POWER PLANT ENGINEERING - Kopykitab
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING Dr. S. Suyambazhahan M.E., Ph.D. (IITM) Principal, S.A. Engineering College Avadi-Poonamallee High Road, Veeraraghavapuram, Thiruverkadu Post Chennai, Tamilnadu UNIVERSITY SCIENCE PRESS !N )MPRINT OF ,AXMI 0UBLICATIONS 0VT ,TD "!.'!,/2% #(%.!) #/#(). '57!(!4) (9 %2!"! *!,!. (!2 /, !4! ,5# ./7 -5-"!) 2!.#() NEW DELHI ). )! 53! '(!.! %.9!
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING Copyright by Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd. All rights reserved including those of translation into other languages. In accordance with the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise. Any such act or scanning, uploading, and or electronic sharing of any part of this book without the permission of the publisher constitutes unlawful piracy and theft of the copyright holder’s intellectual property. If you would like to use material from the book (other than for review purposes), prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers. Printed and bound in India Typeset at Excellent Graphics, Delhi First Edition UPP-9746-150-POWER PLANT ENGG-SUY ISBN 978-93-83828-52-4 Limits of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties. The advice, strategies, and activities contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In performing activities adult supervision must be sought. Likewise, common sense and care are essential to the conduct of any and all activities, whether described in this book or otherwise. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable or assumes any responsibility for any injuries or damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website if referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers must be aware that the Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Published in India by UNIVERSITY SCIENCE PRESS (An Imprint of Laxmi Publications Pvt.Ltd.) 113, GOLDEN HOUSE, DARYAGANJ, NEW DELHI - 110002, INDIA Telephone : 91-11-4353 2500, 4353 2501 Fax : 91-11-2325 2572, 4353 2528 www.laxmipublications.com info@laxmipublications.com Branches All trademarks, logos or any other mark such as Vibgyor, USP, Amanda, Golden Bells, Firewall Media, Mercury, Trinity, Laxmi appearing in this work are trademarks and intellectual property owned by or licensed to Laxmi Publications, its subsidiaries or affiliates. Notwithstanding this disclaimer, all other names and marks mentioned in this work are the trade names, trademarks or service marks of their respective owners. & Bangalore 080-26 75 69 30 & Chennai 044-24 34 47 26, 24 35 95 07 & Cochin 0484-237 70 04, 405 13 03 & Guwahati 0361-254 36 69, 251 38 81 & Hyderabad 040-27 55 53 83, 27 55 53 93 & Jalandhar 0181-222 12 72 & Kolkata 033-22 27 43 84 & Lucknow 0522-220 99 16 & Mumbai 022-24 91 54 15, 24 92 78 69 & Ranchi 0651-220 44 64 C— Printed at:
Preface Several books on “Power Plant Engineering” are available in the market today. But the buyers must be smart enough to know which book to purchase. The first edition of the book comprising five units namely Thermal Power Plants, Hydroelectric Power Plants, Nuclear Power Plants, Gas and Diesel Power Plants, and NOn-Conventional Power Generation. It is assured that this book will satisfy the need for why it is bought and also serves as a good textbook for both students and faculties. All kinds of suggestions and constructive criticisms are earnestly solicited for enhancements. I dedicate this book to the Almighty for this opportunity. This book is designed by profoundly comprehending the needs of emerging Electrical and Electronics Engineers and as per the syllabus of fourth semester course “EE2252 Power Plant Engineering” prescribed by Anna University, Chennai. This book is prepared in a very systematic and self-explanatory approach and the contents are presented in an elegant, comprehensive and lucid fashion with neat diagrams wherever required. The contents of the book are made available in such a way that even the beginners of the subject can understand the concepts of Power Plant Engineering and various power plants from the scrap. The content of the book is sectioned into five units namely Thermal Power Plant, Hydroelectric Power Plants, Nuclear Power Plants, Gas and Diesel Power Plants, and Non-Conventional Power Generation. Particularly topics such as boilers, turbines, condensers, pumps, Hydroelectric Power Plants nuclear Power Plants, gas and Diesel Power Plants, various non-conventional power generation techniques are elaborately dealt. All the units are provided with ample of review questions and solved problems. This book will surely satisfy the students in preparing for the University examinations and achieving prolific results and also it will quench the thirst of success in preparing other competitive examinations. —Dr. S. Suyambazhahan (v)
