Autism Spectrum Disorders/Pervasive Developmental .

Medical Coverage PolicyEffective Date . 1/15/2021Next Review Date.12/15/2021Coverage Policy Number . 0447Autism Spectrum Disorders/PervasiveDevelopmental Disorders: Assessment andTreatmentTable of ContentsRelated Coverage ResourcesOverview . 1Coverage Policy.2General Background .4Medicare Coverage Determinations .22Coding/Billing Information .23References .29AcupunctureBiofeedbackChelation TherapyCognitive RehabilitationComparative Genomic Hybridization(CGH)/Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA)for Selected Hereditary ConditionsComplementary and Alternative MedicineGenetic Testing for Hereditary and MultifactoralConditionsGenetic Testing for Reproductive Carrier Screeningand Prenatal DiagnosisHyperbaric and Topical Oxygen TherapiesIntensive Behavioral InterventionsNeuropsychological TestingOccupational TherapySpeech Generating DevicesSpeech TherapyINSTRUCTIONS FOR USEThe following Coverage Policy applies to health benefit plans administered by Cigna Companies. Certain Cigna Companies and/or lines ofbusiness only provide utilization review services to clients and do not make coverage determinations. References to standard benefit planlanguage and coverage determinations do not apply to those clients. Coverage Policies are intended to provide guidance in interpretingcertain standard benefit plans administered by Cigna Companies. Please note, the terms of a customer’s particular benefit plan document[Group Service Agreement, Evidence of Coverage, Certificate of Coverage, Summary Plan Description (SPD) or similar plan document] maydiffer significantly from the standard benefit plans upon which these Coverage Policies are based. For example, a customer’s benefit plandocument may contain a specific exclusion related to a topic addressed in a Coverage Policy. In the event of a conflict, a customer’s benefitplan document always supersedes the information in the Coverage Policies. In the absence of a controlling federal or state coveragemandate, benefits are ultimately determined by the terms of the applicable benefit plan document. Coverage determinations in each specificinstance require consideration of 1) the terms of the applicable benefit plan document in effect on the date of service; 2) any applicablelaws/regulations; 3) any relevant collateral source materials including Coverage Policies and; 4) the specific facts of the particularsituation. Coverage Policies relate exclusively to the administration of health benefit plans. Coverage Policies are not recommendations fortreatment and should never be used as treatment guidelines. In certain markets, delegated vendor guidelines may be used to supportmedical necessity and other coverage determinations.OverviewThis Coverage Policy addresses services for the assessment and treatment of autism spectrum disorders andpervasive developmental disorders.Page 1 of 35Medical Coverage Policy: 0447

Coverage PolicyA number of states have coverage mandates that require regulated benefit plans to cover servicesrelated to an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). For example,New York law requires regulated benefit plans to provide coverage for the screening, diagnosis andtreatment of ASD/PDD.Please refer to the applicable benefit plan document to determine terms, conditions and limitations ofcoverage.Coverage for speech generating devices varies across plans. Refer to the customer’s benefit plandocument for coverage details. Many benefit plans exclude coverage for “aids or devices that assist withnonverbal communications”. When this language is present in the benefit plan, speech generatingdevices that use prerecorded messages (HCPCS codes E2500-E2506) are not covered. However, unlessspecifically excluded, speech generating devices that use synthesized speech are covered if criteria aremet. When covered, coverage for speech generating devices is subject to the terms, conditions andlimitations of the applicable benefit plan’s Durable Medical Equipment (DME) benefit and schedule ofcopayments.Services provided by a psychiatrist, psychologist or other behavioral health professionals may besubject to the provisions of the applicable behavioral health benefit.Assessment and treatment for comorbid behavioral health and/or medical diagnoses and associatedsymptoms and/or conditions may be covered under applicable medical and behavioral health benefitplans.Coverage of medications related to the treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may be subject tothe pharmacy benefit portion of the applicable benefit plan.AssessmentThe following services are considered medically necessary for the assessment of a suspected or knownASD: audiological evaluationbehavioral health evaluation including psychiatric examinationelectroencephalogram (EEG) when there is suspicion of a seizureevaluation by speech and language pathologistlead screeningmedical evaluation including history and physical examinationautism-specific developmental screening (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] code 96110, e.g.,Checklist for Autism in Toddlers [CHAT], Pervasive Developmental Disorder Screening Test-II) and CPTcodes 96112, 96113, e.g., Autism Behavior Checklist [ABC], Childhood Autism Rating Scale [CARS])neuroimaging studies when the child is a candidate for specific interventions such as epilepsy surgeryoccupational and/or physical therapy evaluation when motor deficits, motor planning or sensorydysfunction are presentquantitative plasma amino acid assays to detect phenylketonuriawhen ANY of the following criteria are met: any loss of any language or social skills at any ageabsence of babbling by 12 monthsabsence of gesturing (e.g., pointing, waving bye-bye) by 12 monthsPage 2 of 35Medical Coverage Policy: 0447

