Criminal Law 2 Reyes Reviewer Pdf - Itidharamshala.in

baka po pwedeng pa send po sa email ko kung ok lang po maraming salamat po. jhayrsinohin040893@gmail.com CRIMINAL LAW II FINALS REVIEWER ATTY. JOSE ARTURO DE CASTRO TITLE I – CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS Chapter 1: Crimes against National Security Section 1 –Treason and espionage Art. 114 – TreasonAny Filipino citizen who levies war against the Philippines or adheres to her enemies, giving them aid or comfort within the Philippines or elsewhere, shall be punished by reclusion perpetua to death and shall pay a fine not to exceed 100,000 pesos. Noperson shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses at least to the same over act or on confession of the accused in open court. Likewise, an alien, residing in the Philippines who commits acts of treason as defined in paragraph 1 of this article shall be punished byreclusion temporal to death and shall pay a fine not to exceed 100, 000 pesos.Elements: (FWO: la) a. That the offender is a Filipino citizen or an alien residing in the Philippines b. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved c. That the offender either: a. levies war against the Government, or b.adheres to the enemies, giving them aid or comfort.Treason Treason – breach of allegiance to a government, by a person who owes allegiance to it. Treason is the violation by a subject of his allegiance to his sovereign or to the supreme authority of the state. (U.S. v. Abad) “Allegiance” – theobligation of fidelity and obedience which the individuals owe to the government which they live or to their sovereign in return for the protection they receive a. Permanent allegiance – Obedience and fidelity that a citizen or subject owes to his government. b. Temporary allegiance – Obligation of fidelityand obedience which a resident alien owes to our government. BLOCK A 2011- ‐2012 Who may commit treason? 1. Filipino citizen May be proved by: Documents proving citizenship Prison record (People v. Martin) Testimony of witnesses who know him (People v. Flavier) 2. Resident alien Aliens who aid theenemy can now be prosecuted under Art. 144War: Treason is a war crime, treasonable acts may actually be perpetrated during peace but there are no traitors until war has started. Punished by the state as a measure of self- ‐defense and preservation. Ways or modes : 1. By levying war against theGovernment. a. There must be an actual assembling of men. b. For the purpose of executing a treasonable design by force. It is not necessary that there be a formal declaration of the existence of a state of war. (Justice Johnson, dissenting; U.S. v. Lagnason) Levying of war must be with the intent to overthrowthe government.It does not matter how vain and futile the attempt was and how impossible of accomplishment. Levying war as an act of treason must be for the purpose of executing a treasonable design by force. Levying war must be in collaboration with a foreign enemy, if the levying is merely acivil uprising without any intention of helping an external enemy, offenders will be liable for treason. 2. Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid or comforta. Adherence to the enemyWhen a citizen intellectually or emotionally favors the enemy and harbors sympathies or convictions disloyal to his country’spolicy or interest. (Cramer v. U.S.) Giving information to the enemy (People v. Paar) Being a makapili constitutes an overt act, since he placed himself at the enemy’s call to fight side by side with him (People v. Adriano)b. Giving them aid or comfort An act which strengthens or tends to strengthen thetraitors or weakens the state to resist and attack the enemy Direct and indirect act 1 CRIMINAL LAW II FINALS REVIEWER ATTY. JOSE ARTURO DE CASTRO Direct – Materially contributes to the traitors and external force. i.e. selling bullets Indirect – Normal conduct of business such as Selling food or clothing3. Public office Mere governmental work under the Japanese government is not treason However, if due to his position he helped in the propagation of the creed of the invader, such constitute treason. 4. Treason as an offense No complex crime of treason Treason is a continuous offense, thus it may becommitted by a series of acts. 5. Aggravating Circumstances (Exclusively on) CrueltyIgnominyProving treason: 1. 2 witnesses testifying to same overt act a. The testimonies must refer to the same act, place and moment of time. Treason cannot be proved by circumstantial evidence or by extrajudicialconfession. Example: X saw arms landed in La Union and loaded into a motor vehicle. At this stage, not sufficient to convict yet. Y later saw the arms unloaded in a warehouse. Will X Y be sufficient witnesses to convict? Answer: NO. Because the law requires that 2 witnesses see the SAME OVERT ACT. b.Confession of the accused in open court. If he has pleaded NOT guilty already during arraignment, he can still confess in open court by stating the particular acts constituting treason.During trial, simply saying “I’m guilty” is not enough.If during arraignment he pleads guilty, court will ask if the accusedunderstands is plea. Submission of affidavit during trial, even if assisted by counsel is not enough. *Reason: Nature of the crime of treason requires that the accused be afforded a special protection not required in other cases so as to avoid miscarriage of justice 2. Proving Adherencea. By one witnessb. From nature of the act itselfc. From the circumstances surrounding the act BLOCK A 2011- ‐2012 *Reason: What is designed in the mind of an accused never is susceptible of proof by direct testimony. 