OECD Science, Technology And Innovation Outlook 2016
OECD Science, Technologyand Innovation Outlook 2016
OECD Science,Technology andInnovation Outlook2016
This report was approved and declassified by the OECD Committee for Scientific andTechnological Policy (CSTP) on 14 September 2016 and prepared for publication by theOECD Secretariat.This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundariesand to the name of any territory, city or area.Please cite this publication as:OECD (2016), OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris.http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/sti in outlook-2016-enISBN 978-92-64-26305-5 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-26306-2 (PDF)Biennial:ISSN 2518-6272 (print)ISSN 2518-6167 (PDF)The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The useof such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israelisettlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.Photo credits: Renaud Madigner for the OECD.Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. OECD 2016You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases andmultimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitableacknowledgment of the source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should besubmitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall beaddressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie(CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com.
FOREWORDForewordThe OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016 is the eleventh in a biennialseries designed to review key trends in science, technology and innovation (STI) in OECD countriesand a number of major non-member economies: Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica,Egypt, India, Indonesia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Peru, the Russian Federation, South Africa andThailand. It aims at informing policy makers, business representatives and analysts about recentand anticipated changes in the global patterns of science, technology and innovation and about thecurrent and possible future implications for national STI policies both at global and national level.The STI Outlook 2016 takes a more forward-looking perspective compared to previous editions.Chapter 1 considers megatrends that are expected to have a strong impact on the global economyand on the financing of innovation, on our future society and its relationship with STI, and on themodern state and future STI policy. Chapter 2 discusses ten key emerging technology trendsthat not only are the most promising and potentially the most disruptive but which also carrysignificant risks. The technologies covered are big data, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence,additive manufacturing, nano/microsatellites, neurotechnologies, synthetic biology, nanomaterials,advanced energy storage technologies and blockchain. Chapter 3 presents future trends in sciencepolicy over a 10-15 year horizon and takes a forward-looking approach to issues related tomultidisciplinarity, excellence, targeted funding, open science, the digitalisation of science and theattractiveness of research careers.The STI Outlook 2016 also presents recent trends in STI in light of the fragile economic recovery,the scarcity of funding for innovation and entrepreneurship, mounting fiscal pressure, globalisationand major societal challenges (climate change, ageing societies and growing inequality). Chapter 4presents an overall assessment of recent developments and the outlook for STI andpolicies across countries. It introduces a series of thematic STI policy profiles that provide a crosscountry comparison of specific STI policy orientations, instruments and governance in the OECD areaand beyond. The STI country profiles offer insights into national innovation systems: theirstructural characteristics, their STI performance benchmarked against selected harmonisedindicators, and recent important developments in national STI policy. The focus of the profiles is onnational STI priorities and initiatives introduced from 2014 to 2016.The STI Outlook 2016 draws on the OECD’s most recent empirical and analytical work in areasrelated to innovation and innovation policy. It makes use of the responses of member countries andnon-member economies to the joint European Commission/OECD International Survey onScience, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP), formerly the biennial STI Outlook policyquestionnaire. It builds on a statistical framework of over 300 STI-related indicators, drawing on theOECD’s long-term efforts to build a system of internationally comparable metrics to monitor STI policyand on recent efforts to develop more experimental STI indicators.Finally, the STI Outlook 2016 is one of the main pillars of the OECD-World Bank InnovationPolicy Platform (IPP), a web-based interactive space that provides access to open data, learningresources and opportunities for collective learning about innovation policy.OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION OUTLOOK 2016 OECD 20163