Contents Preface 1. (v) Thermal Power Plants 1–84 1.1 1.2 1.3 Introduction—Power Plant Engineering . 1 Classification of Power Plants . 1 Sources of Energy . 1 1.3.1 Conventional Sources of Energy . 1 1.3.2 Non-Conventional Sources of Energy . 2 1.3.3 Comparison of Sources of Energy . 4 1.4 History of Thermodynamics . 4 1.4.1 Temperature and Heat . 5 1.4.2 Laws of Thermodynamics . 7 1.4.3 Thermodynamic Processes . 9 1.4.4 Thermodynamic Cycles . 10 1.5 Steam or Thermal Power Plant . 16 1.6 Major Components of Thermal (Steam) Power Plant . 18 1.6.1 Boiler . 18 1.6.2 Turbines . 28 1.6.3 Condensers . 33 1.6.4 Pumps . 40 1.7 Pulverised Coal Burners . 45 1.8 Principle of Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC) System . 49 1.9 Coal Handling Systems . 56 1.10 Ash Handling System . 62 1.11 Forced Draught . 67 1.12 Superheaters . 69 1.13 Regenerator . 75 1.14 Dearearators (Air Preheaters) . 75 1.15 Economizer . 77 1.16 Cooling Towers . 78 1.17 Selection of Steam Power Station . 80 Review Questions . 81 ( vii )
( viii ) 2. Hydroelectric Power Plant 85–94 2.1 Introduction . 85 2.2 Classifications . 85 2.3 Layout of Hydroelectric Power Plant . 86 2.4 Dams . 88 2.5 Selection of Water Turbines . 88 2.6 Factors to be Considered While Selecting the Site for Hydroelectric Power Plant . 90 2.7 Pumped-Storage Plants . 90 2.8 Mini Hydro Plants . 91 2.9 Micro Hydro Plant . 92 2.10 Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plants in India . 93 Review Questions . 93 3. Nuclear Power Plant 95–126 3.1 Principles of Nuclear Energy . 95 3.2 Elements and Atoms . 95 3.3 Radioactivity . 96 3.4 Biological Effects of Radiation . 97 3.5 Radioactive Decay . 97 3.6 Nuclear Life Cycle . 101 3.7 Nuclear Energy—Fission and Fusion . 103 3.8 Uranium-235 Chain Reaction . 106 3.9 Use of Water for Cooling . 108 3.10 Nuclear Power Plant Reactors . 109 3.11 Types of Nuclear Reactions . 117 3.12 Outside a Nuclear Power Plant . 118 3.13 The Significant Problems with Nuclear Power Plants . 118 3.14 Nuclear Power Plants - Safety . 118 3.15 Working Principle of Nuclear Power Plant . 119 3.16 General Components of Nuclear Reactor . 121 3.17 Merits and Demerits of Nuclear Power Plant . 124 3.18 Nuclear Power Plants in India . 124 Review Questions . 125 4. Gas Power Plant 4.1 4.2 4.3 127–145 Gas Power Plant . 127 4.1.1 Introduction . 127 4.1.2 Classification of Gas Turbines . 127 4.1.3 Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant . 127 4.1.4 Open Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant . 129 4.1.5 Gas Turbine Plant with Intercooling . 130 4.1.6. Gas Turbine Plant with Reheating . 130 4.1.7 Gas Turbine Plant with Regeneration . 132 4.1.8 Merits and Demerits of Gas Power Plant . 134 4.1.9 Solved Problems . 134 Diesel Engine Power Plant . 137 Fuel Supply System in Diesel Engine . 138
( ix ) 4.4 Types of Diesel Power plants . 140 4.5 Working Principle of Diesel Power Plant . 141 4.6 Merits and Demerits of Diesel Power Plant . 142 4.7 Application of Diesel Power Plant . 142 4.8 Comparison of Power Plants . 143 Review Questions . 144 5. Non-Conventional Power Generating Systems 146–190 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 Solar Power Plant . 146 Wind Power Generation . 150 Tidal Power Generation . 155 Geothermal Power Plant . 156 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) . 159 Biogas Generation . 163 Fuel Cells . 168 MHD Power Generation . 170 Typical Configuration of Thermoelectric Power Generation System . 173 Thermionic Power Generation . 181 Solar Inverter . 183 5.11.1 How an Inverter Works . 183 5.12 Lighting Arrester . 186 Review Questions . 188 University Question Papers 191–197 Index 198–200