absence of single word speech by 16 monthsabsence of 2-word spontaneous (not echolalic) phrases by 24 monthsTreatmentBehavioral health treatment (e.g., behavior modification, family therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy orother forms of psychotherapy) for ASD is considered medically necessary when ALL of the followingcriteria are met: individual meets criteria for ASD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders,Fifth Edition (DSM-5)services are appropriate in terms of type, frequency, extent, site and durationtreatment is being provided by an appropriate behavioral health care professionalmeaningful and measurable improvement is expected from the therapyPlease refer to the Medical Coverage Policy on Intensive Behavioral Interventions for specific medicalnecessity criteria for applied behavior analysis (ABA).Please refer to the Medical Coverage Policies on Neuropsychological Testing, Speech Therapy,Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy for specific coverage criteria for these services.Speech Generating DeviceA speech generating device for ASD is considered medically necessary when ALL of the followingcriteria are met: The individual has a permanent and severe expressive speech impairment.A speech evaluation, conducted by a speech-language pathologist, has documented the severity of theindividual’s disability, specific to their primary language.Speaking needs cannot be met using natural communication methods.Other forms of treatment have failed, are contraindicated, or are otherwise not appropriate.A speech generating device is available in the individual’s primary languageA speech generating device is being requested for the sole purpose of speech generation.Not Medically Necessary ServicesServices that are considered primarily educational or training in nature or related to academic or workperformance are not covered under many benefit plans. The following services for the assessmentand/or treatment of ASD are considered primarily educational and training in nature and not medicallynecessary: education and achievement testing, including Intelligence Quotient (IQ) testingeducational interventions (e.g., classroom environmental manipulation, academic skills training andparental training)Multi-purpose, general consumer electronic devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs),computers, tablet devices (e.g., iPads ), smart phones, electronic mail devices and pagers, are notmedical in nature and thus are considered not medically necessary.The following procedures/services for the assessment and/or treatment of ASD are consideredexperimental, investigational or unproven for this indication:Assessment: allergy testing (e.g., food allergies for gluten, casein, candida, molds)Page 3 of 35Medical Coverage Policy: 0447

blood metabolite testing (e.g., NPDX ASD test)celiac antibodies testingcentral carbon metabolites tests (e.g., NPDX ASD test)erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase studiesevent-related potentials (i.e., evoked potential studies)hair analysisheavy metal testingimmunologic or neurochemical abnormalities testingintestinal permeability studiesmagnetoencephalography (MEG)micronutrient testing (e.g., vitamin level)mitochondrial disorders testing (e.g., lactate and pyruvate)provocative chelation tests for mercurystool analysisurinary peptides testingTreatment: acupuncture art therapy auditory integration therapy chelation therapy cognitive rehabilitation craniosacral therapy dietary and nutritional interventions (e.g., elimination diets, vitamins) EEG biofeedback/neurofeedback equestrian therapy (hippotherapy) facilitated communication holding therapy hyperbaric oxygen therapy immune globulin therapy music therapy recreational therapy secretin infusion sensory integration therapy social skills training Theory of Mind cognitive model vision therapyGeneral BackgroundThe essential features of autism spectrum disorder are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communicationand social interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities. These symptoms arepresent from early childhood and limit or impair everyday functioning. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatlydepending on the severity of the autistic condition, developmental level, and chronological age, which leads tothe term spectrum. Autism spectrum disorder encompasses disorders previously referred to as early infantileautism, childhood autism, Kanner’s autism, high-functioning autism, atypical autism, pervasive developmentaldisorder not otherwise specified, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Asperger’s disorder (AmericanPsychiatric Association, 2013)The precise etiology of ASD is unknown, although there appears to be a high heritability associated with it. Theetiology can be identified for between 15% and 20% of individuals with autism; in the others the cause remainsunknown (Miles, et al., 2003/2010). This is a field of active research.Page 4 of 35Medical Coverage Policy: 0447