Child Abuse And Neglect - TEDI BEAR Children's Advocacy Center
General InformatIon Packet Child Abuse and Neglect Disponible en español www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/ sp can info packet.cfm This packet is provided for anyone interested in learning more about child abuse and neglect. Contents include: What is Child Abuse and Neglect? Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect Leaving Your Child Home Alone Recognizing Child Abuse and Neglect: Signs and Symptoms How the Child Welfare System Works Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Maltreatment 2006: Summary of Key Findings Toll-Free Crisis Hotline Numbers Child Welfare Information Gateway offers many other resources about child abuse and neglect and child welfare. For more information or to order additional publications, visit the Information Gateway website at www.childwelfare.gov, email Information Gateway at info@childwelfare.gov, or call Information Gateway at 703.385.7565 or 800.394.3366. If you are concerned that a child is being harmed by abuse or neglect, you can report your concerns to your local child welfare or law enforcement agency. For more information or assistance with reporting, please call Childhelp at 800.4.A.CHILD (800.422.4453). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 703.385.7565 or 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov
FACTSHEET April 2008 Disponible en español www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/ factsheets/ques.cfm What Is Child Abuse and Neglect? What’s Inside: Each State provides its own definitions of child abuse and neglect based on minimum standards set by Federal law. How is child abuse and neglect defined in Federal law? What are the major types of child abuse and neglect? Resources U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 703.385.7565 or 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov
www.childwelfare.gov What Is Child Abuse and Neglect? How Is Child Abuse and Neglect Defined in Federal Law? Federal legislation lays the groundwork for States by identifying a minimum set of acts or behaviors that define child abuse and neglect. The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), (42 U.S.C.A. §5106g), as amended by the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003, defines child abuse and neglect as, at minimum: Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or An act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. Most Federal and State child protection laws primarily refer to cases of harm to a child caused by parents or other caregivers; they generally do not include harm caused by other people, such as acquaintances or strangers. What Are the Major Types of Child Abuse and Neglect? Within the minimum standards set by CAPTA, each State is responsible for providing its own definitions of child abuse and neglect.1 Most States recognize four major types of maltreatment: physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Although any of the forms of child maltreatment may be found separately, they often occur in combination. In many States, abandonment and parental substance abuse are also defined as forms of child abuse or neglect. The examples provided below are for general informational purposes only. Not all States’ definitions will include all of the examples listed below, and individual States’ definitions may cover additional situations not mentioned here. Physical abuse is nonaccidental physical injury (ranging from minor bruises to severe fractures or death) as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting (with a hand, stick, strap, or other object), burning, or otherwise harming a child, that is inflicted by a parent, caregiver, or other person who has responsibility for the child.2 Such injury is considered abuse regardless of whether the caregiver intended to hurt the child. Physical discipline, such as spanking or paddling, is not considered abuse as long as it is reasonable and causes no bodily injury to the child. Neglect is the failure of a parent, guardian, or other caregiver to provide for a child’s basic needs. Neglect may be: 1 See Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect, from the Child Welfare Information Gateway State Statutes Series, at www. childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws policies/statutes/define.cfm 2 Nonaccidental injury that is inflicted by someone other than a parent, guardian, relative, or other caregiver (i.e., a stranger), is considered a criminal act that is not addressed by child protective services. This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at . 2
www.childwelfare.gov What Is Child Abuse and Neglect? Physical (e.g., failure to provide necessary food or shelter, or lack of appropriate supervision) Medical (e.g., failure to provide necessary medical or mental health treatment)3 Educational (e.g., failure to educate a child or attend to special education needs) Emotional (e.g., inattention to a child’s emotional needs, failure to provide psychological care, or permitting the child to use alcohol or other drugs) These situations do not always mean a child is neglected. Sometimes cultural values, the standards of care in the community, and poverty may be contributing factors, indicating the family is in need of information or assistance. When a family fails to use information and resources, and the child’s health or safety is at risk, then child welfare intervention may be required. In addition, many States provide an exception to the definition of neglect for parents who choose not to seek medical care for their children due to religious beliefs that may prohibit medical intervention.4 3 Withholding of medically indicated treatment is a specific form of medical neglect that is defined by CAPTA as “the failure to respond to the infant’s life threatening conditions by providing treatment (including appropriate nutrition, hydration, and medication) that in the treating physician’s or physicians’ reasonable medical judgment, will be most likely to be effective in ameliorating or correcting all such conditions.” CAPTA does note a few exceptions, including infants who are “chronically and irreversibly comatose”; situations when providing treatment would not save the infant’s life but merely prolong dying; or when “the provision of such treatment would be virtually futile in terms of the survival of the infant and the treatment itself under such circumstances would be inhumane.” 