3. Defense Duress or uncontrollable fear, only fear of immediate death shall be accepted. Suspendedallegiance and change of sovereignty not accepted.Art. 115 - ‐ Conspiracy and proposal to commit treasonThe conspiracy or proposal to commit the crime of treason shall be punished respectively, by prision mayor and a fine not exceeding P10,000 pesos, and prision correccional and a fine not exceedingP5,000 pesos.Acts punished: 1. Conspiracy to commit treason – when in time of war, two or more persons come to an agreement to levy war against the government or to adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort, and decide to commit it. 2. Proposal to commit treason –when in time of war a person who has decided to levy war against the government or to adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort, proposes its execution to some other person or persons.Art. 116 - ‐ Misprision of treason Every person owing allegiance to (the United States) theGovernment of the Philippine Islands, without being a foreigner, and having knowledge of any conspiracy against them, conceals or does not disclose and make known the same, as soon as possible to the governor or fiscal of the province, or the mayor or fiscal of the city in which he resides, as thecase may be, shall be punished as an accessory to the crime of treason.Elements: (OKC) a. That the offender must be owing allegiance to the government, and not a foreigner; b. That he has knowledge of any conspiracy (to commit treason) against the government; c. That he conceals or does notdisclose and make known the same as soon as possible to the governor or fiscal of the province or the mayor or fiscal of the city in which he resides.2 CRIMINAL LAW II FINALS REVIEWER ATTY. JOSE ARTURO DE CASTRO Offender: 1. Applies to Filipino citizens, resident alien is not included. 2.Does not apply if treason is actually committed.3. This article is an exception to the rule that mere silence does not make a person criminally liable, for it punishes non- ‐disclosure. (U.S. v. Caballeros, et al.) 4. What if other high ranking official such as PNP chief? It is still applicable as long as the official isunder DILGArt. 117 – EspionageThe penalty of prision correccional shall be inflicted upon any person who:1. Without authority therefor, enters a warship, fort, or naval or military establishment or reservation to obtain any information, plans, photographs, or other data of a confidential naturerelative to the defense of the Philippine Archipelago; or2. Being in possession, by reason of the public office he holds, of the articles, data, or information referred to in the preceding paragraph, discloses their contents to a representative of a foreign nation. The penalty next higher in degree shallbe imposed if the offender be a public officer or employee.Elements: 1. Paragraph 1 Elements: (WAP) a. That the offender enters a warship, fort, or naval or military establishment or reservation; b. That he has no authority therefor; c. That his purpose is to obtain information, plans, photographs or otherdata of a confidential nature relative to the defense of the Philippines.2. Paragraph 2 Elements: (PAD) a. that the offender is a public officer; b. That he has in his possession the articles, data or information referred to in paragraph No. 1 of Art. 117, by reason of the public office he holds; c. That hediscloses their contents to a representative of a foreign nation.Note: Not necessary that Philippines is at war with the country to which the information was revealed. What is important is that the information related is connected with the defense system of the Philippines. BLOCK A 2011- ‐2012 It issufficient that he has the purpose to obtain any of themCommonwealth act No. 616: a. Section 1 “Unlawfully obtaining” Going upon, entering, flying over or otherwise by obtaining information concerning any vessel, aircraft, work of defense, for the purpose of obtaining information with the intent touse it to the injury of the Philippines or to advantage any foreign nation. Copying, taking, making or attempting or inducing or aiding another to copy, take, make or obtain any sketch, photograph, photographic negative, blue print, plan, map, instrument, appliance, document, writing for the purpose inparagraph 1. Receiving or obtaining or agreeing or attempting or inducing or aiding another to receive or obtain those mentioned in paragraph 