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAcknowledgementsThe STI Outlook is prepared under the aegis of the OECD Committee for Scientific andTechnological Policy (CSTP), with input from its working parties. CSTP Delegates contributedsignificantly through their responses to the joint European Commission/OECD InternationalSurvey on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP), formerly the biennial STIOutlook policy questionnaire, and through their comments on the draft chapters.The STI Outlook 2016 is a collective effort and takes a horizontal approach, co-ordinatedby the Science and Technology Policy (STP) Division of the OECD Directorate for Science,Technology and Innovation (DSTI). It is produced under the guidance of Dominique Guellec.Sandrine Kergroach served as the overall co-ordinator and Sylvain Fraccola as theadministrative co-ordinator.Chapter 1, “Megatrends affecting science, technology and innovation”, was prepared byMichael Keenan and Sandrine Kergroach, with Sylvain Fraccola designing the infographics.Ozcan Saritas of the Moscow Higher School of Economics, Barrie Stevens of the OECDInternational Futures Programme and Gabriel Velloso of the Karlsruher Institut fürTechnologie provided valuable contributions. Thanks to Vincent Finat-Duclos of the OECDPublic Affairs and Communication Directorate (PAC) for his insights on visualisation.Chapter 2, “Future technology trends”, was prepared by Andrés Barreneche, SteffiFriedrichs, Hermann Garden, Claire Jolly, Sandrine Kergroach, Jim Philp and Jakob Pruess,under the guidance of Michael Keenan. It is based on work carried out by the OECD WorkingParty on Innovation and Technology Policy (TIP), the OECD Working Party on Biotechnology,Nanotechnology and Converging Technologies (BNCT) and the OECD Space Forum.Contributions were also provided by Charlotte van Ooijen of the DSTI, Alexandra Mogyorosof the University of Oxford and Darja Vrš aj of the Eindhoven University of Technology.Anne Carblanc and Molly Lesher shared comments on the basis of the current activities ofthe OECD Committee for Digital Economy Policy (CDEP).Chapter 3, “The future of science systems”, was prepared by Michael Keenan andSandrine Kergroach, and research assistance was provided by Alexandra Mogyoros of theUniversity of Oxford and Darja Vrš aj of the Eindhoven University of Technology. Thischapter also benefited from the observations of several external experts: Wiebe Bijker ofMaastricht University, Philip Boucher of the European Parliament Science and TechnologyOptions Assessment Foresight Unit (the EC JRC Foresight and Behavioural Insights Unit atthe time he was interviewed), Arie Rip of the University of Twente, Tsjalling Swierstra ofMaastricht University, Barend van der Meulen of the Rathenau Institute, Harro van Lente ofMaastricht University, Geert Verbong of the Eindhoven University of Technology, WernerWobbe of the EU Directorate General for Research and Innovation (DG RTD) Foresight Unit(at the time he was interviewed) and Sally Wyatt of Maastricht University. Their insightswere collected during face-to-face interviews conducted by Darja Vrš aj in preparation ofthe STI Outlook 2016.OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION OUTLOOK 2016 OECD 20165
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSChapters 1, 2 and 3 were designed and prepared following a forward-looking exerciseconducted in 2015-16 and co-led by Michael Keenan and Sandrine Kergroach. In theframework of this exercise, a series of internal and external workshops were organisedinvolving DSTI colleagues but also various OECD Directorates and bodies beyond the DSTI:the Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development (CFE), the Directorate forEducation and Skills (EDU), the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs(ELS), the Environment Directorate, the Directorate of Public Governance and TerritorialDevelopment (GOV), the Trade and Agriculture Directorate, the Office of the SecretaryGeneral, the Global Science Forum (GSF), the International Energy Agency, theInternational Futures Programme and the International Transport Forum. The forwardlook chapters also benefited from discussions held during dedicated workshops involvingcountry delegates of the CSTP, the TIP and the GSF. Mini-workshops were also organised inKorea, the United States and China with the help of, respectively, Byeongwon Park (STEPI –Science and Technology Policy Institute of Korea), Susan Fridy (OECD Washington Center)and Mu Rongping (Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences).Interviews with several OECD experts helped gather further knowledge. Thanks also to thefollowing DSTI colleagues: Koen de Backer, Mario Cervantes, Chiara Criscuolo, FernandoGalindo-Rueda, Hermann Garden, Dominique Guellec, Alistair Nolan, Caroline Paunov,Mariagrazia Squicciarini, Vincenzo Spiezia, Carthage Smith and David Winickoff.Chapter 4, “Recent international trends in STI policies”, was prepared by SandrineKergroach based on recent CSTP and TIP activities. It draws on country responses to the2016 EC/OECD International STIP Survey.As in the past, the STI Outlook policy profiles were prepared with a collaborativeapproach. Policy profiles and their analytical framework were designed by SandrineKergroach, who ensured co-ordination and consistency.Chapter 5, “STI Policy Profiles: Governance”, was prepared by Mario Cervantes, SteffiFriedrichs, Michael Keenan, Sandrine Kergroach, Philippe Larrue, Jakob Pruess, DavidWinickoff and Pluvia Zuniga on the basis of work conducted by the TIP and the BNCT