Oral Presentation And Communication Skills In Workplace Pakistan .
ORAL PRESENTATION AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT AMONG ENGINEERS AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN INAYATULLAH KAKEPOTO A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Teaching English as a Second Language) Faculty of Education Universiti Teknologi Malaysia AUGUST 2013
ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the significance of oral communication for engineers at workplace and oral presentation barriers that hindered oral presentation performance of engineers and engineering students. Employers value effective oral communication and presentation skills of engineers at workplace. However, it remains unclear which barriers hinder oral presentation performance of engineers and engineering students. A mixed method research was employed to collect data from engineers and engineering students using questionnaire survey, recording of oral presentations and semi structured interviews from 2 engineering organizations and 3 engineering universities of Pakistan. A total of 30 engineers and 287 engineering students participated on the quantitative part of the study. Besides that, on the qualitative part 6 engineers and 25 engineering students participated in oral presentations. Among oral presentation participants, 2 engineers and 7 engineering students were interviewed to gain in depth information on significance of oral communication for engineers at workplace and barriers that hindered oral presentation performance of engineers and engineering students. Oral presentations were video recorded and semi structured interviews were taped. Questionnaire data were analysed using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS, 15.0) to draw percentages for variables included in the questionnaire pertaining to significance of oral communication at workplace and oral presentation barriers that hindered oral presentation performance of engineers and engineering students. Qualitative data of recorded oral presentations and semi structured interviews were analysed using oral presentation assessment rubric and data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification and content analysis approach. Meanwhile, data from oral presentation assessment rubrics were quantified and analyzed using quantitative approach to draw descriptive statistics based on frequencies and percentages on oral presentation barriers of engineers and engineering students and communication strategies that they employed to overcome communication deficiencies during oral presentations. Findings indicate that oral communication plays a paramount role for engineers at workplace and oral presentation barriers for instance, poor oral communication skill, poor knowledge, low self confidence, stress and nervousness and low motivation hindered oral presentation performance of engineers and engineering students. The findings of this study can be used as a guideline to overcome oral presentation barriers of engineers and engineering students in order to prepare them to be productive engineers and to increase productivity in the workplace.
ABSTRAK Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kepentingan komunikasi lisan di tempat kerja dalam kalangan jurutera dan halangan yang menghalang prestasi pembentangan lisan yang berkesan dalam kalangan jurutera dan pelajar kejuruteraan. Majikan menghargai komunikasi lisan yang berkesan dan kemahiran pembentangan dalam kalangan jurutera di tempat keija. Walau bagaimanapun, masih tidak jelas halangan yang menghalang prestasi pembentangan lisan yang berkesan dalam kalangan jurutera dan pelajar kejuruteraan. Kaedah penyelidikan bercampur digunakan untuk mengutip data daripada jurutera dan pelajar kejuruteraan dalam bentuk tinjauan soal selidik, rakaman pembentangan lisan dan temubual separa berstruktur daripada dua organisasi kejuruteraan dan tiga universiti kejuruteraan di Pakistan. Sejumlah 30 orang jurutera dan 287 orang pelajar kejuruteraan terlibat dalam kajian kuantitatif. Dalam kajian kualitatif, seramai 6 orang jurutera dan 25 orang pelajar kejuruteraan terlibat dalam pembentangan lisan. Dalam kalangan peserta pembentangan lisan, 2 orang jurutera dan 7 orang pelajar kejuruteraan ditemu bual untuk mendapatkan maklumat mendalam kepentingan komunikasi lisan dalam kalangan jurutera di tempat keija dan halangan yang menghalang prestasi pembentangan lisan dalam kalangan jurutera dan pelajar kejuruteraan. Pembentangan lisan dirakam secara video dan temuduga separa berstruktur dirakam secara audio. Data soal selidik dianalisis dengan menggunakan Pakej Statistik untuk Sains Sosial (SPSS, 15.0) untuk menilai peratusan pembolehubah kepentingan komunikasi lisan dalam kalangan jurutera di tempat keija dan halangan yang menghalang prestasi pembentangan lisan dalam kalangan jurutera dan pelajar kejuruteraan. Data kualitatif berbentuk rakaman pembentangan lisan dan temu bual separa berstruktur dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan rubrik penilaian pembentangan lisan dan pengurangan data, paparan data, dan pembinaan kesimpulan dan pengesahan, dan analisis kandungan. Sementara itu data daripada pentaksiran rubrik pembentangan lisan dinilai dan dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif untuk mendapatkan statistik diskritif berasaskan frekuensi dan peratus halangan pembentangan lisan dalam kalangan jurutera dan pelajar kejuruteraan dan strategi komunikasi yang digunakan untuk mengatasi kelemahan kemahiran komunikasi semasa pembentangan lisan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa komunikasi lisan dan pembentangan secara lisan memainkan peranan penting di tempat keija dalam kalangan jurutera dan halangan pembentangan secara lisan contohnya, kemahiran komunikasi lisan yang lemah, kurang ilmu pengetahuan, keyakinan diri yang rendah, tekanan dan gemuruh dan juga motivasi yang rendah menghalang prestasi pembentangan yang berkesan. Dapatan kajian ini boleh digunakan sebagai panduan untuk mengatasi halangan pembentangan lisan dalam kalangan jurutera dan pelajar kejuruteraan. Keupayaan mengatasi halangan pembentangan lisan akan membolehkan mereka menjadi jurutera yang produktif dan akhimya dapat meningkatkan produktiviti di tempat keija.