2. Communicating or transmitting or attempting to communicate or transmit to any person not entitled to receive it, by willfully retaining and failing to deliver it ondemand. Permitting through gross negligence to be removed from its proper place or custody or deliver to anyone in violation of his trust, or to be lost, stolen, abstracted or destroyed. b. Section 2 “Unlawful Disclosure” By communicating, delivering or transmitting or attempting or aiding or inducinganother to do it.In time of war, by collecting, recording, publishing or communicating or attempting to elicit any information with respect to the movement, number, description, condition, or disposition of any of the armed forces.c. Section 3 “Disloyal act or words during peace time” Advising,counseling, urging or in any other manner by causing insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny or refusal of duty. Disturbing any written or printed matter which urges the acts cited in paragraph 1. d. Section 4 “Disloyal acts or words during war” Willfully making or conveying false reports or falsestatements with the intent to interfere with the AFP Willfully causing or attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny or refusal of duty Willfully obstructing the recruiting or enlistment service e. Section 5 “Conspiracy” Two or more persons conspire to violate the preceding provisions 3 CRIMINAL LAW IIFINALS REVIEWER ATTY. JOSE ARTURO DE CASTRO One or more of such person do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy f. Section 6 “Harboring or concealing” Offender knows that a person has committed or is about to commit an offense under this act Harbors and conceals such personEspionage compared from Treason: Both crimes are not conditioned upon the citizenship of the offender, however in treason alien must reside in the Philippines. Treason is committed in time of war, while espionage may be committed both in time of peace and war.Note:In crimes against thelaw of nations, the offenders can be prosecuted anywhere in the world because these crimes are considered as against humanity in general, like piracy and mutiny.Crimes against national security can be tried only in the Philippines, as there is a need to bring the offender here before he can bemade to suffer the consequences of the law.The acts against national security may be committed abroad and still be punishable under our law, but it cannot be tried under foreign law. Section 2 – Provoking war and disloyalty in case of war Art. 118: Inciting to war or giving motives for reprisals Thepenalty of reclusion temporal shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee, and that of prision mayor upon any private individual, who, by unlawful or unauthorized acts provokes or gives occasion for a war involving or liable to involve the Philippine Islands or exposes Filipino citizens toreprisals on their persons or property.Elements: (PA) a. That the offender performs unlawful or unauthorized acts b. That such acts provoke or give occasion for a war involving or liable to involve the Philippines or expose Filipino citizens to reprisals on their persons or propertyNotes: Crime iscommitted in time of peace, intent is immaterial BLOCK A 2011- ‐2012 Reprisals is not limited to military action, it could be economic reprisals, or denial of entry into their country.Penalty is higher when the offender is a public officer or employeeExamples Raising troops within the Philippines withoutproper authorization for the service of another nation against another nation Public destruction of the flag or seal of a foreign state or public manifestations of hostility to the head or ambassador of another state.Art. 119 - ‐ Violation of neutrality The penalty of prision correccional shall be inflicted uponanyone who, on the occasion of a war in which the Government is not involved, violates any regulation issued by competent authority for the purpose of enforcing neutrality The penalty of prision correccional shall be inflicted upon anyone who, on the occasion of a war in which the Governmentis not involved, violates any regulation issued by competent authority for the purpose of enforcing neutrality.Elements: (WRV) a. That there is war in which the Philippines is not involved b. That there is a regulation issued by competent authority for the purpose of enforcing neutrality c. That the offenderviolates such regulationNeutrality: 1. Neutrality – a nation or power which takes no part in a contest of arms going on between others. Government declared the neutrality of the Philippines in a war between 2 other countries 2. Congress has the right to declare neutralityArt. 