Khordeh Avestc481 Zoroastrian Archives
KHORDEH AVESTĀcomprisingAshem, Yatha, the five Nyāyeshes, the five Gāhs,Vispa Humata, Nām Setāyeshne, Patet Pashemānee,all the Nirangs, Bājs, and Namaskars,and sixteen YashtsTRANSLITERATEDANDTRANSLATED INTO ENGLISHWith Copious Explanatory NotesPrepared byProf. Ervad MANECK FURDOONJI KANGA M.A.from the Gujarati originalKhordeh-Avestā-Bā-MāyeniofErvad KAVASJI EDULJI KANGA.(first Edition published in 1880and Thirteenth edition in 1976.)FIRST EDITION IN ENGLISH1362 A.Y. – 1993 A.C.Corrected edition 1381 A.Y. – 2013 A.C.
First Edition in English 1362 A.Y. – 1993 A.C. published by The Trusteesof the Parsi Panchayat Funds and Properties, 209, Dr. Dadabhai NaorojiRoad, Fort, Bombay – 400 001. Printed by: Jenaz Printers, Bombay. Tel. 2612853Revised 2013 to correct printer’s errors,avesta.org, Kasson MN USA.
FOREWORDThe Khordeh-Avesta, with text and translation in Gujarati, had beenprepared in the year 1880 A. D. by the celebrated Avesta Scholar, the LateErvad Kavasji Edulji Kanga. This work is known as Khordeh Avesta BāMāyeni. The value and the utility of this book could be perceived from thefact that even after more than a century, It has remained a standard work inthe Parsi Community for the purpose of prayers, and as well among thescholars as an indispensable reference book. The demand has been such thatit has subsequently been, published into thirteen editions.In recent times, however, it has been noticed that a fairly large number ofZoroastrians have been migrating to the Western countries, and hence havedifficulty in following the Gujarati language. Moreover, the youngergeneration in India are also nowadays not familiar with the Gujaratilanguage. A serious need was felt, therefore, to have a Khordeh-Avesta inEnglish on the lines of the Khordeh-Avesta Bā-Māyeni in Gujarati by the lateErvad K. E. Kanga.The Trustees of the Bombay Parsi Punchayet entrusted the work ofrendering the said Gujarati Khordeh-Avesta Bā-Māyeni into an Englishversion (Text in Roman Script with English Translation) to the well-knownScholar of Iranology, Prof. Ervad Maneck Furdoonji Kanga who hadcompleted this work diligently, but did not live for his work to see the lightof day, as he passed way in October, 1988. For the proof-reading andcorrection of this publication, thanks are due to Ervad Ratanshah RustomjiMotafram who is the Head-Master of the M. F. Cama Athornan Institute,Andheri, and an erudite scholar of Avesta Pahlavi.The Trustees of the Bombay Parsi Punchayet have great pleasure inpublishing this invaluable book and presenting the same in the service of theParsi Community.Dr. Aspi F. Golwalla,Chairman,Board of Trustees,Parsi Punchayet Funds and Properties,Bombay.Bombay,15th January, 1993.i
FOREWORD TO 2013 CORRECTED EDITION.The English edition of Ervad Kangaji’s popular classic was first printedin 1993. Unfortunately, the printed edition has since become very scarce. Tenyears later, it was digitised and put on the avesta.org web site through thetireless efforts of Ervad Soli Dastur. It quickly became one of the mostviewed and downloaded documents on the website – currently over 170,000times – a staggering amount in view of the small number of practisingZoroastrians.In 2011, in view of its popularity, and the fact that “the Parsees look uponErvad Kanga’s editions as the standard prayer-books in point ofpronunciation,” I undertook the task of preparing an ebook version of theclassic, which could be viewed on smart phones and tablets. At the sametime I took the opportunity to correct the frequent printer’s errors which thatedition suffered from. Given the technical difficulties, it has taken nearly twoyears to complete the task. I am sure the scanning process has introducednew defects, and I welcome all feedback so I can make further corrections.For those who are interested, a list of the corrections can be found athttp://www.avesta.org/kanga/ka english kanga errata.pdfJHP, avesta.orgMarch 7, 2013ii
