Appendix A Section A-3- Innovative Intersection And Interchange Design .

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APPENDIX ASECTION A-3- INNOVATIVE INTERSECTION AND INTERCHANGE DESIGN GUIDELINESCurrent VDOT Innovative Intersection and Interchange Control Types. A-1Innovative Intersection Design Guidelines . A-2Displaced Left-Turn Intersection (DLT) . A-2Median U-Turn Intersection (MUT) . A-3Restricted Crossing U-Turn Intersection (RCUT) . A-4Continuous Green-T (CGT) . A-5Quadrant Roadway Intersection (QR) . A-6Quadrant Roadway Intersection . A-7Jug-Handle . A-8Roundabouts . A-9Mini-Roundabouts . A-12Single-Lane Roundabouts . A-13Multi-Lane Roundabouts . A-15Geometric Design Criteria For Single-Lane and Multi-Lane Roundabouts . A-16Bicycle and Pedestrian Accommodations . A-19Design Resources . A-20The Review and Approval Process For Roundabouts . A-20Innovative Interchange Design Guidelines . A-22Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI) . A-22Single Point Urban Interchange (SPUI) . A-41Double Roundabout Interchange . A-42

LIST OF FIGURESFigure A-3-1 Roundabout Design Elements . A-10Figure A-3-2 Roundabout Truck Apron Curb Detail . A-11Table 3-1 Conflict Points . A-23Figure A-3-3 Diverging Diamond Layout . A-24Figure A-3-4 Crossover Geometrics . A-29Figure A-3-5 Offset Distance For Intersection . A-30Figure A-3-6 Shoulder Design For Ddi . A-30Figure A-3-7 Diagram of Expected Oncoming Traffic Versus Actual Oncoming Traffic . A-32Figure A-3-8 Pedestrians Located To Middle of Crossroad Between Crossover . A-35Figure A-3-9 Pedestrians Located To Outside . A-36