120 - ‐ Correspondence withhostile country Any person who in time of war, shall have correspondence with an enemy country or territory occupied by enemy troops shall be punished:1. By prision correccional, if the correspondence has been prohibited by the Government; 4 CRIMINAL LAW II FINALS REVIEWER ATTY. JOSEARTURO DE CASTRO2. By prision mayor, if such correspondence be carried on in ciphers or conventional signs; and3. By reclusion temporal, if notice or information be given thereby which might be useful to the enemy. If the offender intended to aid the enemy by giving such notice orinformation, he shall suffer the penalty of reclusion temporal to death.Elements: (WCE: pnc) a. That it is in time of war in which the Philippines is involved b. That the offender makes correspondence with an enemy country or territory occupied by enemy troops c. That the correspondence is either –i.prohibited by the government, or ii. carried on in ciphers or conventional signs, or iii. containing notice or information which might be useful to the enemyCircumstances qualifying the offense: 1. Notice or information might be useful to the enemy 2. Offender intended to aid the enemyCorrespondence: Communication by means of letter. If ciphers were used, no need for prohibitionArt. 121 - ‐ Flight to enemy country The penalty of arresto mayor shall be inflicted upon any person who, owing allegiance to the Government, attempts to flee or go to an enemy country when prohibited by competent authority.2 Elements: (WA P) a. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved b. That the offender (Filipino or resident alien) must be owing allegiance to the government c. That the offender attempts to flee or go to enemy country d. That going to enemy country is prohibited by competent authorityBLOCK A 2011- ‐2012 Notes: There must be a prohibition Mere attempt consummates the crime Even aliens can be guiltySection 3 – Piracy and mutiny on the high seas Art. 122 - ‐ Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seasThe penalty of reclusion temporal shall be inflicted upon any person who, on thehigh seas, shall attack or seize a vessel or, not being a member of its complement nor a passenger, shall seize the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its equipment, or personal belongings of its complement or passengers. The same penalty shall be inflicted in case of mutiny on the high seas.Ways of Committing Piracy: a. By attacking or seizing a vessel on the high seas or in the Philippine waters (PD 532) b. By seizing the whole or part of the cargo of said vehicles, its equipment or personal belongings of its complement or passengersElements: (VNO: as) a. That a vessel is on the highseas/Philippine waters b. That the offenders are not members of its complement or passengers of the vessel c. That the offenders – attack or seize that vessel or (hence, if committed by crew or passengers, the crime is not piracy but robbery in the high seas) seize the whole or part of thecargo of said vessel, its equipment or personal belongings of its complement or passengersDefinitions: High seas – parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial seas, or in the internal waters of a state, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagicstate. Piracy – Robbery or forcible depredation on the high seas, without lawful authority and done with animo furandi and in the spirit and intention of universal hostility. (People v. Lol- ‐lo) 5 CRIMINAL LAW II FINALS REVIEWER ATTY. JOSE ARTURO DE CASTRO Mutiny – Committed by the othermembers of the complement and may be committed by the passengers of the vessel. Unlawful resistance to a superior officer. Distinctions: Piracy from robbery on the high seas If offender is a member of the complement or passenger of the vessel – robbery If the robbery is committed by an outsider –piracy Purpose of severe penalty - to impose discipline PIRACY MUTINY Robbery or forcible degradation on the Unlawful resistance to a superior high seas, without lawful authority and officer, or the raising of commotion done with animo lucrandi and in the spirit and disturbances on board a ship andintention of universal hostility. against the authority of its commanderIntent to gain is an element. No criminal intent Attack from outside.Offenders are Attack from the inside. strangers to the vessel. Art. 123 – Qualified piracyThe penalty of reclusion temporal to death shall be imposed upon thosewho commit any of the crimes referred to in the preceding article, under any of the following circumstances: c. BLOCK A 2011- ‐2012 Setting the boat on fire Whenever the crime is accompanied by murder, homicide, physical injuries, or rape. (the above may result to qualified mutiny) Judge Pimentelsaid that parricide should also be included (In short, take into consideration other killings which is necessarily transformed into other crimes because of qualifying factors)Republic Act No. 6235 (The Anti Hi- ‐Jacking Law): Anti hi- ‐jacking is another kind of piracy which is committed in an aircraft.In other countries, this crime is known as aircraft piracy. Four situations governed by anti hi- ‐jacking law: (1) usurping or seizing control of an aircraft of Philippine registry while it is in flight, compelling the pilots thereof to change the course or destination of the aircraft; (2) usurping or seizing control of anaircraft of foreign registry while within