4 The CAPTA amendments of 1996 (42 U.S.C.A. § 5106i) added new provisions specifying that nothing in the act be construed as establishing a Federal requirement that a parent or legal guardian provide any medical service or treatment that is against the religious beliefs of the parent or legal guardian. Sexual abuse includes activities by a parent or caregiver such as fondling a child’s genitals, penetration, incest, rape, sodomy, indecent exposure, and exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials. Sexual abuse is defined by CAPTA as “the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct; or the rape, and in cases of caretaker or inter-familial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children.” Emotional abuse (or psychological abuse) is a pattern of behavior that impairs a child’s emotional development or sense of selfworth. This may include constant criticism, threats, or rejection, as well as withholding love, support, or guidance. Emotional abuse is often difficult to prove and, therefore, child protective services may not be able to intervene without evidence of harm or mental injury to the child. Emotional abuse is almost always present when other forms are identified. Abandonment is now defined in many States as a form of neglect. In general, a child is considered to be abandoned when the parent’s identity or whereabouts are unknown, the child has been left alone in circumstances where the child suffers serious harm, or the parent has failed to maintain contact with the child or provide reasonable support for a specified period of time. Substance abuse is an element of the definition of child abuse or neglect in many This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at . 3
www.childwelfare.gov What Is Child Abuse and Neglect? States.5 Circumstances that are considered abuse or neglect in some States include: Prenatal exposure of a child to harm due to the mother’s use of an illegal drug or other substance Manufacture of methamphetamine in the presence of a child Selling, distributing, or giving illegal drugs or alcohol to a child Use of a controlled substance by a caregiver that impairs the caregiver’s ability to adequately care for the child Resources RESOURCES ON THE CHILD WELFARE INFORMATION GATEWAY WEBSITE Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/can/index.cfm Defining Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/can/defining/ Laws and Policies www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/ laws policies/ Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/ Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/responding/ reporting.cfm Child Maltreatment 2006 www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm06/ index.htm This report summarizes child abuse statistics submitted by States to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) during 2006. It includes information about child maltreatment reports, victims, fatalities, perpetrators, services, and additional research. 5 For more information about this issue, see Child Welfare Information Gateway’s Parental Drug Use as Child Abuse at www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws policies/statutes/ drugexposed.cfm This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at . 4
FACTSHEET April 2008 Disponible en español www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/ factsheets/preventingcan sp.cfm Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect The statistics can feel overwhelming. In 2006, an estimated 905,000 children in the United States were found to be victims of child abuse and neglect. However, child abuse and neglect can be prevented. State and local governments, community organizations, and private citizens take action every day to protect children. You can help. What’s Inside: Prevention programs Protective factors How you can help Research has shown that parents and caregivers who have support—from family, friends, neighbors, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 703.385.7565 or 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov
www.childwelfare.gov Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect and their communities—are more likely to provide safe and healthy homes for their children. When parents lack this support or feel isolated, on the other hand, they may be more likely to make poor decisions that can lead to neglect or abuse. Increasingly, concerned citizens and organizations are realizing that the best way to prevent child abuse is to help parents develop the skills and identify the resources they need to understand and meet their children’s emotional, physical, and developmental needs and protect their children from harm. Prevention Programs Prevention activities are conducted by many State, local, and Tribal governments, as well as community and faith-based organizations. The services they provide vary widely. Some prevention services are intended for everyone, such as public service announcements (PSAs) aimed at raising awareness about child abuse within the general population. Others are specifically targeted for individuals and families who may be at greater risk of child abuse or neglect. An example of this might be a parenting class for single teen mothers. Some services are developed specifically for families where abuse or neglect has already occurred, to reduce the negative effects of the abuse and prevent it from happening again. Common activities of prevention programs include: Public awareness, such as PSAs, posters, and brochures that promote healthy parenting, child safety, and how to report suspected abuse