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 1APPENDIX ASECTION A-3- INNOVATIVE INTERSECTION AND INTERCHANGE DESIGN GUIDELINESBelow are examples of Innovative Intersection and Interchange Control Types that VDOTcurrently recognizes as effective traffic control treatments: *CURRENT VDOT INNOVATIVE INTERSECTION AND INTERCHANGE CONTROL TYPESIntersections Displaced Left-Turn (DLT) Median U-Turn (MUT) Restricted Crossing U-Turn (RCUT) Continuous Green-T (CGT) Quadrant Roadway (QR) Jug-handle RoundaboutsInterchanges Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI) Single Point Urban Interchange Double Roundabout InterchangeOther Innovative Intersection and interchange designs may be developed in the future and willbe listed in this Appendix.For more information on the above mentioned Innovative Intersection Designs see:http://www.virginiadot.org/info/alternative intersection informational design /alter design/*Added 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 2INNOVATIVE INTERSECTION DESIGN GUIDELINES*DISPLACED LEFT-TURN INTERSECTION (DLT) – (Also known as Continuous FlowIntersection (CFI), Crossover Displaced Left-Turn Intersection)Any intersection form relocating one or more left-turn movements on an approach to the otherside of the opposing traffic flow. Allows left-turn movements to proceed simultaneously with the through movement. Eliminates the left turn phase for this approach. Reduces the number of traffic signal phases and conflict points (locations where userpaths cross). Can result in improvements in traffic operations and safety performance Green time can be reallocated to facilitate pedestrian crossingsFor more information on the above mentioned Innovative Intersection Designs formationalBrochure nformationalGuide.pdf*Added 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 3MEDIAN U-TURN INTERSECTION (MUT) – (Also Known as Median U-Turn Crossover,Boulevard Turnaround, Michigan Loon and ThrU-Turn Intersection). * Replaces all direct left turns at an intersection with indirect left turns using a U-turnmovement in a wide median. Eliminates left turns on both intersecting side streets and the major street. Reduce the number of traffic signal phases and conflict points - May result inimproved intersection operations and safety. Can also utilize unsignalized median U-turns. Distance of the secondary intersections from the main intersection should provideadequate taper and storage length for vehicles, signing, and sight distance.Recommend spacing the secondary intersections 660 feet from the mainintersection.For more information on the above mentioned Innovative Intersection Designs see:http://www.virginiadot.org/FHWA-SA-14-042 MUT Informational 069 MUT Informational Guide.pdf*Added 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 4RESTRICTED CROSSING U-TURN INTERSECTION (RCUT) – (Also known as SuperstreetIntersection, J-Turn Intersection and Synchronized Street Intersection) * Replaces side street direct left turns at an intersection with indirect left turns using aU-turn movement in a wide median.Eliminates left turns on both intersecting side streets. Left turns are provided on themajor street.Can be signalized or unsignalized.Reduce the number of traffic signal phases and conflict points. When implementedas a corridor treatment, almost perfect signal progression is possible as the mainintersection can be operated as two separate signals with the two major streetdirection phases operating independently of each other.Will usually result in improved intersection operations and safety.Distance of the secondary intersections from the main intersection should provideadequate taper and storage length for vehicles, signing, and sight distance.Recommend spacing the secondary intersections 660 feet from the mainintersection.For more information on the above mentioned Innovative Intersection Designs see:http://www.virginiadot.org/FHWA-SA-14-040 RCUT Informational ative intersection informational design /alter design/*Added 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 5CONTINUOUS GREEN-T (CGT)*The design provides free-flow operations in one direction on the major street and can reducethe number of approach movements that need to stop to three by using free-flow right turnlanes on the arterial and cross streets and acceleration/merge lanes for left turn movementsfrom the cross street. Physical separation or barrier is typically required between theacceleration/merge lanes and the mainline free flow movement.For more information on the above mentioned Innovative Intersection Designs d/content/at-grade & signalized/continunous green-t.html*Added 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 6QUADRANT ROADWAY INTERSECTION (QR)*Geometric DesignThe primary design considerations of the QR intersection are as follows: Left turns are not permitted at the main intersection. The location of the connector road should be primarily determined by the left-turnvolume at the intersection.U-turns are not permitted at the main intersection and are rerouted similar to left turns. Distance of the secondary intersections from the main intersection should provideadequate taper and storage for vehicles, signing, and sight distance. Recommendspacing the secondary intersections 660 feet from the main intersection. If permitted, driveways from the connecting road to the parcel inside the connectingroad may be placed in the curve of the connecting road or near one of the secondaryintersections. If driveways are not permitted, then the parcel inside the connectingroadway can be accessed via driveways off one or both of the intersecting streets.At a QR intersection, some pedestrians will need to cross an extra street; however, otherswho follow the curved connection roadway or the main intersection crosswalks will haveshorter walking distances. Also, the shorter cycle lengths at QR intersections benefitpedestrians.A QR with more than one connection road can be implemented if right-of-way is available andif left-turn volumes justify it. Geometric principles remain largely the same for QRs with one ormore connection roadways.ApplicabilityThey are most applicable where the following exists:* A roadway in the road network can be used as a connection roadway. There are heavy left turns and through volumes on the major and minor roads. The minor road total volume to total intersection volume ratio is typically less than orequal to 0.35.Added 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 7QUADRANT ROADWAY INTERSECTION*For more information on the above mentioned Innovative Intersection Designs blications/research/safety/09058/*Added 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 8JUG-HANDLE *A jug-handle is a type of ramp or slip road that changes the way traffic turns left at an at-gradeintersection. Instead of a standard left turn being made at the intersection from the left lane,left-turning traffic uses a ramp or slip road on the right side of the road.Jug-handles are common in many states including New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware,Oregon, and Pennsylvania.Drivers wishing to turn left exit the major roadway at a ramp or slip road on the right, and turnleft onto the minor road at a terminus separated from the main intersection.For more information on the above mentioned Innovative Intersection Designs /safety/07032/*Added 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 9ROUNDABOUTSRoundabouts are circular intersections with specific design and traffic control features. Theseinclude yield control of all entering traffic (circulating vehicles have the right-of-way),channelized approaches, and geometric curvature to ensure that travel speeds are typicallyless than 30 mph (single-lane 20-25 mph; two-lane 25-30 mph).Roundabouts are generally safer than other types of intersections for low and medium trafficconditions. These safety benefits are achieved by eliminating vehicle crossing movementsthrough the conversion of all movements to right turns and by requiring lower speeds asmotorists proceed into and through the roundabout. The potential for right angle and left turnhead-on crashes is eliminated with single lane roundabouts. Roundabouts treat all vehiclemovements equally, each approach is required to yield to circulating traffic. Roundaboutstypically handle higher volumes with lower vehicle delays (queue) than traditional intersectionsat capacity.While roundabouts usually require more right-of-way at an intersection compared to a trafficsignal, they require less right-of-way on the upstream approaches and downstream exits. Atnew intersection sites that will require turn lanes, a roundabout can be a less expensiveintersection alternative. Operating and maintenance costs are less than signalizedintersections since there is no signal equipment. The roundabout has aesthetic advantagesover other intersection types particularly when the central island is landscaped.VDOT has adopted the NCHRP Report 672 Roundabouts: An Informational Guide, 2nd Editionas our design guide. However, design criteria mentioned in this Manual takes precedence overNCHRP Report 672. **Rev. 1/18