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 2 TITLE PAGE DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT vi ABSTRAK vii LIST OF TABLES xviii LIST OF FIGURES xxii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxiii LIST OF APPENDICES xxiv INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study 5 1.2 Statement of the Problem 9 1.3 Research Objectives 10 1.4 Research Questions 11 1.5 Definition of Terms 12 1.6 Scope of the Study 13 1.7 Significance of the Study 15 1.8 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 16 1.9 Conclusion 22 LITERATURE REVIEW 23 2.0 23 Introduction
2.1 Communication at Workplace 24 2.2 Oral communication 28 2.2.1 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineers and Engineering Students 33 2.2.1.1 Assessment of Oral Presentations 36 2.2.1.1.1 Presentation Skill 39 2.2.1.1.2 Confidence 41 2.2.1.1.3 Nervousness 42 2.3 Summary 44 2.4 Communicative Competence Theory 45 2.4 .1 Communication Strategies as Strategic 2.4.2 2.4.3 Competence 47 Classification of Communication Strategies 48 Strategic Competence of Engineers & Engineering Students 2.5 Communication Apprehension Theory 53 2.5.1 54 2.5.2 Types of Communication Apprehension Communication Apprehension of Engineers and Engineering Students 2.6 Uncertainty Reduction Theory 2.6.1 3 56 58 Uncertainty Reduction and Engineers and Engineering Students 2.7 51 Summary METHODOLOGY 60 61 63 3.0 Introduction 63 3.1 Research Questions 63 3.2 Research Design 66 3.2.1 Mix of Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence 3.3 69 Sampling Approach 69 3.3.1 Participants 69 3.3.2 Sampling Technique 71
3.3.3 Credibility & Transferability in Non Probability Sampling Type& Purposive Sampling Procedure 3.4 Instruments 75 3.4.1 Questionnaires 75 3.4.2 Recording of Oral Presentations 77 3.4.2.1 Oral Presentation Assessment Rubric 78 Semi Structured Interviews 79 3.4.3 3.5 Procedure of the Study 82 3.6 Piloting the Study 83 3.7 Data Collection 85 3.7.1 Data Collection: Engineers 86 3.7.2 Data Collection: Engineering Students 88 3.8 Data Analysis 89 3.8.1 Quantitative Data Analysis 91 3.8.1.1 Questionnaire Data 91 3.8.2 Qualitative Data Analysis 3.8.3 4 74 92 3.8.2.1 Analysis of Oral Presentations 92 3.8.2.2 Analysis of Communication Strategies 94 3.8.2.3 Analysis of Semi Structured Interviews 94 Transcripts and Coding System 96 3.9 Triangulation & Validity in Research Process 97 3.10 Validity and Reliability 98 3.11 Ethical Considerations 100 3.12 Conclusion 101 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 102 4.0 102 Introduction 4.1 Findings: Engineers Questionnaire 103 4.1.1 Demographics of Engineers 103 4.1.2 Questionnaire Data: Engineers 105 4.1.2.1 Oral Presentation 105 4.1.2.2 Participation in Meetings 106 4.1.2.3 Workplace Conversation 107
4.1.2.4 Workplace Discussion 108 4.1.2.5 Workplace Negotiation 109 4.2. Discussion 110 4.3 Findings: Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineers 113 4.3.1 Poor Oral Communication Skill 114 4.3.2 Low Self Confidence 115 4.3.3 Stress and Nervousness 115 4.3.4 Low Motivation 116 4.4 Discussion 117 4.5 Findings: Engineering Students Questionnaire 120 4.5.1 120 4.5.2 Demographics of Engineering Students Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Students 122 4.5.2.1 Poor Oral Communication Skill 122 4.5.2.2 Poor Knowledge 123 4.5.2.3 Low Self Confidence 124 4.5.2.4 Low Motivation 125 4.5.2.5 Stress and Nervousness 126 4.6 Discussion 127 4.7 Summary of Quantitative Findings 132 4.8 Qualitative Data Analysis 133 4.9 Findings of Engineers Oral Presentations 133 4.9.1 Profile of Engineer 1 133 4.9.1.1 Description of Engineer 1 Presentation 134 4.9.1.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineer 1 134 4.9.1.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.9.2 135 Profile of Engineer 2 136 4.9.2.1 Description of Engineer 2 Presentation 137 4.9.2.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineer 2 137 4.9.2.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 138
4.9.3 Profile of Engineer 3 139 4.9.3.1 Description of Engineer 3 Presentation 139 4.9.3.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineer 3 140 4.9.3.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.9.4 141 Profile of Engineer 4 142 4.9.4.1 Description of Engineer 4 Presentation 142 4.9.4.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineer 4 142 4.9.4.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.9.5 144 Profile of Engineer 5 145 4.9.5.1 Description of Engineer 5 Presentation 145 4.9.5.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineer 5 145 4.9.5.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.9.6 147 Profile of Engineer 6 147 4.9.6.1 Description of Engineer 6 Presentation 148 4.9.6.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineer 6 148 4.9.6.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.10 149 Discussion of Findings 150 4.10.1 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineers 150 4.10.1.1 Poor Presentation Skill 151 4.10.1.2 Low Self Confidence 152 4.10.1.3 Nervousness 152 4.10.2 Communication Strategies Employed by Engineers 153 4.10.2.1 Types of Communication Strategies 153 4.10.2.1.1 Message Abandonment 154 4.10.2.1.2 Code switching 155 4.10.2.1.3. Self Repetition 156