Preface to the English Edition of the Khordeh Avesta-Bā-MāyeniThe oldest Zoroastrian religious scripture, as preserved at present, isknown as the Avesta. A section of this Avesta is known as the “KhordehAvesta’ which means the “Smaller (i.e. Selected) Avesta”. This is the book ofdaily prayers of the Zoroastrians. It is a cherished possession of everydevoted Zoroastrian household. The Khordeh Avesta is a collection ofprayers selected from other major works of extant Avesta literature such asYasna, Vispered, Vendidad, and the Yasht Literature. For instance, the AtashNyāyesh is taken from Yasna Chapter 62, and the Āvān Ardvisur Nyāyesh istaken from Yasna Chapter 65, and so on.The book “Khordeh Avesta”, therefore, contains daily prayers includingthe Kusti prayers, Hoshbam, Five Gāhs, Five Nyāyeshes (praise, litany), theĀfringān (benedictions, blessings) containing invocatory prayers andblessings dedicated to Ardāfravash, Dahmān, Srosh, Gahambar, Gatha,Rapithwin, etc., besides some prayers in Pazend.The “Khordeh Avesta,” intended for the use of the devotees, is acollection of the forms of prayers most required by them at various seasonsand in the various circumstances of their lives. As such, it is not a book ofuniform content and fixed arrangement. Thus, all the Yashts are alsoincluded in the “Tamām Khordeh Avesta;” but because of the convenience ofprinting facilities, only a few Yashts, known as the shorter Yashts, and alsothose which the publisher considers as being necessary or popular, aregenerally included in the Khordeh Avesta. The Hormazd Yasht, theArdibehesht Yasht, the Srosh Yasht Hādokht, the Srosh Yasht Vadi, thesmaller Hom and Vanant Yashts, Haftan Yasht, and the Bahram Yasht aregenerally included. However, different editions contain a varying number ofYashts. For the convenience of the devotees, even the Five Gathas of theHoly Prophet Zarathushtra, which form a part of the Yasna section, areincluded in some of the editions of the Khordeh Avesta.Zoroastrians recite their prayers in Avesta which is a sacred language.Among several words for “prayers” in Avesta, one is called “mānthra”,which means “thought (force), word, holy word”. It is similar to the Sanskrit“mantra”, and the Sanskrit translation is rendered as “mānthravāni” which isalso significantly called “ādesha”: “Divine Command”.Among other Avesta words for “prayer”, the “Mānthra” therefore,occupies a very important position, According to the Yasna Chapter 29.7(Gatha Ahunavaiti), “mānthra” is the Holy Word of Divine Origin, and theHoly Word of Ahura Mazda. One of the collections of these “mānthras” isknown as “Mānthra Spenta” in Avesta which means “the Holy, beneficentWord”, and which is “effective and full of glory”. It is stated in the FravardinYasht (paragraph 81) that “Mānthra Spenta is the soul of Ahura Mazda”.iii
ivKhordeh AvestaAccording to Hormazd Yasht, the Holy Names of Ahura Mazdamentioned therein, form a section of the Mānthra Spenta.In Siruze Yasht, in the “Khshnuman” (propitiatory formula) of theMānthra Spenta (Mārespand), it is stated: “We revere the much gloriousMānthra Spenta, we revere the law against the demons, we revere the creedof Zarathushtra, we revere the long-standing traditions, we revere the goodMāzdayasni Religion”. These are some of the foundational beliefs of theZoroastrian religion.Avesta being a sacred language, it is incumbent upon every Zoroastrianto recite his/her prayers in Avesta. At the same time, any person would liketo learn about the general meanings of the prayers which he/she recites. Forthis, there are several translations available in different languages thoughvery often, such translations do not bring out the spirit of the original.In the year 1880 A.C. then, a pioneering work in this field was carried outby the celebrated Avesta scholar, the late Ervad Kavasji Edulji Kanga, ofrevered memory. He brought out a translation of the Khordeh Avesta inGujarati in a scholarly and systematic manner, transliterating and translatingeach paragraph simultaneously, and giving a number to each word for thebenefit of the readers following the translation with accuracy. He also gavefootnotes, wherever necessary, in the light of modern research based onphilology. This work is known as the Khordeh Avesta-Bā-Māyeni: “KhordehAvesta with meanings”.The late Ervad Kavasji Kanga was an inspired soul. Not only did hebring out this translation of the Khordeh Avesta, but he went on toaccomplish the monumental task of translating the entire Avesta scripturesavailable to us at present, besides bringing out an Avesta-English-Gujaratidictionary, and also a treatise on Avesta grammar.Though a century has now elapsed, this translation of Khordeh Avestahas stood the test of time, and has remained a standard and authentic piece ofliterary work, both for the scholars and for the laity. As many as thirteeneditions of this translation-work have been brought out successively, the lastone being in 1976.The original translation of the Khordeh Avesta by Ervad Kavasji Kangawas in the Gujarati language. Even though there is much demand for work ofthis kind and utility, readership in the Gujarati language is graduallydiminishing in the Parsi community, particularly among the youngergeneration, as well as among a very large number of those who havemigrated to Western Countries in recent years. Though some Englishtranslations of the Khordeh Avesta have been attempted, and are available, agreat need has been felt for an English version of Kangaji’s classic Gujaratitranslation of the Khordeh Avesta.