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 10FIGURE A-3-1 ROUNDABOUT DESIGN ELEMENTSSource: NCHRP Report 672 Roundabouts; An Informational Guide, Second Edition.**Rev. 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 11For Truck Apron Curb use cell Mod. CG-3 found in the cell library. *FIGURE A-3-2 ROUNDABOUT TRUCK APRON CURB DETAIL*Rev. 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 12There are three basic categories of roundabouts based on size and number of lanes: miniroundabouts, single-lane roundabouts and multi-lane roundabouts.MINI-ROUNDABOUTSMini-Roundabouts are applicable in urban environments with speeds less than or equal to 30mph. They adapt to existing boundaries by providing a fully traversable central island, a miniroundabout can be a low-cost solution for improving intersection capacity and safety withoutthe need for acquiring additional right of way. The suitability of a mini-roundabout dependson:1) Traffic Volumes (comparable ADT from each approach roadway)2) Truck Volumes 5%3) Frequency of School Bus useMini-Roundabouts should meet the following geometric design criteria:1) Central island diameter* of 25 to 50 feet, which is fully mountable2) Central island and splitter island curb height is less than 2 inches high and is flush(traversable) and painted when frequently used by buses3) Central island that are raised should be domed using 5% - 6% cross slope, withmaximum height of 5 inches4) Circular roadway width of 12 feet (may be wider for intersections with acute angles)5) Approach lanes 10 to 11 feet (to reduce speeds)The majority of traffic (usually estimated at 97%) should be able to pass through the miniroundabout while staying within the circulatory roadway. The fully traversable central islandand splitter islands allow larger vehicles to pass through. Mini-Roundabouts are generallyrecommended for intersections in which the total average daily traffic (ADT) volume is nomore than approximately 15,000 vehicles.Sources: ITE Journal, November 2012, Article by Lochrane, Zhang and Bared;Public Roads Magazine, Nov. /Dec. 2012, “They’re Small But Powerful” at:NCHRP Report 672, Roundabouts: An Informational Guide, Second Edition,Chapter 6, Section 6.6FHWA Technical Summary Mini-Roundabouts*Rev. 1/19