andexperience obtained through the OECD Country Reviews on Innovation Policy. Marco Daglio(GOV) prepared the STI policy profile on public sector innovation.Chapter 6, “STI Policy Profiles: Globalisation of innovation policies”, was prepared byKoen de Backer based on work conducted by the OECD Committee on Industry, Innovationand Entrepreneurship (CIIE) together with Fernando Galindo-Rueda and SandrineKergroach based on work conducted by the CSTP and its Working Party of National Expertson Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI) and Frederic Sgard of the GSF. GwénaëlJacotin and Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin (EDU) prepared the STI policy profile on theinternationalisation of universities and public research.Chapter 7, “STI Policy Profiles: Facing new societal and environmental challenges”, wasprepared by Andrés Barreneche, Mario Cervantes and Jim Philp based on work done by theTIP and the BNCT, Elettra Ronchi on the basis of work conducted by the CDEP and CarolinePaunov on the basis of TIP and more general OECD activities on inclusive innovation.Chapter 8, “STI Policy Profiles: Innovation in firms” was prepared by Silvia Appelt,Mario Cervantes, Sylvain Fraccola, Fernando Galindo-Rueda, Sandrine Kergroach and JakobPruess on the basis of work conducted by the CSTP, NESTI and TIP. Lucia Cusmano, MarcoMarchese and Jonathan Potter (CFE) prepared the STI policy profile on start-ups andentrepreneurship.6OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION OUTLOOK 2016 OECD 2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSChapter 9, “STI Policy Profiles: Sectoral innovation”, was prepared by Giulia AjmoneMarsan, Sarah Box, Mario Cervantes, Hermann Garden, Claire Jolly, Alistair Nolan andJim Philp, all of the DSTI, on the basis of work conducted by the CSTP, the TIP, the BNCT, theCDEP and the OECD Space Forum. Valérie Paris (ELS) and Prof. Dr. Philippe Gorry of theResearch Unit in Theoretical and Applied Economics of the University of Bordeauxprepared the policy profile on health innovation for rare diseases.Chapter 10, “STI Policy Profiles: Universities and public research”, was prepared byGiulia Ajmone-Marsan, Andrés Barreneche, Mario Cervantes, Caroline Paunov, FredericSgard and Carthage Smith on the basis of work conducted by the CSTP, the TIP and the GSF.Chapter 11, “STI Policy Profiles: Skills for innovation”, was prepared by AndrésBarreneche, Sandrine Kergroach, Richard Scott and David Winickoff on the basis of workconducted by the CSTP, the TIP and the BNCT.Chapter 12, “STI country profiles: Assessing STI performance”, was co-ordinated bySylvain Fraccola and Sandrine Kergroach. The methodology was designed by DominiqueGuellec and Sandrine Kergroach. Country profiles were prepared by Giulia Ajmone-Marsan,Koen de Backer, Andrés Barreneche, Stefano Baruffaldi, Sarah Box, Qian Dai, SylvainFraccola, Steffi Friedrichs, Dominique Guellec, Gernot Hutschenreiter, Michael Keenan,Sandrine Kergroach, Philippe Larrue, Alistair Nolan, Daehyun Oh, Caroline Paunov, JakobPruess, Carthage Smith, Yana Vaziakova, David Winickoff, Gang Zhang and Pluvia Zuniga,all of the DSTI, based on information gathered through the EC/OECD STI Policy Survey anddrawing on TIP activities and the OECD Country reviews on innovation policy.All components of the STI Outlook 2016 have been reviewed by and received valuablecomments from the editorial board: Dominique Guellec, Dirk Pilat and Andrew Wyckoff ofthe DSTI.Sandrine Kergroach supervised the development of the policy infrastructure (EC/OECDSTIP database) and the statistical infrastructure (IPP.Stat). Sylvain Fraccola, Chiara Petroli,Jakob Pruess and Charlotte van Ooijen provided research assistance in processing the 2016country responses. Thanks to Julien Chicot, Naoya Ono, Inmaculada Perianez-Forte, ChiaraPetroli and Tomomi Watanabe for their pivotal work in implementing the former versions ofthe EC/OECD STI Policy database. Thanks to colleagues of the European Commission’s DGRTD for their help in preparing country information for the 2016 survey. Sylvain Fraccola andBlandine Serve provided co-ordination and statistical assistance respectively and supportedthe entire survey process.Thanks to Blandine Serve for her statistical support for the overall publication. Thanksto Silvia Appelt, Frédéric Bourassa, Hélène Dernis, Isabelle Desnoyers-James, FernandoGalindo-Rueda, Elif Koksal-Oudot, Guillaume Kpodar, Christina Serra-Vallejo, Brigitte VanBeuzekom and Fabien Verger for statistical inputs. Thanks to Samuel Pinto-Ribeiro for ITsupport. Thanks to Florence Hourtouat, Beatrice Jeffries and Sophie O’Gorman for secretarialassistance. Thanks also to Janine Treves (PAC) for editorial recommendations along theentire process, to Patrick Hamm for copy-editing the text and to Angela Gosmann forpreparing the publication for printing.OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION OUTLOOK 2016 OECD 20167