Skills-based curricula that teach children safety and protection skills. Many of these programs focus on preventing sexual abuse Parent education to help parents develop positive parenting skills and decrease behaviors associated with child abuse and neglect Parent support groups, where parents work together to strengthen their families and build social networks Home visitation, which focuses on enhancing child safety by helping pregnant mothers and families with new babies or young children learn more about positive parenting and child development Respite and crisis care programs, which offer temporary relief to caregivers in stressful situations by providing shortterm care for their children Family resource centers, which work with community members to develop a variety of services to meet the specific needs of the people who live in surrounding neighborhoods Two elements have been shown to make prevention programs more effective, regardless of the type of service or intended recipients. Involving parents in all aspects of program planning, implementation, and evaluation helps ensure that service This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at .cfm. 2
www.childwelfare.gov Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect providers are working in true partnership with families. Parents are more likely to make lasting changes when they are empowered to identify solutions that make sense for them. Nurturing and attachment. When parents and children have strong, warm feelings for one another, children develop trust that parents will provide what they need to thrive. Another key to success is providing prevention services that are evidence based. This means that rather than relying on assumptions or “common sense,” research has been conducted to demonstrate that a particular service improves outcomes for children and families. This helps service providers feel confident in what they are doing. It can also help justify a program’s continued funding when resources are scarce. Knowledge of parenting and of child and youth development. Parents who understand how children grow and develop can provide an environment where children can live up to their potential. Protective Factors Prevention programs have long focused on reducing particular risk factors, or conditions that have been found through research to be associated with child abuse and neglect in families. Increasingly, prevention services are also recognizing the importance of promoting protective factors, conditions in families and communities that research has shown to increase the health and well-being of children and families. These factors help parents who might otherwise be at risk of abusing or neglecting their children to find resources, supports, or coping strategies that allow them to parent effectively, even under stress. The following protective factors have been linked to a lower incidence of child abuse and neglect: Parental resilience. Parents who are emotionally resilient have a positive attitude, creatively problem solve, effectively address challenges, and are less likely to direct anger and frustration at their children. Social connections. Trusted and caring family friends provide emotional support to parents by offering encouragement and assistance in facing the daily challenges of raising a family. Concrete supports for parents. Parents need basic resources such as food, clothing, housing, transportation, and access to essential services that address family-specific needs (such as child care, health care, and mental health services) to ensure the health and well-being of their children. How You Can Help Parenting is one of the toughest and most important jobs in America, and we all have a stake in ensuring that parents have access to the resources and support they need to be successful. Entire communities play a This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at .cfm. 3
www.childwelfare.gov Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect role in helping families find the strength they need to raise safe, healthy, and productive children. RESOURCES ON THE CHILD WELFARE INFORMATION GATEWAY WEBSITE Here are some things you can do: Get to know your neighbors. Problems seem less overwhelming when support is nearby. Help a family under stress. Offer to babysit, help with chores and errands, or suggest resources in the community that can help. Reach out to children in your community. A smile or a word of encouragement can mean a lot, whether it comes from a parent or a passing stranger. Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/can/index.cfm Identifying Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/can/identifying/ Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/ Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/responding/ reporting.cfm Be an active community member. Lend a hand at local schools, community or faith-based organizations, children’s hospitals, social service agencies, or other places where families and children are supported. Keep your neighborhood safe. Start a Neighborhood Watch or plan a local “National Night Out” community event. You will get to know your neighbors while helping to keep your neighborhood and children safe. Learn how to recognize and report signs of child abuse and neglect. Reporting your concerns may protect a child and get help for a family who needs it. This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at .cfm. 4
FactSheet July 2007 Disponible en español www.chidlwelfare.gov/pubs/ factsheets/homealone sp.cfm Leaving Your Child Home Alone Every parent eventually faces the decision to leave their child home alone for the first time. Whether they are just running to the store for a few minutes or working during after-school hours, parents need to be sure their children have the skills and maturity to handle the situation safely. Being trusted to stay home alone can be a positive experience for a child who is mature and well prepared. It can boost the child’s confidence and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau What’s Inside: What to consider before leaving your child home alone Tips for parents Resources Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 703.385.7565 or 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov
www.childwelfare.gov Leaving Your Child Home Alone promote independence and responsibility. However, children face real risks when left unsupervised. Those risks, as well as a child’s ability to deal with challenges, must be considered. This factsheet provides some tips to help parents and caregivers when making this important decision. Depending on the laws and child protective policies in your area, leaving a young child unsupervised may be considered neglect, especially if doing so places the child in danger. If you are concerned about a child who appears to be neglected or inadequately supervised, contact your local child protective services (CPS) agency. If you need help contacting your local CPS agency, call the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline at 800.4.A.CHILD (800.422.4453). Find more information on their website: www.childhelp.org What to consider Before Leaving Your child home alone Ê When deciding whether to leave a child home alone, you will want to consider your child’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being, as well as laws and policies in your State regarding this issue. There are many resources you can refer to for guidance. (See the end of this factsheet for some of them.) These resources typically address the considerations below. Legal Guidelines Some parents look to the law for help in deciding when it is appropriate to leave a child home alone. According to the National Child Care Information Center, only Illinois and Maryland currently have laws regarding a minimum age for leaving a child home alone.1 Even in those States other factors, such as concern for a child’s well-being and the amount of time the child is left alone, are considered. States that do not have laws may still offer guidelines for parents. For information on laws and guidelines in your State, contact your local CPS agency. If you need help contacting your local CPS agency, call Childhelp at 800.422.4453. age and Maturity There is no agreed-upon age when all children are able to stay home alone safely. Because children mature at different rates, you should not base your decision on age alone. You may want to evaluate your child’s maturity and how he or she has demonstrated responsible behavior in the past. The following questions may help: Is your child physically and mentally able to care for him- or herself? Does your child obey rules and make good decisions? Does your child feel comfortable or fearful about being home alone? circumstances When and how a child is left home alone can make a difference to his or her safety and success. You may want to consider the following questions: See Children Home Alone and Babysitter Age Guidelines, from the National Child Care Information Center: www2.nccic.org/poptopics/homealone.html 1 This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at . 2
www.childwelfare.gov Leaving Your Child Home Alone How long will your child be left home alone at one time? Will it be during the day, evening, or night? Will the child need to fix a meal? How often will the child be expected to care for him- or herself? How many children are being left home alone? Children who seem ready to stay home alone may not necessarily be ready to care for younger siblings. Is your home safe and free of hazards? How safe is your neighborhood? Safety Skills In addition to age and maturity, your child will need to master some specific skills before being able to stay home alone safely. In particular, your child needs to know what to do and whom to contact in an emergency situation. Knowledge of basic first aid is also useful. You may want to consider enrolling your child in a safety course such as one offered by the Red Cross.2 The following questions may also help: Does your family have a safety plan for emergencies? Can your child follow this plan? Does your child know his or her full name, address, and phone number? Does your child know where you are and how to contact you at all times? Does your child know the full names and contact information of other trusted adults, in case of emergency? tips for Parents Once you have determined that your child is ready to stay home alone, the following suggestions may help you to prepare your child and to feel more comfortable about leaving him or her home alone: Have a trial period. Leave the child home alone for a short time while staying close to home. This is a good way to see how he or she will manage. Role play. Act out possible situations to help your child learn what to do. Establish rules. Make sure your child knows what is (and is not) allowed when you are not home. Some experts suggest making a list of chores or other tasks to keep children busy while you are gone. Check in. Call your child while you are away to see how it’s going, or have a trusted neighbor or friend check in. Talk about it. Encourage your child to share his or her feelings with you about staying home alone. Don’t overdo it. Even a mature, responsible child shouldn’t be home alone too much. Consider other options, such as programs offered by schools, community centers, youth organizations, or churches, to help keep your child busy and involved. For information on course offerings from the Red Cross, visit ml 2 This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at . 3
www.childwelfare.gov Leaving Your Child Home Alone Resources American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Home Alone Children (Facts for Families No. 46) www.aacap.org/page.ww?section Facts% 20for%20Families&name Home%20Alone% 20Children Childhelp www.childhelp.org National Child Care Information Center Children Home Alone and Babysitter Age Guidelines www2.nccic.org/poptopics/homealone.html National Network for Child Care Home Alone www.nncc.org/SACC/sac31 home.alone. html Prevent Child Abuse America “Home Alone” Child Tips www.preventchildabuse.org/publications/ parents/downloads/home alone.pdf KidsHealth (The Nemours Foundation’s Center for Children’s Health Media) Leaving Your Child Home Alone www.kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid safe/ home/home alone.html This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at . 4