PREFACEvThe Trustees of the Parsi Punchayat of Bombay therefore took uponthemselves to carry out this fundamental duty, and decided to get theGujarati translation of Khordeh Avesta-Bā-Māyeni of Ervad K. E. Kangarendered into English. This task they then entrusted to another celebratedscholar of international repute, namely, the late Prof. Ervad ManeckFurdoonji Kanga, who was incidentally a relative of the late Ervad KavasjiKanga. Prof. M. F. Kanga has written innumerable articles on Iraniansubjects for various journals, books, memorial and commemorative volumesthroughout the scholarly world.The terms of reference of this work entrusted to Prof. M. F. Kanga wereto carry out a faithful word-by-word translation into English language fromthe original Gujarati of Ervad K. E. Kanga, and also to include the text in theRoman script, without any alteration. Prof. M. F. Kanga completed the workwith meticulous care and brought to bearing on it his vast knowledge andexperience. By Divine Grace, Prof. M. F. Kanga not only carried out thiswork, but also transliterated and translated into English Kavasji Kanga’s twoother works, namely, Gātha-Bā-Māyeni and Yasht-Bā-Māyeni before his saddemise in October 1988 at the age of 80 years.The Trustees of the Parsi Punchayat of Bombay deserve to becomplimented for the publication of this work, and it is earnestly hoped thatthey will also authorise the publication as early as possible, of the two otherworks, namely, Gātha-Bā-Māyeni and Yasht-Bā-Māyeni, completed by thelate Prof. M. F. Kanga, for the benefit of the Parsi Community.Ervad Dr. Rooyintan Peshotan PeerJt. Principal,M. F. Cama Athornan Institute,AndheriBombay,1st January, 1993.PREFACE TO THE ELEVENTH EDITION.The last edition of this book was published in January 1926. Since thenvarious small Avesta prayer-books were published by cheap-rate dealers.Nevertheless there was a demand as usual for the present edition make bythe co-religionists which proves still the high degree of their zeal anddevotion for the recital of Avesta prayers in correct orthography and forunderstanding the sense thereof.There may be numerous editions of prayer-books with incorrectpronunciations prevalent among the Parsees, yet the demand for ErvadKavasji Kanga’s publications with correct pronunciation has remainedconstant, inasmuch as the Parsees look upon Ervad Kanga’s editions as the
viKhordeh AvestaStandard prayer-books in point of pronunciation.The final proofs of the last edition of this book as well as of recenteditions of Yasht Ba Maeni and Gatha Ba Maeni of my late reveredgrandfather were gone through by our well-known Avesta Pahlavi scholarErvad Bomani Naserwanji Dhabhar, M. A. who has always obliged me byhis help. This time he was not able to help me owing to cataracts in his eyes.Another Avesta Pahlavi scholar was approached by me who willinglycomplying with my request at the sacrifice of his time went through all thefinal proofs of this edition, for which act of his courtesy and kindness mythanks are due to him.NAVROJI PESHTONJI KAVASJI KANGA. BOMBAY, August 1936.PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION.The first edition of my Khordeh Avesta was issued in 1880 and the last in1896. The rapid sale commanded by those editions is an unmistakable proofof the general desire on the part of my co-religionists to recite their prayersaccording to the correct and authenticated texts and to know their meaning.In placing this fifth edition before the public, I have thoroughly examinedthe texts and interpretations given in my former editions, and madealterations and modifications, where necessary, in the light of my continuedstudies. The present revised edition has been enlarged by the addition of theSirozāh Yasht, the Afringāns and the Pazend Nirang recited at times after theprayers, and a Monājāt by the late Moolla Feeroz with their translations.KAVASJI EDALJI KANGA. BOMBAY, February, 1902.PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.This, the fourth edition of my Khordeh Avesta has been