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 13Features of a Typical Mini-Roundabout *Source: NCHRP Report 672 Roundabouts; An Informational Guide, Second Edition.*Rev. 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 14SINGLE-LANE ROUNDABOUTS * Single-Lane Roundabouts have single-lane entry at all legs and one circulating lane.They are distinguished from mini-roundabouts by their larger inscribed circle diameterand non-traversable central island. The geometric design features include: raisedsplitter islands with appropriate entry path deflection, a raised non-traversable centralisland, crosswalks, and a truck apron vertically separated by a VDOT CG-3 Modifiedcurb from the circulatory roadway. The maximum daily service volume of a single-lane roundabout varies between20,000 and 26,000 vehicles per day (2,000 - 2,600 peak hour volume), depending onthe left turn percentages and the distribution of traffic between the major and minorroads.Features of a Typical Single-Lane RoundaboutSource: NCHRP Report 672 Roundabouts; An Informational Guide, Second Edition.*Rev. 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 15MULTI-LANE ROUNDABOUTS * Multi-Lane Roundabouts have at least one entry with two or more circulating lanes.In some cases, the roundabout may have a different number of lanes on one or moreapproaches (e.g., two-lane entries on the major street and one-lane entries on theminor street). They may have entries on one or more approaches that flare from oneto two or more lanes. They also require wider circulating roadways to accommodatemore than one vehicle traveling side by side. The geometric design features include:raised splitter islands with appropriate entry path deflection, a raised non-traversablecentral island, crosswalks, and a truck apron separated by a VDOT CG-3 Modifiedcurb from the circulatory roadway. Driver decisions are more complex for multi-laneroundabouts. These decisions include: proper lane when entering, lateral positioningwhile circulating and proper lane for exiting. If a Multi-Lane Roundabout design is warranted in the long term, it should bedesigned as a Multi-Lane Roundabout, but striped and signed as a Single-LaneRoundabout when initially opened to traffic.Features of a Typical Multi-Lane RoundaboutSource: NCHRP Report 672 Roundabouts; An Informational Guide, Second Edition.*Rev. 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 16GEOMETRIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SINGLE-LANE AND MULTI-LANE ROUNDABOUTS Central Island, shall be raised (non-mountable) and sloped outward away from thecenter. The island is typically landscaped for aesthetic reasons and to enhance driverrecognition for the roundabout upon approach. The truck apron is also considered tobe a portion of the central island, but is traversable. Truck Aprons shall be designed such that they are traversable to trucks butdiscourage passenger vehicles from using them. Truck apron width shall bedetermined by the tracking of the appropriate project design vehicle using AutoTurn.They shall be 4 feet to 15 feet wide and have a cross slope of 1% to 2% outwardaway from the central island. All roundabout shall be analyzed using AutoTurn toverify that S-BUS-36 school buses, (and for roundabouts on transit routes, CITYBUS) will be able to traverse the circulatory roadway without the rear wheels trackingover the truck apron. *If the percentage of trucks anticipated to use the road exceeds 5%, that radius shouldbe sufficient to serve those vehicles. The outer edge of the truck apron shall includea CG-3 Modified Curb (See Figure 2-15 Roundabout Truck Apron Curb Detail), tovertically separate the truck apron from circulatory roadway surface. The truck apronshall also be constructed of a different material to differentiate it from the circulatoryroadway. The truck apron shall also be a different color and texture. Circulatory Roadway shall be sloped 2% outward away from the central island. Theoutward cross-slope design means drivers making through and left-turn movementsmust negotiate the roundabout at negative superelevation. Sloping the circulatoryroadway outward away from the central island is required for the following reasons:o It promotes safety by raising the elevation of the central island and improvesvisibility,o It promotes lower circulating speeds due to the adverse superelevation,o It minimizes breaks in the cross slopes of the entrance and exit lanes, ando It allows surface water to drain to the outside of the roundabout.* Curb and/ or Curb and Gutter shall be provided on the outside of the circulatoryroadway and on all approaches a minimum distance equal to the length of the splitterisland to help approaching drivers recognize the need to reduce their speed, preventcorner-cutting, and to confine vehicles to the intended design path. Inscribed Circle diameter is the distance measured across the circle inscribed by theface of the outer curb or front edge of the gutter pan of the circulatory roadway. SeeFigure A-3-1.Rev. 1/19