FactSheet June 2007 Disponible en español www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/ factsheets/sp signs.cfm Recognizing Child Abuse and Neglect: Signs and Symptoms The first step in helping abused or neglected children is learning to recognize the signs of child abuse and neglect. The presence of a single sign does not prove child abuse is occurring in a family, but a closer look at the situation may be warranted when these signs appear repeatedly or in combination. If you do suspect a child is being harmed, reporting your suspicions may protect the child and get U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau W hat’s Inside: Recognizing child abuse Types of abuse Signs of physical abuse Signs of neglect Signs of sexual abuse Signs of emotional maltreatment Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 703.385.7565 or 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov
www.childwelfare.gov Recognizing Child Abuse and Neglect: Signs and Symptoms help for the family. Any concerned person can report suspicions of child abuse and neglect. Some people (typically certain types of professionals) are required by law to make a report of child maltreatment under specific circumstances—these are called mandatory reporters. For more information, see the Child Welfare Information Gateway publication, Mandatory Reporters of Child Abuse and Neglect: www.childwelfare.gov/ systemwide/laws policies/statutes/manda. cfm For more information about where and how to file a report, contact your local child protective services agency or police department. An additional resource for information and referral is the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline (800.4.A.CHILD). Recognizing child abuse Ê The following signs may signal the presence of child abuse or neglect. Lacks adult supervision Is overly compliant, passive, or withdrawn Comes to school or other activities early, stays late, and does not want to go home The Parent: Shows little concern for the child Denies the existence of—or blames the child for—the child’s problems in school or at home Asks teachers or other caregivers to use harsh physical discipline if the child misbehaves Sees the child as entirely bad, worthless, or burdensome Demands a level of physical or academic performance the child cannot achieve Looks primarily to the child for care, attention, and satisfaction of emotional needs The Parent and Child: The Child: Rarely touch or look at each other Shows sudden changes in behavior or school performance Consider their relationship entirely negative Has not received help for physical or medical problems brought to the parents’ attention State that they do not like each other Has learning problems (or difficulty concentrating) that
Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Maltreatment 2006: Summary of Key Findings Toll-Free Crisis Hotline Numbers Child Welfare Information Gateway offers many other resources about child abuse and neglect and child welfare. For more information or to order additional publications, visit the Information
How does the Children's Division respond to a report of child abuse or neglect? The Children's Division often learns of child abuse and neglect when a report is made to the Child Abuse and Neglect Hotline. The Children's Division responds to all reports alleging child abuse and neglect, and the safety of the child(ren) is our top priority.
or threatened with physical or mental harm by the acts or lack of action by a person responsible for the child's care. Each state has its own laws concerning child abuse and neglect. There are several forms of abuse: physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. Child neglect is a form of abuse that occurs when a person responsible
Where abuse/neglect were found: 60% neglect, 18% physical abuse, 10% sexual abuse, 7% emotional maltreatment, 15% "other" based on specific state laws and policies Where abuse/neglect were found: 66% neglect, 25% physical abuse, 9% sexual abuse Age/Gender Highest rate of victimization: Children ages 0-3—16.1 per
Introduction This document was prepared from information provided by State child protective services agencies on the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) . The Child Abuse Prevention, Adoption and Family Services Act of 1988 (p.L. 100-294) required the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN) to establish a national .
you can call the Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence at 1-800-500-1119 or the Florida Council Against Sexual Violence at 1-888-956-7273 to be connected to a local hotline. Identifying and Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect 3 Child Abuse and Neglect Quiz 1. Three children die of child abuse in the home in the United States each
Introduction. Every child has the basic human right to be safe. Child abuse and neglect threaten a child's safety by placing him/her at risk of physical and emotional injuries and even death. Child abuse and neglect occur in all cultural, ethnic, occupational, and socioeconomic groups.
Yet child abuse and neglect is a serious problem in many communities. It has an impact on the current and future health of our children, families, and communities. Child abuse includes emotional maltreatment, sexual violations, or nonaccidental injuries inflicted on a child by a caregiver such as severe beatings. Child neglect
A.) ASTM C-923 Resilient Connector Between Reinforced Concrete Manholes Structures, Pipe and Laterals. B.) ASTM C-1244 Standard Test Method For Concrete Sewer Manholes by the Negative Air Pressure (Vacuum) Test C.) ASTM C-478 Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections A-LOK PREMIUM ASTM C-923 APPLICATION