1 1.1 Thermal Power Plants INTRODUCTION—POWER PLANT ENGINEERING In the modern scenario, the need for electricity is increasing very rapidly. Electric power is considered as the heart of any industry. Electricity is used in our day-to-day life for lighting, heating, lifting, and cooking and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to produce electricity in large scale and also economically. The large scale power production could be achieved only by means of suitable power producing units like power plants. The most commonly used power plants are steam/thermal, Gas, Diesel, Hydroelectric and nuclear power plants. The main aspects consider while constructing or designing a power plant is the selection of proper location and appropriate equipments for the plant such that maximum output is achieved. The generated power must also be cost effective, reliable and fairly uninterrupted. 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS Bulk electric power is generated by special plants known as generating stations or power plants. A generating station consists of a prime mover coupled to an alternator to produce electric power. The prime mover converts different energy forms like kinetic energy, potential energy, chemical energy, into mechanical energy. The alternator converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy. Depending upon the energies or input converted by prime mover into mechanical energy, the power plants are classified as follows: 1. Steam power plants 2. Hydroelectric power plants 3. Diesel power plants 4. Nuclear power plants. 1.3 SOURCES OF ENERGY The energy sources can be classified as: Conventional energy sources or Non-renewable energy sources Non-conventional energy sources or Renewable energy sources 1.3.1 Conventional Sources of Energy The conventional resources are finite and exhaustible. Once consumed, these sources cannot be replaced by others. Examples are coal, timber, petroleum, lignite, natural gas, fossil fuels, nuclear fuels etc. 1
2 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING The examples for conventional sources of energy are: (i) Fossil fuel energy (ii) Nuclear energy (iii) Hydro energy Fossil Fuel Energy Fossil fuel is an invaluable source of energy produced due to chemical changes taking place in the absence of oxygen in plants and animals that have been buried deep in the earth’s crust for many million years. Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas are formed in this manner. These are conventional sources of energy. For example, energy from, Petroleum, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy, etc. Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is obtained by fission of nuclear material. Uranium is a fairly common element in earth’s crust. Naturally found uranium contains 0.72% of uranium 235 (U-235) by mass rest being Uranium 238 (U-238) and small amount of isotopes. Isotopes are atoms of same element having different atomic weights. Plutonium and thorium are another alternate fuel for creating nuclear energy. Hydro Energy It is the energy possessed by the water. The potential energy of water stored in a reservoir at high level is converted into high kinetic energy water by passing to the turbine through the nozzles to produce mechanical energy. Then the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by coupling turbine with generator. Thus the hydro energy is obtained for producing electricity. The conventional power plants are producing electricity using conventional energy 1.3.2 Non-Conventional Sources of Energy The non-conventional sources are being continuously produced in nature and are not exhaustible. Examples are wood, geothermal energy, wind energy, tidal energy, nuclear fusion, gobar gas, biomass, solar energy etc. The examples for non-conventional sources of energy are: (i) Solar energy (ii) Wind energy (iii) Geothermal energy (iv) Ocean energy such as tidal energy, wave energy (v) Biomass energy such as gobar gas. It is evident that all energy resources based on fossil fuels has limitations in availability and will soon exhaust. Hence the long-term option for energy supply lies only with nonconventional energy sources. The non-conventional power plants are producing electricity using non-conventional energy. Renewable Energy Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources i.e., sun, wind, rain, tides and can be generated again and again as and when required. They are available in plenty and by far most the cleanest sources of energy available on this planet. For example, Energy that we receive from the sun can be used to generate electricity. Similarly, energy from wind, geothermal, biomass from plants, tides can be used this form of energy to another form.