4.10.2.1.4 4.11 Use of fillers 157 Findings of Engineering Students Oral Presentations 158 4.11.1 Profile of Engineering Student 1 158 4.11.1.1 Description of Engineering Student 1 Presentation 4.11.1.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 1 4.11.1.3 4.11.2 Profile of Engineering Student 2 4.11.3 Profile of Engineering Student 3 4.11.4 Profile of Engineering Student 4 165 166 166 167 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.5 Profile of Engineering Student 5 4.11.5.1 164 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 4 4.11.4.3 164 Description from Oral Presentation of Engineering Student 4 4.11.4.2 163 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.4.1 163 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 3 4.11.3.3 161 Description from Presentation of Engineering Student 3 4.11.3.2 161 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.3.1 161 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 2 4.11.2.3 160 Description from Engineering Student 2 Presentation 4.11.2.2 159 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.2.1 158 168 169 Description from Oral Presentation of Engineering Student 5 169
4.11.5.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 5 4.11.5.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.6 Profile of Engineering Student 6 4.11.6.1 Description from Oral Presentation 6 4.11.6.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 6 4.11.6.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.7 Profile of Engineering Student 7 4.11.7.1 Description from Engineering Student 7 Oral Presentation 4.11.7.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 7 4.11.7.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.8 Profile of Engineering Student 8 4.11.8.1 Description from Engineering Oral Presentation Student 8 4.11.8.2 Engineering Student 8 Oral Presentation Performance 4.11.8.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.9 Profile of Engineering Student 9 4.11.9.1 Description from Engineering Student 9 Oral Presentation 4.11.9.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 9 4.11.9.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.10 Profile of Engineering Student 10 4.11.10.1 Description from Engineering Student 10 Oral Presentation
4.11.10.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 10 4.11.10.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.11 184 Profile of Engineering Student 11 4.11.11.1 4.11.11.2 185 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 11 4.11.11.3 186 Profile of Engineering Student 12 187 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 12 4.11.12.3 189 Profile of Engineering Student 13 4.11.13.1 13 Profile of Engineering Student 14 4.11.14.1 192 192 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.15 192 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 14 4.11.14.3 191 Description from Oral Presentation 4.11.14.2 190 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.12.14 190 Oral Presentation Performance Engineering Student 13 4.11.13.3 189 Description from Oral Presentation 4.11.13.2 187 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.13 187 Description from Oral Presentation 4.11.12.2 185 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.12.1 184 Description from Oral Presentation 4.11.12 182 Profile of Engineering Student 15 194 194
4.11.15.1 Description from Oral Presentation 4.11.15.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 15 4.11.15.3 Profile of Engineering Student 16 4.11.16.1 Profile of Engineering Student 17 4.11.17.1 Profile of Engineering Student 18 4.11.18.1 Profile of Engineering Student 19 4.11.19.1 202 202 204 204 204 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 19 4.11.19.3 202 Description from Oral Presentation 4.11.19.2 201 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.19 200 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 18 4.11.18.3 199 Description from Oral Presentation 4.11.18.2 199 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.18 199 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 17 4.11.17.3 197 Description from Oral Presentation 4.11.17.2 197 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.17 197 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 16 4.11.16.3 196 Description from Oral Presentation 4.11.16.2 195 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.16 194 205 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 206