enlarged by theaddition of two new Yashts, viz. Khorshed and Māh and the Avesta andPazend chapter (Kardēh), recited in memory of departed relatives, has beeninserted with its translation. The translation and notes throughout have beencarefully revised in the light of further study and research. I have carefullyperused the latest edition of Professor Darmesteter’s French version of theAvesta, and gleaned from it useful matters and inserted it in this work in theshape of footnotes. The passages of the Gathas, occurring in the KhordehAvesta, have been reproduced in the form of verse. Besides, many othermatters which can suitably find a place in a work of this kind have beenadded. In short, an earnest endeavour has been made to improve and enlargethe work and bring it up to date. With a view, however, to place it within thereach of all classes of my coreligionists, no increase has been made in theprice of the book, which, as in the case of the last two editions, has beenfixed at Rs. 2-8 ans, per copy.
PREFACEviiI beg to acknowledge the obligation I owe to the esteemed Trustees of theSir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy Translation Fund for their support by subscribingfor sixty copies of this Work.KAVASJI EDALJI KANGA. BOMBAY, March, 1896.PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.The rapid sale, in the short space of two years and a half of the secoudedition revised and enlarged of this Work affords evidence at oncesatisfactory and gratifying of the utility and appreciation of the book, and ofthe growing taste for a correct and intelligent reciting of prayers among theParsi community. In the present edition, two Yashts, viz., Tir and Gosh havebeen added to the ten given in the second edition; the number of Yashts inthis edition being thus twelve in all.I may add that, following the new edition of the Avesta Texts publishedby Dr. Karl F. Geldner, I have altered, in many places, certain Avestaicwords, which appeared to me in the course of my study of that book to admitof corrections; and with the view of affording facility of reference to Avestastudents, I have numdered the paragraphs in my text and translation as Dr.Geldner’s text. The translation has also, in some places, undergone revisionsand improvements, suggested by further study and consideration of theAvesta literature.KAVASJI EDALJI KANGA. BOMBAY, July, 1890.PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.The first edition of this Khordeh Avesta was issued in 1880. To judgefrom the favourable reception accorded to it, (a thousand copies having beensold off and a new issue called for ), the work may be assumed to havesupplied a want and to be well adapted to the needs of the community forwhich it was intended. * * * Passages of Avesta and Pazend, which wereomitted in the first edition, after they had been once cited, have beenrepeated in the present issue, on every occasion on which they recur. Thisand the addition of three Yashts has somewhat increased the bulk of thevolume; yet the price has been greatly reduced, in order to place it within thereach of all sections of the community.KAVASJI EDALJI KANGA. Bombay, December, 1887.PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.More than 60 years ago a translation of the Khordeh Avesta was for thefirst time published by the late Dustoor Framji Sorabji Meherji Rana. A fewmonths later on another translation of the same was issued by the late
viiiKhordeh AvestaDustoor Edalji Dorabji Sanjana. These translations did not materially differfrom each other; but for all practical purposes, the latter, up till now, hasbeen most in use – it having passed in the meantime through several editionswith but few important alterations. Thanks, however, to the rapid, butimmensely satisfactory, progress made in comparative philology during thelast half century by the indefatigable savants of Europe, considerable lighthas been thrown, not only on the ancient Zoroastrian religion, but on theinterpretation of many a difficult passage in the Zend Avesta. Facts unknownbefore and excellences quite buried in obscurity have, by its aid, beenbrought to the surface; while some portion of the Zend Avesta, so ambiguousbefore, has been correctly interpreted and translated into Gujarati. a Thesemade the want of a translation of the Khordeh Avesta, according to the mostcorrect rules of grammar and philology, keenly felt; and I therefore undertook to supply it, at the suggestion of many educated and intelligentZoroastrians.The whole of