THERMAL POWER PLANTS 3 Advantages The sun, wind, geothermal, ocean energy are available in the abundant quantity and free to use. The non-renewable sources of energy that we are using are limited and are bound to expire one day. Renewable sources have low carbon emissions, therefore they are considered as green and environment friendly. Renewable helps in stimulating the economy and creating job opportunities. The money that is used to build these plants can provide jobs to thousands to lakhs of people. You don’t have to rely on any third country for the supply of renewable sources as in case of non-renewable sources. Renewable sources can cost less than consuming the local electrical supply. In the long-run, the prices of electricity are expected to soar since they are based on the prices of crude oil, so renewable sources can cut your electricity bills. Various tax incentives in the form of tax waivers, credit deductions are available for individuals and businesses who want to go green. Disadvantages It is not easy to set up a plant as the initial costs are quite steep. Solar energy can be used during the daytime and not during night or rainy season. Geothermal energy which can be used to generate electricity has side effects too. It can bring toxic chemicals beneath the earth surface onto the top and can create environmental changes. Hydroelectric provide pure form of energy but building dams across the river which is quite expensive can affect natural flow and affect wildlife. To use wind energy, you have to rely on strong winds therefore you have to choose suitable site to operate them. Also, they can affect bird population as they are quite high. Non-Renewable Energy Renewable energy is energy which is taken from the sources that are available on the earth in limited quantity and will vanish fifty–sixty years from now. Non-renewable sources are not environmental friendly and can have serious affect on our health. They are called non-renewable because they can be re-generated within a short span of time. Non-renewable sources exist in the form of fossil fuels, natural gas, oil and coal. Advantages Non-renewable sources are cheap and easy to use. It can easily fill up in car tank and power the motor vehicle. It can use small amount of nuclear energy to produce large amount of power. Non-renewable have little or no competition at all. For example, in a battery driven car, battery gets discharged then it won’t be able to charge in the middle of the road rather it is easy to find a gas pumping station. It is very cheap when converting from one type of energy to another. Disadvantages Non-renewable sources will expire some day and we have to us our endangered resources to create more non-renewable sources of energy.
4 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING The speed at which such resources are being utilized can have serious environmental changes. Non-renewable sources release toxic gases in the air when burnt which are the major cause for global warming. Since these sources are going to expire soon, prices of these sources are soaring day by day. 1.3.3 Comparison of Sources of Energy Sl. No. Renewable energy sources Non-renewable energy sources 1. They don’t cause pollution to atmosphere. They cause pollution to atmosphere. 2. Their efficiency is comparatively less. Their efficiency is comparatively high. 3. They are available at low intensities. They are available at high intensities. 4. Their initial cost is comparatively less. Their initial cost is comparatively high. 5. Their running cost is less. Their running cost is more. 1.4 HISTORY OF THERMODYNAMICS Thermodynamics is a branch of physics and of chemistry that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. Roughly, heat means “energy in transit” and dynamics relates to “movement”; thus, in essence thermodynamics studies the movement of energy and how energy instills movement. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of need to increase the efficiency of early steam engines. A brief history of thermodynamics begins with Otto von Guericke who in 1650 built and designed the world’s first vacuum pump and created the world’s first ever vacuum (known as the Magdeburg hemispheres). He was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove Aristotle’s long-held supposition that ‘nature abhors a vacuum’. Shortly thereafter, Irish physicist and chemist Robert Boyle had learned of Guericke’s designs and in 1656, in coordination with English scientist Robert Hooke, built an air pump. Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between pressure, temperature, and volume. In time, Boyle’s Law was formulated, which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Then, in 1679, based on these concepts, an associate of Boyle’s named Denis Papin built a bone digester, which was a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was generated. Later designs implemented a steam release valve that kept the machine from exploding. By watching the valve rhythmically move up and down, Papin conceived of the idea of a piston and a cylinder engine. He did not, however, follow through with his design. Nevertheless, in 1697, based on Papin’s designs, engineer Thomas Savery built the first engine. Although these early engines were crude and inefficient, they attracted the attention of the leading scientists of the time. One such scientist was Sadi Carnot, the “father of thermodynamics”, who in 1824 published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, a discourse on heat, power, and engine efficiency. The paper outlined the basic energetic relations between the Carnot engine, the Carnot cycle, and Motive power. This marks the start of thermodynamics as a modern science.
