surface.gryke. See grike.guano. See cave guano.gulf. Steep-walled closed depression having a flat alluviated bottom; in somegulfs a stream flows across the bottom.gushing spring. See vauclusian spring.gypsum. A mineral composed of hydrouscalcium sulfate, CaSO H-O.?ypsum flower. See cave flower.HHalbhbhle. (German.) See rock shelter.Halbkugelkarst. (German.) Tropicalkarst topography containing domeshaped residual hills surrounding depressions, a kind of Kegelkarst. Alsocalled Kugelkarsthalf-blind valley. Blind valley in whichthe stream overflows in floodtirae whenthe swallow hole can not accept all thewater.half tube. Trace of a tube remaining inthe roof or wall of a cave. See also tube.
K10CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATEShall. In a cave, a lofty chamber which ismuch longer than it is wide. See alsogallery.hanging blade. A blade projecting downfrom the ceiling. See also blade.hardness. Property of water that preventslathering because of the presence ofcations, mainly calcium and magnesium, which form insoluble soaps.haystack hill. (Puerto Rico.) In thetropics, rounded conical hill of limestone developed as a result of solution.Term being replaced by mogote.helictite. A curved or angular twiglikelateral projection of calcium
glossary does not include definitions of most biospeleological terms, geologic structure terms, varieties of carbonate rock that require microscopic techniques for identification, or names describing tools and techniques of cave exploration. INTRODUCTION This glossary of karst terminology has been compiled mainly from .
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NICU Glossary of Medical Terminology February 2019 This written information is for guidance only and does not replace consultation and advice by your health care provider. Glossary of Medical Terminology Neonatal Intensive Care Unit [NICU] This information sheet explains medical words which you will hear doctors and nurses use while
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(A Statutory body of the Government of Andhra Pradesh) 3rd,4th and 5th floors, Neeladri Towers, Sri Ram Nagar, 6th Battalion Road, Atmakur(V), Mangalagiri(M), Guntur-522 503, Andhra Pradesh Web: www.apsche.org Email: acapsche@gmail.com REVISED SYLLABUS OF B.A. /B.Sc. MATHEMATICS UNDER CBCS FRAMEWORK WITH EFFECT FROM 2020-2021