4.11.20 Profile of Engineering Student 20 4.11.20.1 Description from Oral Presentation 4.11.20.2 209 4.11.21.1 Description from Presentation 210 4.11.21.2 Oral Presentation Performance 4.11.21.3 212 4.11.22.1 Description from Presentation 212 4.11.22.2 Oral Presentation Performance 4.11.22.3 212 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 214 Profile of Engineering Student 23 214 4.11.23.1 Description from Presentation 215 4.11.23.2 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 23 4.11.23.3 Profile of Engineering Student 24 4.11.24.1 216 217 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 24 4.11.24.3 216 Description from Presentation 4.11.24.2 215 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 217 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.25 211 Profile of Engineering Student 22 of Engineering Student 22 4.11.24 210 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.23 209 Profile of Engineering Student 21 of Engineering Student 21 4.11.22 207 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.11.21 207 Oral Presentation Performance of Engineering Student 20 4.11.20.3 207 218 Profile of Engineering Student 25 219 4.11.25.1 219 Description from Presentation
4.11.25.2 Oral Presentation Performance Profile of Engineering Student 25 219 4.11.25.3 Occurrences of Communication Strategies 4.12 220 Discussion 221 4.12.1 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Students 221 4.12.1.1 Poor Presentation Skill 222 4.12.1.2 Low Self Confidence 223 4.12.1.3 Nervousness 224 4.12.2 Communication Strategies employed by 5 Engineering Students 224 4.12.2.1 Types of Communication Strategies 225 4.12.2.1.1 Message Reduction 226 4.12.2.1.2 Self Repetition 226 4.12.2.1.3 Use of fillers 227 4.13 Overall Summary of Findings 228 4.14 Findings: Semi Structured Interviews 229 4.14.1 Engineers Interviews 229 4.14.2 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineers 236 4.15 Discussion of Engineers Interviews 242 4.16 Findings: Engineering Students Interviews 243 4.17 Discussion: Engineering Students Interviews 256 4.18 Engineers and Engineering Students Oral Presentation Barriers 257 4.19 Overall Summary of Discussion 258 4.20 Conclusion 259 CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 261 5.0 Introduction 261 5.1 Summary of Study 261 5.2 Summary of Findings 263 5.2.1 Significance of Oral Communication for Engineers at Workplace 264 5.2.1.1 Oral Presentation 264
5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.1.2 Participation in Meetings 266 5.2.1.3 Workplace Conversation 267 5.2.1.4 Workplace Discussion 268 5.2.1.5 Workplace Negotiation 268 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineers 270 5.2.2.1 Poor Oral Communication Skill 270 5.2.2.2 Low Self Confidence 271 5.2.2.3 Stress and Nervousness 272 5.2.2.4 Low Motivation 273 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Students 275 5.2.3.1 Poor Oral Communication Skill 275 5.2.3.2 Poor Knowledge 276 5.2.3.3 Low Self Confidence 276 5.2.3.4 Low Motivation 277 5.2.3.5 Stress and Nervousness 278 5.2.4 How do Oral Presentation Barriers affect Oral Presentation performance of Engineering Students? 5.3 Implications of the Study 5.3.1 5.3.3 281 Oral communication and Oral Presentation Skill Trainings for Engineering Students 5.3.2 279 281 Oral Communication and Oral Presentation Skill Trainings for Engineers at Workplace 283 Implications for Engineering Universities 284 5.4 Limitations of Study 285 5.5 Directions for Future Research 286 5.6 Conclusion 287 REFERENCES Appendices A - G 289 309-321
LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO TITLE PAGE 2.1 Primary trait of Oral Presentation Delivery Skills 38 2.2 Oral Presentation Skill Traits 39 3.1 Research Questions, Instruments & Data Analysis Techniques 65 3.2 Mixed Methods Design Consideration 67 3.3 Engineers Data Collection Sites 71 3.4 Engineering Students Data Collection Sites 71 3.5 Data Collection Sites for the study 86 3.6 Questionnaires Cronbach Alpha 99 4.1 Gender and Age group of Engineers 103 4.2 Qualification of Engineers 104 4.3 Engineers field of Discipline 104 4.4 Nature of Job and Work Experience 104 4.5 Gender and Age of Engineering Students 121 4.6 Qualification of Engineering Students 121 4.7 Field of Discipline and Marks secured in English 121 4.8 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineers and Engineering Students 131 4.9 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineer 1 135 4.10 Communication Strategies employed by Engineer 1 136 4.11 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineer2 138 4.12 Communication Strategies employed by Engineer 2 139 4.13 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineer 3 141 4.14 Communication Strategies employed by Engineer 3 141