Philippine territory, compelling the pilots thereof to land in any part of Philippine territory; (3) carrying or loading on board an aircraft operating as a public utility passenger aircraft in the Philippines, any flammable, corrosive, explosive, or poisonous substance; and (4)loading, shipping, or transporting on board a cargo aircraft operating as a public utility in the Philippines, any flammable, corrosive, explosive, or poisonous substance if this was done not in accordance with the rules and regulations set and promulgated by the Air Transportation Office on this matter.1. Whenever they have seized a vessel by boarding or firing upon the same;2. Whenever the pirates have abandoned their victims without means of saving themselves; or3. Whenever the crime is accompanied by murder, homicide, physical injuries or rape. Qualifying circumstances (includesmutiny): a. Whenever they have seized a vessel by boarding or firing upon the same Boarded Fired guns b. Whenever the pirates have abandoned their victims without means of saving themselves 6 CRIMINAL LAW II FINALS REVIEWER ATTY. JOSE ARTURO DE CASTRO TITLE II – CRIMES AGAINST THEFUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THE STATE Chapter 1: Arbitrary Detention or Expulsion, Violation of Dwelling, Prohibition, Interruption, and Dissolution of Peaceful meetings and crimes against Religious WorshipThey are called crimes against the fundamental laws of the State because they violate certain provisions of theBill of Rights (Article 3) of the 1987 ConstitutionArt 124: Arbitrary Detention Any public officer or employee who, without legal grounds, detains a person, shall suffer: 1. The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, if the detention has not exceeded three days;2. The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the detention has continued for more than three but not more than fifteen days; 3. The penalty of prision mayor, if the detention has continued for more than fifteen days but not more than six months; and If the offender is aprivate individual, he is guilty of Illegal detention under Art 267 Detention is defined as the actual confinement of a person in an enclosure, or in any manner depriving him of his liberty (People v Gungon)Legal grounds for detention: Elements: (P- ‐D- ‐W) 1. That the offender is a public officer or employee 2.That he detains a person 3. That the detention is without legal grounds The public officers liable for arbitrary detention must be vested with authority to detain or order the detention of persons accused of a crime, although the legal grounds for such detention is lacking List of lawful arrest without warrant - see p.451. The commission of a crime 2. Violent insanity or any other ailment requiring compulsory confinement of the patient in a hospital Arrest without warrant is the usual cause of arbitrary detention An arrest without warrant is lawful when the suspect is caught in flagrante delicto or immediately thereafter, or whenthe suspect is an escaping prisoner It must be stressed that "presence" does not only required that the arresting person sees the offense, but also when he "hears the disturbance created thereby and proceeds at one to the scene" (U.S. v Samonte) An officer arresting a person who has just committed an offensemust have probable cause to believe based on personal knowledge of facts and circumstances that the person to be arretsted has committed it. Probable cause can be defined as such facts and circumstances which could lead a reasonable discreet and prudent man to believe that an offense has been committedand that the object sought in connection with the offense are in the place sought to be searched A crime must in fact or actually have been committed first Under Sec. 5 Rule 113 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, the actual commission of a crime by the person detained is not necessary to justify hisdetention. It depends upon the nature of his deed, when it's characterization as a crime may reasonably be in erred by the officer to whon the law at the moment leaves the decision for the urgent purpose of suspending the liberty of that person (U.S. v Sanchez) The right of arrest without warrant of arrest of anescaped prisoner is founded on the principle that at the time of the arrest, the escapee is in the continuous act of committing a crime which is evading the serving of his sentence (Paraluman v Director of Prisons) 4. That of reclusion temporal, if the detention shall have exceeded six months. The commission of acrime, or violent insanity or any other ailment requiring the compulsory confinemen of the patient in a hospital, shall be considered legal grounds for the detention of any person BLOCK A 2011- ‐2012 7 CRIMINAL LAW II FINALS REVIEWER ATTY. JOSE ARTURO DE CASTRO The crime if arbitrary detentioncan be committed through imprudence provided for and punished under Article 365Periods of detentions penalized: 1. If detention has not exceeded 3 days 2. If the detention has continued more