the translation is based on Professor Westergaard’sexcellent Zend text. This it was at first intended to publish in Zendcharacters, but being aware of the inability of a great portion of my coreligionists to peruse it in Zend, I deemed it expedient to abandon theoriginal intention, and make the Work more convenient and accessible bytransliterating the original text into correct Gujarati. In so doing, I have hadto undergo the trouble and expense of getting cast some letters, thecorresponding ones for which were not to be found in the Gujarati alphabet.The text is divided into a number of convenient paragraphs, and eachparagraph has subjoined to it, its translation; and to prevent confusion typesin black pica have been throughout employed for the text and ordinary picafor the translation. In the translation the two-fold end is observed of makingit useful both to Zend students and to general readers. It is kept, as much aspracticable, close to the text, each word of which is distinguished by anumber, corresponding with that placed over its translation immediatelybelow. Words not occurring in the original, but necessary to complete thesense of the translation, are placed in parentheses. In many cases thesubstance of one or more paragraphs is summarized by way of explanationand placed below the literal translation.Besides the correct text and its translation referred to above, thefollowing important points are attended to:- (1) Careful attention is paid topunctuation, for want of which gross mistakes often arise. (2) Zend text is, inorder to avoid confusion, separated and pointed out distinctly from thea (1) Vendidad translated into Gujarati with explanatory notes, and a complete philological andgrammatical glossary of all the words contained in the texts by Kavasji Edalji Kanga (K. R.Cama’s Prize Essay). (2) Ten yashts, translated by Dustoor Eruchji Sorabji Meherji Rana andErvad Muncherji Shapoorji Vachha. (3) Aban Yasht, translated by Ervad Tehmulji DinshawAnkleshvaria.
PREFACEixPazend text, and the text composed at a later period. (3) Special care is takento point out the passages taken from the Yasna, Vispered and Vendidad. (4)Pazend passages are, as far as practicable, compared with their corresponding Zend passages. (5) Subjects cursorily treated in the Khordeh Avesta,but discussed at great length elsewhere, are here amplified with fullerinformation from other sources. (6) Technical terms of Zoroastrianceremonials and ethics, such as hom, jeevām, barsam, zor, chinvat bridge,&c, are fully explained. (7) Passages treating of the excellence and efficacyof the prayers Yathā and Ashem are culled and fully explained. (8) Pahlavitranslation is sometimes indented upon, as in the case of Atash Nyāyesh. (9)References to parallel Zend passages, as in the case of the translation of PatetPashemani which is wholly in Pazend, are given with their meanings andexplanations; and in several places, where it was found necessary, additionalinformation from Pahlavi commentators is given in footnotes. (10) Certainceremonials, required to be observed in several places during prayers, areexplained. (11) Requisite information is given about the Gahambars and theirproper seasons, on the authority of the Avesta. (12) The Pazend Confessionof Faith, which is generally recited at the end of the prayers, is substituted bya far better one, and that too found in Zend, which, I trust, will be appre ciated by my co-religionists. This Confession of Faith constitutes the twelfthHā of Yasna.In conclusion, I offer my deep and most grateful thanks to Mr.Khurshedjee Rustomjee Cama, our respected citizen and well-knownoriental scholar, and my own learned preceptor. With that kindness and goodnature which are so characteristic of him, and which have invariably wonhim the esteem and affection of his private pupils, he has most cordiallyrendered me, in the preparation of this Work, as in that of my previous ones,very valuable assistance. My obligations are due to him also for his manysensible and practical suggestions for the improvement of this Work.Lastly, I trust to the indulgence of the reader to overlook any inaccuraciesor defects which may have crept in the translation, notwithstanding all thecare and attention conscientiously bestowed on it. A list of the severaloriental works which proved useful to me during the progress of the Work isgiven elsewhere.KAVASJI EDALJI KANGA. BOMBAY, April 1880.(This preface was written by late Ervad K.E. Kanga for the first EditionPublished in Gujarati.)