THERMAL POWER PLANTS 1.4.1 5 Temperature and Heat Although they are closely related, heat (denoted ΔQ) and temperature (denoted T) are NOT the same. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of vibration of the molecules that make up a substance. Because the molecules are connected to one another in vastly different ways from one substance to the next, the simplest and most useful way to think of temperature is based upon a comparison system. The idea is the following. If two substances are at the same temperature, then nothing will happen when they are placed in thermal contact with one another. That is, neither will heat up of cool down. If they are at different temperatures, then the hotter one will cool down and the cooler one will heat up . until they reach the same temperature! We say the two objects are in thermodynamic equilibrium. (Doesn’t that sound more impressive than the same temperature?) This simple idea is encoded in the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If object A is in thermodynamic equilibrium with object B, and object B is in thermodynamic equilibrium with object C, then object A is in thermodynamic equilibrium with object C. You can think of object B as a thermometer. The two most commonly used temperature scales are the Fahrenheit scale and the Celsius scale. On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32 oF and boils at 212 F. On the Celsius scale (also referred to as the centigrade scale) water freezes at 0 C and boils at 100 C. To convert from one scale to the other, use T C 5/9 (T F – 32) For a quick estimate of the Celsius temperature, subtract 30 from the Fahrenheit temperature and divide by two. For the reverse conversion estimate, multiply the Celsius temperature by 2 and add 30. There is a third scale used in science that is important. It is the Kelvin or Absolute scale. The Kelvin temeprature is found from the Celsius tem
the concepts of Power Plant Engineering and various power plants from the scrap. The content of the book is sectioned into five units namely Thermal Power Plant, Hydroelectric Power Plants, Nuclear Power Plants, Gas and Diesel Power Plants, and Non-Conventional Power Generation. Particularly topics such as boilers, turbines, condensers, pumps .
2. Diesel Power Plant 3. Nuclear Power Plant 4. Hydel Power Plant 5. Steam Power Plant 6. Gas Power Plant 7. Wind Power Plant 8. Geo Thermal 9. Bio - Gas 10. M.H.D. Power Plant 2. What are the flow circuits of a thermal Power Plant? 1. Coal and ash circuits. 2. Air and Gas 3. Feed water and steam 4. Cooling and water circuits 3.
4. Hydel Power Plant 5. Steam Power Plant 6. Gas Power Plant 7. Wind Power Plant 8. Geo Thermal 9. Bio - Gas 10. M.H.D. Power Plant 2. What are the flow circuits of a thermal Power Plant? 1. Coal and ash circuits. 2. Air and Gas 3. Feed water and steam 4. Cooling and water circuits 3. List the different types of components (or) systems used .
SOLAR POWER PLANT 1.1 General Scope of Work for Solar Power Plant. 1.1.1 The general scope of work involves Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) of the grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plant with Plant Capacity of 1MW. 1.1.2 The scope of work includes commissioning of the power plant. The Contractor shall
51. What is a monoecious plant? (K) 52. What is a dioecious plant? (K) 53. Why Cucurbita plant is called a monoecious plant? (A) 54. Why papaya plant is called a dioecious plant? (A) 55. Why coconut palm is called a monoecious plant? (A) 56. Why date palm is called a dioecious plant? (A) 57. Mention an example for a monoecious plant. (K) 58.
Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Textile Engineering, Nuclear Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, other related Engineering discipline Energy Resources Engineering (ERE) The students’ academic background should be: Mechanical Power Engineering, Energy .
Plant tissue culture is the growing of microbe-free plant material in an aseptic environment such as sterilized nutrient medium in a test tube and includes Plant Protoplast, Plant Cell, Plant Tissue and Plant Organ Culture. Plant tissue culture techniques have, in recent years,
2.1. Reference PV-biomass power plant The reference power plant is a hybrid structure of a biomass plant with PV panels that generates 6.8 MWel. The PV array generating 2.5 MWel is based on the BP model 4180T and operates with an efficiency of 14.4%. The biomass power plant is a conven-tional steam power plant with direct combustion of biomass
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