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 17 Entry and Exit Design *The entry curb radius is an important factor in determining the operation of aroundabout because it affects both capacity and safety. The entry curb radius, inconjunction with the entry width, the circulatory roadway width, and the central islandgeometry, controls the amount of deflection imposed on a vehicle’s entry path andspeed. See NCHRP Report 672, Chapter 6, Section 6.4.5.o Entry angle, Phi, is not discussed in NCHRP Report 672, but additionalinformation can be found in the Wisconsin Department of TransportationFacilities Development Manual, Chapter 11, Roundabouts Section 26-30.5.23.This angle is not a controlling design parameter, but instead a gauge of sightto the left and ease of entry to the right. This affects both capacity and safetyat the intersection.The exit curb radii are usually larger than the entry radii in order to minimize thelikelihood of congestion and crashes at the exits. This, however, is balanced by theneed to maintain slow speeds through the pedestrian crossing on exit. The exitdesign is also influenced by the design environment (urban vs. rural), pedestriandemand, the design vehicle, and physical constraints. See NCHRP Report 672,Chapter 6, Section 6.4.6.* Profiles – The vertical design shall begin with the development of the approachroadway and the central island. Each profile shall be designed to the point where theapproach baseline intersects with the central island. A profile for the central island isthen developed that passes through these four points (in the case of a four-leggedroundabout). The approach roadway profiles shall be refined as necessary to meetthe central island profile. For examples see, Chapter 6 of the NCHRP Report 672Roundabouts; An Informational Guide, Second Edition. In addition to the approachand central island profiles, creating an additional profile around the inscribed circle ofthe roundabout and / or outer curbs are also beneficial. The combination of thecentral island, inscribed circle, and curb profiles allows for quick verification of crossslopes and drainage and provides additional information to contractors for staking outthe roundabout. Example Plan Sheets, Typical Section, Profile Sheets for a Typical Single-LaneRoundabouts can be accessed .asp as well as in NCHRP Report 672Roundabouts; An Informational Guide, Second Edition., page 6-82.Rev. 1/18

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 18Design aneRoundaboutDesirable maximum entrydesign speed15 to 20 mph20 to 25 mph25 mph to 30 mph112 Typical inscribed circlediameter45 to 90 ft.90 to 180 ft.150 to 220 ft.(two-lanes)Central island treatmentFully traversableRaised(w/ traversable apron)Raised(w/ traversable apron)Typical daily servicevolumes on 4-legroundabout below whichmay be expected tooperate without requiringa detailed capacityanalysis (veh/day)*Up toapproximately15,000Up toApproximately25,000Up toApproximately45,000 for two-laneroundaboutMaximum number ofentering lanes perapproach*Operational analysis needed to verify upper limit for specific applications or for roundabouts withmore than two lanes or four legs.*Definitions:Capacity: The maximum rate of flow at which persons or vehicles can be reasonably expectedto traverse a point or uniform segment of a lane or roadway during a specified time period underprevailing roadway, traffic and control conditions, usually expressed as vehicles per hour orpersons per hour.Operational analysis: A use of capacity analysis to determine the prevailing level of service onan existing or projected facility, with known or projected traffic, roadway and control conditions.Source: NCHRP Report 672, page 1-12, Exhibit 1-9Roundabout Category Comparison*Rev. 1/19

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 19BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN ACCOMMODATIONSBicycle and Pedestrian accommodations should be considered when designingroundabouts.For pedestrians, the risk of being involved in a severe collision is lower at roundabouts thanat other forms of intersections due to the slower vehicle speeds (20-30 mph). Likewise, thenumber of conflict points at roundabouts is also lower and thus can lower the frequency ofcrashes. For pedestrian design consideration, see Chapter 6 of the NCHRP Report 672,Roundabouts: An Informational Guide, Second Edition athttp://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp rpt 672.pdf.For bicyclists, safety and usability of roundabouts depends upon the roundabout design.Since typical on-road bicyclists travel is between 12 and 20 mph, roundabouts that aredesigned to constrain vehicle speeds to similar values will minimize the relative speedsbetween bicyclists and motorists, and thereby improve the safety and usability for bicyclists. *Single-lane roundabouts are much easier for bicyclists than multi-lane roundabouts sincethey do not require bicyclists to change lanes to make left-turn movements or otherwiseselect the appropriate lane for their direction of travel.In addition, at single-lane roundabouts, motorists are less likely to cut off bicyclists whenexiting the roundabout. Therefore, it is important not to select a multi-lane roundabout overa Single-lane roundabout in the short term, even when long term traffic volumes and LOSsuggest a multi-lane roundabout. However, if a multi-lane roundabout design is selected forthe long term, it should be striped and signed as a single-lane roundabout initially.For roundabout intersection spacing standards and other intersection spacing standards,see Appendix F, Table 2-2 MINIMUM SPACING STANDARDS FOR COMMERCIALENTRANCES, INTERSECTIONS AND MEDIAN CROSSOVERS.*Rev. 7/17