4.15 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineer 4 143 4.16 Communication Strategies employed by Engineer 4 144 4.17 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineer 5 146 4.18 Communication Strategies employed by Engineer 5 147 4.19 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineer 6 149 4.20 Communication Strategies employed by engineer 6 149 4.21 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineers 151 4.22 Overall frequency of Communication Strategies 154 4.23 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 1 159 4.24 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 1 160 4.25 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 2 162 4.26 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 2 163 4.27 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 3 165 4.28 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 3 165 4.29 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 4 167 4.30 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 4 168 4.31 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 5 170 4.32 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 5 171 4.33 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 6 173 4.34 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 6 174 4.35 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 7 176 4.36 Communication Strategies employed by this speaker 176 4.37 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 8 178 4.38 Communication Strategies Employed by Engineering Student 8 179 4.39 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 9 181 4.40 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering student 9 181
4.41 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 10 4.42 Communication Strategies employed by 183 Engineering Student 10 184 4.43 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 11 186 4.44 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering student 11 186 4.45 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 12 188 4.46 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering student 12 189 4.47 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 13 191 4.48 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 13 191 4.49 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 14 193 4.50 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 14 194 4.51 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 15 196 4.52 Communication strategies employed by Engineering Student 15 196 4.53 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 16 198 4.54 Communication Strategies employed by this speaker 199 4.55 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 17 201 4.56 Communication strategies employed by Engineering Student 17 201 4.57 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 18 203 4.58 Communication Strategies employed by this speaker 204 4.59 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 19 206 4.60 Communication Strategies employed by this speaker 206 4.61 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 20 208 4.62 Communication strategies employed by Engineering student 20 209 4.63 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 21 211 4.64 Communication Strategies employed by 4.65 Engineering Student 21 211 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 22 213
4.66 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 22 214 4.67 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 23 216 4.68 Oral Presentation barriers of Engineering Student 24 218 4.69 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 24 218 4.70 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering Student 25 220 4.71 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Student 25 4.72 Oral Presentation Barriers of Engineering students in frequency and percentages 4.73 225 Oral Presentation Barriers & Communication Strategies employed by Engineers 4.75 222 Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Students 4.74 221 257 Oral Presentation Barriers & Communication Strategies employed by Engineering Students 257
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE 1.1 Theoretical framework of the Study 20 1.2 Conceptual framework of the Study 21 3.1 Triangulation Design as Research Approach 67 3.2 Procedure of the Study 82 3.3 Instruments used for Pilot Study 84 3.4 Triangulation Design: Convergence Model 90 3.5 Data Analysis Procedure employed for the Study 95 4.1 Oral Presentation for Engineers at Workplace 106 4.2 Participation in Meetings 107 4.3 Workplace Conversation 108 4.4 Workplace Discussion 109 4.5 Workplace Negotiation 110 4.6 Poor oral communication skill as Barrier for Engineers 114 4.7 Low Self Confidence as Barrier for Engineers 115 4.8 Stress and Nervousness as Barrier for Engineers 116 4.9 Low Motivation as Barrier for Engineers 117 4.10 Poor Oral Communication Skill as Barrier for Engineering Students 123 4.11 Poor knowledge as Barrier for Engineering Students 124 4.12 Low Self Confidence as Barrier for Engineering Students 4.13 Low Motivation as Barrier for Engineering Students 4.14 Stress and Nervousness as Barrier for Engineering Students 127 125 126
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS cs Communication Strategies Engr. Engineer Engg. Std Engineering Student LI First Language L2 Second Language