TABLE OF CONTENTSTable of contentsAcronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Chapter 1. Megatrends affecting science, technology and innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Natural resources and energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Climate change and environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Globalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Role of governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Economy, jobs and productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Health, inequality and well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2122263036424854606470References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70Chapter 2. Future technology trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Big data analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Artificial intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Neurotechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nano/microsatellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nanomaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Additive manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Advanced energy storage technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Synthetic biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777880838689929598101104107110Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Annex 2.A1. Foresight exercises mapped in this Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Annex 2.A2. Foresight studies mapping by main technology area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Chapter 3. The future of science systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283.1. What resources will be dedicated to public research? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION OUTLOOK 2016 OECD 20169
TABLE OF CONTENTS3.2. Who will fund public research? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3. What public research will be performed and why? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4. Who will perform public research? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5. How will public research be performed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6. What will public research careers look like? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1321341381391463.7. What outputs and impacts will be expected of public research? . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513.8. What will public research policy and governance look like? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Chapter 4. Recent trends in national science and innovation policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Key messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction: the legacy of recent years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1. Overview of the STIP survey results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2. The drivers of growth and innovation have weakened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3. Escaping the slow growth trap and strengthening economic growth . . . . . . . .4.4. Reorienting public research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.5. Broadening the skills and culture for innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.6. Improving policy governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161162164166167172184187187Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Tables2.1.A2.1.A2.2.A2.3.A2.4.Major initiatives in brain science and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foresight Studies mapping – biotechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foresight Studies mapping – Advanced materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foresight Studies mapping – Digital technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foresight Studies mapping – Energy and environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9012112212312440 key and emerging technologies for the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Online devices, top 24 countries, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Main patenting economies in selected emerging technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . .Algorithms conduct more and more trades autonomously . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Launch history and projection for nano- and microsatellites, 2009-20 . . . . . . .Nanotechnology patents by sub-area and total, 1985-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Worldwide industrial additive manufacturing revenue per sector. . . . . . . . . . .What do companies use additive manufacturing technologies for? . . . . . . . . .Maturity of energy storage technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Applications of synthetic biology across sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Total computing power of the Bitcoin network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Outline and main issues of Chapter 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Business and public investment have expanded global research capacity . . . .Public R&D budgets are likely to plateau around current ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . .Global public research is performed in a few OECD countriesand partner economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5. Public research funding is concentrated in governments’ hands. . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.10132133OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION OUTLOOK 2016 OECD 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS3.6. Industry funding of public research: universities take the lion’s share. . . . . . .3.7. Growing societal concerns are changing balances in public R&D budgets . . . .3.8. Economies are setting R&D budgetary priorities to better address grandchallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.9. Public research has shifted towards universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.10. International collaboration networks in science are extendingand deepening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.11. Open access publishing is on the rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.12. Open access publishing practices vary across fields of science . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.13. Data-driven research is growing rapidly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.14. There are more new doctorates worldwide, including in emergingeconomies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.15. The supply of doctorates in science and engineering shows some signsof slowdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.16. The public sector accounts for a disproportionate share of employedresearchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.17. Women remain away from top academic positions in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.18. Scientific production has increased worldwide but rankings of excellenceare slower to change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1. Overall STI policy attention is focused on business innovation, researchand skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2. STI policy focus has shifted towards more immediate economicimperatives and policy efficiency gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3. STI policy action has slightly changed focus, form and target in recent years . . .4.4. Synopsis of current economic conditions and impact on innovationcapacity, selected countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.5. Shrinking growth gaps between advanced and emerging economies . . . . . . . .4.6. Cross-country investments in intellectual assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.7. Public support to business R&D has increased significantly over recentyears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.8. More public support has gone to firms through more generous R&D taxincentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.9. Major funding instruments in the policy mix for business innovation, 2016 . . .4.10. Many countries have consolidated and merged existing support schemes . . .4.11. Addressing the slow recovery of financing conditions for innovationand entrepreneurship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.12. Towards a stronger focus on demand-side approaches in the policy mix . . . .4.13. The use and policy relevance of R&D tax incentives remain extremelyuneven across countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION OUTLOOK 2016 OECD 6816917017117517617717817817918111
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CITJPOKIPOMFPMNENGOOAODOHIMPCTPPPPPPPRIR&DBusiness enterprise expenditure on R&DCarbon dioxideOECD Committee for Scientific and Technological PolicyEuropean Patent OfficeEuropean UnionForeign direct investmentFull-time equivalentGovernment budget appropriations and outlays for R&DGross domestic productGross domestic expenditure on R&DGovernment intramural expenditure on R&DGlobal value chainsHigher education expenditure on R&DHuman resources in science and technologyHigher education
he OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016 is the eleventh in a biennial series designed to review key trends in science, technology and innovation (STI) in OECD countries and a number of major non-member economies: Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica,
OECD/IEA - OECD/NEA 2010 OECD/IEA - OECD/NEA 2015 Jaejoo HA, Head, Nuclear Development Division, OECD/NEA Email: jaejoo.ha@oecd.org NI2050 - 7 July 2015
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The OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2008 reviews key trends in science, technology and innovation in OECD countries and a number of major non-member economies including Brazil, Chile, China, Israel, Russia and South Africa. Using the latest available data and indicators, the book
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OECD PRINCIPLES ON WATER GOVERNANCE . Head of the OECD Water Governance Programme OCSE Economic & Environmental Forum, Prague - 14 September 2015 OECD Projections : A Gloomy Picture Global water demand: Baseline scenario, 2000 and 2050 Water stress by river basin: Baseline, 2050 Source: OECD Environmental Outlook Baseline (2012) 23rd OSCE .
This Overview is based on the June 2015 OECD Economic Outlook and is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of OECD member countries. The country notes for Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico are reproduced from the OECD Economic Outlook.
Japanese Language Japanese I-1a ・I-1b Spring and Fall 8 Credits each Aimed at beginner level students with some previous experience studying Japanese language. Knowledge of at least 100 kanji plus hiragana and katakana is required. Students will become able to have basic everyday conversations as well as read and write using approximately 300 kanji. Grammar, conversation, listening and .