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 20DESIGN RESOURCESFor Roundabout Consideration & Alternative Selection Guidance Tool, see Roundabouts inVirginia @ p.Additional information can be found in NCHRP Report 672, Roundabouts: An InformationalGuide, Second Edition. See the following hrp rpt 672.pdf.Additional information can also be found in VDOT’s Roundabout Brochure bouts.pdf and on VDOT’s roundabout website at Roundabouts in Virginia.THE REVIEW AND APPROVAL PROCESS FOR ROUNDABOUTSExisting and Proposed Subdivisions - The District Location & Design Engineer shall reviewand approve roundabouts in subdivisions if VDOT owns and maintains the roadway or if it isthe desire of the developer / locality for VDOT to accept the roadway into the State HighwaySystem.Secondary System – The District shall approve roundabouts up to a traffic design volume of10,000 VPD. Roundabout designs in which the traffic volume exceeds 10,000 VPD shall besubmitted to the Innovative Intersection Committee * at the preliminary field inspection, publichearing/design approval and right of way stages and for review and comments. Thecommittee will make recommendations to the State Location and Design Engineer forapproval or disapproval. Appeals of the State Location and Design Engineer’s decision willgo to the Chief Engineer for resolution.When a District receives a request for a roundabout from an outside entity, and the designvolume is below 10,000 VPD but requests the Innovative Intersection Committees reviewand comments, the submittal shall be sent to the State Location and Design Engineer. It willbe reviewed and comments and/or recommendations will be returned in a timely manner.Primary or Urban System - The District Location & Design Engineer shall submit roundaboutdesigns to the Innovative Intersection Committee at the preliminary field inspection, publichearing/design approval and right of way stages for review and comments. The approvaland appeals will be the same as mentioned above.The process mentioned above applies to: *Roundabouts proposed through six year construction program.Roundabouts proposed during road safety improvements and/or upgrades.Roundabouts proposed by Counties, Localities, Consultants and DevelopersRev. 7/18

Appendix A, Section A-3-Page 21The plan submittal shall contain and depict the following criteria: Design speed & fastest theoretical pathDesign vehicle for Circulatory Roadway (S-BUS-36 or City Bus*)Appropriate project design vehicle for Truck ApronApproach Grades/sight triangles/sight distancesInscribed outer diameter of circulatory roadwayApron composition, width, slope and curb standardCirculatory lane widthApproach lane width/Deflection/radiiDeparture lane width/Deflection/radiiSplitter island lengths/raised/flushPedestrian crossing locations/width, composition, raised/flush, markings.Bicycle lane/approach & termination point.Pavement markings (directional arrows, yield lines, edge lines, etc.)SigningRoadway Lighting (preferred)Location of nearest entrances to outer inscribed diameter and nature of land usePresent & design year volumes, % trucks & turning movements on all approachesAASIDRA analysis on all approaches/peak hrs. LOS/queue lengths in design yearAUTO-TURN results of Design Vehicle for all turning movementsPlanting sche

MEDIAN U-TURN INTERSECTION (MUT) - (Also Known as Median U-Turn Crossover, Boulevard Turnaround, Michigan Loon and ThrU-Turn Intersection).* Replaces all direct left turns at an intersection with indirect left turns using a U-turn movement in a wide median. Eliminates left turns on both intersecting side streets and the major street.

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