ContentsFOREWORD.iForeword to 2013 corrected edition.iiPreface to the English Edition of the Khordeh Avesta-Bā-Māyeni.iiiPREFACE TO THE ELEVENTH EDITION.vPREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION.viPREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.viPREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.viiPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.viiPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.viiA note on the Reading and the Pronunciation of the Avesta.14GLOSSARY.14Ashem Vohū.1Ahunavar (Yathā Ahū Vairyō).2Nirang-i-Gomez mālidan.2Kem-nā-Mazda.3Hormazd Khoday.5Jasa me avanghe Mazda.6Bāz (Prayer) for Saying Grace.7Bāz to be recited before passing urine and answering the call of nature.7Five Gāhs to be recited separately.9Srosh Bāz.9AHMĀI RAĒSHCHA.12HAZANGHREM.12JASA ME AVANGHE MAZDA.13KERFEH MOZD.13HOSHBĀM.14KHORSHED NYĀYESH.17MEHER NYĀYESH.28VĪSPA HUMATA.33DOĀ NĀM SETĀYESHNE.34HOMAGE FOR THE FOUR DIRECTIONS.36MĀH BOKHTĀR NYĀYESH.37ARDVI SURA NYĀYESH.41ĀTASH NYĀYESH.49HĀVAN GĀH.58RAPITHWAN GĀH.62UZIRIN GĀH.64AIWISRUTHREM GĀH.67USHAHEN GĀH.71PATET (AVESTA).73PATET PASHEMANI.74HOMAGE UNTO A LAMP.88x
CONTENTSxiHOMAGE UNTO FRAVARTIKĀN.89HOMAGE UNTO DAKHMA – TOWER OF SILENCE.89HOMAGE UNTO MOUNTAINS.89HOMAGE UNTO WATERS.90HOMAGE UNTO PLANTS.90BĀZ OF RECITING ASHEM VOHU 1200.90YAZISHN HĀ XX known as FRĀMRAOT.91BĀZ OF RECITING YATHĀ AHU VAIRYO 1200.94NAMES OF THE DAYS AND MONTHS.96Description of the Jashans of Twelve Months.98Names of SEVEN HAMKĀRS - COLABORATEURS.101Names of 12 YAZATAS OF HAMĀYASHT.101Names of 21 NASKS.101YASHTS.103HORMAZD YASHT.103NIRANG OF HORMAZD YASHT.114HAFTAN YASHT LARGE.115ARDIBEHESHT YASHT.131NIRANG OF ARDIBEHESHT YASHT.138KHORDĀD YASHT.139KHORSHED YASHT.144MAH YASHT.146TIR YASHT.148GOSH YASHT.171SROSH YASHT HĀDOKHT.182NIRANG OF SROSH YASHT HĀDOKHT.192SROSH YASHT YADI.192NIRANG OF SROSH YASHT YADI.204FARVARDIN YASHT.205BEHERAM YASHT.261HOM YASHT LARGE.286HOM YASHT SMALL.302NIRANG OF HOM YASHT.304VANANT YASHT.304NIRANG OF VANANT YASHT.306SIROZĀ YASHT.307KARDĀ TO B
Preface to the English Edition of the Khordeh Avesta-Bā-Māyeni The oldest Zoroastrian religious scripture, as preserved at present, is known as the Avesta. A section of this Avesta is known as the "Khordeh-Avesta' which means the "Smaller (i.e. Selected) Avesta". This is the book of daily prayers of the Zoroastrians.
The English edition of Ervad Kangaji’s popular classic was first printed in 1993. Unfortunately, the printed edition has since become very scarce. Ten years later, it was digitised and put on the avesta.org web site through the tireless efforts of Ervad Soli Dastur. It quickly became one of the most
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