LIST OF APPENDICES TITLE APPENDIX A PAGE Oral Presentation and Communication Skills in Workplace Environment among Engineers and Engineering Students in Pakistan: Engineers Questionnaire B 309-312 Oral Presentation and Communication Skills in Workplace Environment among Engineers and Engineering Students in Pakistan: Engineering Students Questionnaire C 313-315 Oral Presentation and Communication Skills in Workplace Environment among Engineers and Engineering Students in Pakistan: Interview Questionnaire (Engineers) D 316 Oral Presentation and Communication Skills in Workplace Environment among Engineers and Engineering Students in Pakistan: Interview 317 Oral Presentation and Communication Skills in Workplace Environment among Engineers and Engineering Students in Pakistan: Oral Presentation Assessment Rubric Questionnaire (Engineering Students ) 318
F G Domyei & Scott’s (1997) Compiled Inventory of Language Devices 319 List of Publications 320-321
INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction Globalization has brought dramatic changes in the workplace especially in the field of engineering. It demands engineering graduates to acquire diverse skills to be fit in this competitive work environment of organizations. The job market for engineers has become international (McGraw, 2004) due to globalization, industrialization and opening up of new business markets all over the world. Thus, engineering graduates have to communicate with diverse people from public and private organizations to promote business of organizations. Engineering graduates need to acquire effective oral communication and presentation skills, because organizations conduct business at international level (Lehman and DuFrene, 2008) these days. The most significant development in engineering is corporate of economies over last decade (Doerry and Bero, 2003) thus, engineering organizations demand effective oral communication and presentation skills of engineering graduates to increase its workplace productivity. Additionally, engineering graduates should never forget that people have increased interest in engineering products due to global changes. Thus, they frequently visit markets to look for new variety of things. In this perspective, engineering organizations look for engineering graduates who possess effective oral communication and presentation skills to persuade clients and customers to buy their company made products.
The skills that engineers need today are entirely different from past decade engineers (Jones, Butcher and Prey, 2005) in terms of skills required today. Industry requires both technical and non technical skills of engineering graduates to perform workplace jobs efficiently. Thus, engineering graduates need to acquire broad array of skills to perform workplace jobs effectively to satisfy needs of their customers and increase productivity of organizations. Communication skills such as oral communication and presentation skills play paramount role for engineers at workplace (Emanuel, 2005). These skills assist engineering graduates to perform workplace jobs effectively and thereby excel in job promotion ladder at workplace. McGraw (2004) noted that it has become difficult for engineering graduates to work abroad, because modem engineering organizations demand technical and non technical skills of engineering graduates such as oral communication and presentation skills. The ability to communicate effectively with colleagues, customers and employers are the required skills for engineers at workplace (Nguyen, 1998). Allan and Chisholm (2008) stated that skill is an ability to survive in modem work environment of organizations. Industry recognises communication such as oral communication and presentation skills as important skills for engineering graduates (Aziz et al., 2005). Engineering graduates who possess effective oral communication and presentation skills bring various financial benefits for organizations. Conversely, engineering graduates equipped with poor oral communication and presentation skills harm interests of organizations as well as employers. Communication skills such as oral communication and presentation skills are significant skills for engineers (Patil et al., 2008) because engineers with effective oral communication and presentation skills easily succeed to promote business of organizations at global level. Engineering graduates with poor oral communication and presentation skills no longer stay in one organization because employers never become satisfied from them and fire them from jobs. An engineer is hired for technical skills, fired for poor people skills and promoted for leadership and management skills (Russell et al., 1996).
The rapid skill changes at workplace have forced employers to assess skill deficiencies (Levenson, 2004) of
Findings indicate that oral communication plays a paramount role for engineers at workplace and oral presentation barriers for instance, poor oral communication skill, poor knowledge, low self confidence, stress and nervousness and low motivation hindered oral presentation performance of engineers and engineering students.
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