than 3 days but not more than 15 days 3. If the detention has continued more than 15 days but not more thn 6 months4. If the detention has exceeded 6 months The law does not fix any minimum period of detention.Art. 125. Delay in the delivery if detained persons to the proper judicial authorities The penalties provided in the next preceeding article shall be imposed upon the public officer or employee who shalldetain any person for some legal ground and shall fail to deliver such person to the proper judicial authorities within the period of: twelve (12) hours, for crimes or offenses punishable by light penalties, or their equivalent; eighteen (18) hours, for crimes or offenses punishable by correctional penalties, or theirequivalent; and thirty- ‐six (36) hours, for crimes or offenses punishable by afflictive or capital penalties, or their equivalent. In every case, the person detained shall be informed of the cause of his detention and shall be allowed, upon his request, to communicate and confer at any time with his attorneyor counsel. Elements: (P- ‐D- ‐F- ‐12L- ‐18c- ‐36a) 1. That the offender is a public officer or employee 2. That he detained a person for some legal ground Without warrant 3. That he fails to deliver such person to the proper judicial authorities within: a. Twelve (12) hours, for crimes punishable by light penalities or theirequivalent; b. Eighteen (18) hours, for correcional or their equivalent; c. Thirty- ‐six (36) hours, for afflictive or their equivalent If the offender is a private person, the crime is illegal detention The arrest must have been made for some legal ground (under any of the circumstances where arrest without warrant isauthorized by law) Art. 125 BLOCK A 2011- ‐2012 therefore applies only when the arrest is made without warrant of arrest. But the arrest must be lawful.The person arrested without a warrant shall be forthwith delivered to the nearest police station or jail. The delivery does not consist in a physicaldelivery, but in making an accusation or charge or filing of an information against the person arrested wight he corresponding court or judge (Sayo v Chief of Police of Manila)Duty of detaining officer us deemed complied with upon the filing of the complaint with the judicial authority.The "proper judicialauthority" means the Supreme Court and suc inferior courts as may be established by lawDetained person should be released when a judge is not available uf the maximum hours for detention provided under Art. 125 has already expired. Failure to cause the release may result in an offense under Art. 125 (Albiorv Auguis)For the purpose if determining the criminal liability of an officer detaining a person for more than the time prescribed, 1. The means if communication, as well as 2. The hour of arrest, and 3. other circumstances such as the time of surrender and the material possibility for the fiscal to make theinvestigation and file in time the necessary information Violation of Art. 125 does not affect legality of confinement under process issued by a court. Such violation is not considered as one of the grounds on which one can predicate a motion to quash the information. A subsequent filing of the information incourt does not cure the illegality of detention. The arresting officer will still be liable because the violation had already been committed. If no charge is filed by the fiscal in court within the period fixed in Art. 125, the arresting officer must release the detainee. If the arresting officer does not release suchperson he will be guilty under Art. 125 while the fiscal who fails to file the information will not be liable, unless he has ordered induced the officer 8 CRIMINAL LAW II FINALS REVIEWER ATTY. JOSE ARTURO DE CASTRO to hold and not release the prisoner after the expiration of said period. (Sayo v Chief ofPolice of Manila)To avoid harassment, abuse Reason: To protect our consti right of liberty o To prevent any abuse resulting from confining a person without informing him of his offense and without permitting him to go on bail. (Laurel v Misa)Art. 125 distinguished from Art. 124Delay in the delivery Detention islegal in the beginning but the illegality starts from expiration of any of the periods specified Arbitrary Detention Detention is illegal from the beginningArt. 126. Delaying Release The penalties provided in Article 124 shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who delays for the period of time specifiedtherein the performance of any judicial or executive order for the release of a prisoner or detention prisoner, or unduly delays the service of the notice of such order to said prisoner or the proceedings upon any petition for the liberation of s

Criminal law 2 reyes reviewer pdf. baka po pwedeng pa send po sa email ko kung ok lang po maraming salamat po. jhayrsinohin040893@gmail.com CRIMINAL LAW II FINALS REVIEWER ATTY. JOSE ARTURO DE CASTRO TITLE I - CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS Chapter 1: Crimes against National Security Section 1 - .