Electromagnetics And Applications - MIT OpenCourseWare
ElectromagneticsandApplicationsDavid H. StaelinDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MACopyright 2011
Table of ContentsPreface ixChapter 1: Introduction to Electromagnetics and Electromagnetic Fields . 111.1Review of foundations . 111.1.1Introduction. 111.1.2Review of basic physical concepts and definitions. 121.2Forces and the measurement and nature of electromagnetic fields . 151.3Gauss’s Law and electrostatic fields and potentials . 171.4Ampere’s Law and magnetostatic fields . 21Chapter 2: Introduction to Electrodynamics 232.1Maxwell’s differential equations in the time domain . 232.2Electromagnetic waves in the time domain . 262.3Maxwell’s equations, waves, and polarization in the frequency domain . 302.3.1Sinusoidal waves . 302.3.2Maxwell’s equations in the complex-frequency domain . 322.3.3Sinusoidal uniform plane waves . 342.3.4Wave polarization . 352.4Relation between integral and differential forms of Maxwell’s equations . 372.4.1Gauss’s divergence theorem . 372.4.2Stokes’ theorem . 382.4.3Maxwell’s equations in integral form . 392.5Electric and magnetic fields in media . 412.5.1Maxwell’s equations and media. 412.5.2Conductivity. 422.5.3Permittivity . 442.5.4Permeability . 472.6Boundary conditions for electromagnetic fields . 502.6.1Introduction. 502.6.2Boundary conditions for perpendicular field components. 502.6.3Boundary conditions for parallel field components. 522.6.4Boundary conditions adjacent to perfect conductors . 542.7Power and energy in the time and frequency domains, Poynting theorem. 562.7.1Poynting theorem and definition of power and energy in the time domain. 562.7.2Complex Poynting theorem and definition of complex power and energy . 582.7.3Power and energy in uniform plane waves . 612.8Uniqueness theorem. 62Chapter 3: Electromagnetic Fields in Simple Devices and Circuits 653.1Resistors and capacitors. 653.1.1Introduction. 653.1.2Resistors. 653.1.3Capacitors . 683.2Inductors and transformers . 713.2.1Solenoidal inductors. 713.2.2Toroidal inductors . 753.2.3Energy storage in inductors . 78- iii
3.2.4Transformers . 803.3Quasistatic behavior of devices . 833.3.1Electroquasistatic behavior of devices. 833.3.2Magnetoquasistatic behavior of devices . 853.3.3Equivalent circuits for simple devices . 873.4General circuits and solution methods . 883.4.1Kirchoff’s laws. 883.4.2Solving circuit problems . 903.5Two-element circuits and RLC resonators . 923.5.1Two-element circuits and uncoupled RLC resonators . 923.5.2Coupled RLC resonators. 97Chapter 4: Static and Quasistatic Fields . .1014.1Introduction. 1014.2Mirror image charges and currents . 1024.3Relaxation of fields, skin depth . 1044.3.1Relaxation of electric fields and charge in conducting media . 1044.3.2Relaxation of magnetic fields in conducting media . 1064.3.3Induced currents . 1064.4Static fields in inhomogeneous materials . 1094.4.1Static electric fields in inhomogeneous materials . 1094.4.2Static magnetic fields in inhomogeneous materials . 1124.4.3Electric and magnetic flux trapping in inhomogeneous systems . 1124.5Laplace’s equation and separation of variables . 1154.5.1Laplace’s equation . 1154.5.2Separation of variables. 1174.5.3Separation of variables in cylindrical and spherical coordinates . 1194.6Flux tubes and field mapping. 1234.6.1Static field flux tubes . 1234.6.2Field mapping . 124Chapter 5: Electromagnetic Forces. .1275.1Forces on free charges and currents. 1275.1.1Lorentz force equation and introduction to force . 1275.1.2Electric Lorentz forces on free electrons . 1275.1.3Magnetic Lorentz forces on free charges . 1295.2Forces on charges and currents within conductors . 1315.2.1Electric Lorentz forces on charges within conductors. 1315.2.2Magnetic Lorentz forces on currents in conductors . 1335.3Forces on bound charges within materials . 1365.3.1Introduction. 1365.3.2Kelvin polarization force density. 1385.3.3Kelvin magnetization force density . 1395.4Forces computed using energy methods . 1415.4.1Relationship between force and energy . 1415.4.2Electrostatic forces on conductors and dielectrics . 1425.5Electric and magnetic pressure . 1445.5.1Electromagnetic pressures acting on conductors . 144- iv -
5.5.2Electromagnetic pressures acting on permeable and dielectric media. 1455.6Photonic forces. 147Chapter 6: Actuators and Sensors, Motors and Generators .1516.1Force-induced electric and magnetic fields . 1516.1.1Introduction. 1516.1.2Motion-induced voltages . 1516.1.3Induced currents and back voltages . 1536.2Electrostatic actuators and motors . 1546.2.1Introduction to Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) . 1546.2.2Electrostatic actuators . 1556.2.3Rotary electrostatic motors . 1596.2.4Dielectric actuators and motors . 1606.2.5Electrical breakdown . 1626.3Rotary magnetic motors . 1636.3.1Commutated rotary magnetic motors. 1636.3.2Reluctance motors . 1686.4Linear magnetic motors and actuators . 1736.4.1Solenoid actuators . 1736.4.2MEMS magnetic actuators . 1766.5Permanent magnet devices . 1786.5.1Introduction. 1786.5.2Permanent magnet motors. 1796.6Electric and magnetic sensors . 1806.6.1Electrostatic MEMS sensors . 1806.6.2Magnetic MEMS sensors. 1826.6.3Hall effect sensors. 182Chapter 7: TEM Transmission Lines .1857.1TEM waves on structures. 1857.1.1Introduction. 1857.1.2TEM waves between parallel conducting plates. 1857.1.3TEM waves in non-planar transmission lines . 1917.1.4Loss in transmission lines . 1967.2TEM lines with junctions. 1987.2.1Boundary value problems . 1987.2.2Waves at TEM junctions in the time domain. 1997.2.3Sinusoidal waves on TEM transmission lines and at junctions . 2017.3Methods for matching transmission lines . 2077.3.1Frequency-dependent behavior . 2077.3.2Smith chart, stub tuning, and quarter-wave transformers . 2097.4TEM resonances. 2137.4.1Introduction. 2137.4.2TEM resonator frequencies. 2147.4.3Resonator losses and Q . 2197.4.4Coupling to resonators . 2227.4.5Transients in TEM resonators. 226-v-
Chapter 8: Fast Electronics and Transient Behavior on TEM Lines .2298.1Propagation and reflection of transient signals on TEM transmission lines . 2298.1.1Lossless transmission lines . 2298.1.2Reflections at transmission line junctions. 2328.1.3Multiple reflections and reverberations . 2358.1.4Reflections by mnemonic or non-linear loads . 2368.1.5Initial conditions and transient creation. 2398.2Limits posed by devices and wires . 2418.2.1Introduction to device models. 2418.2.2Semiconductor device models . 2418.2.3Quasistatic wire models . 2438.2.4Semiconductors and idealized p-n junctions. 2458.3Distortions due to loss and dispersion . 2488.3.1Lossy transmission lines . 2488.3.2Dispersive transmission lines. 252Chapter 9: Electromagnetic Waves. .2559.1Waves at planar boundaries at normal incidence . 2559.1.1Introduction. 2559.1.2Introduction to boundary value problems . 2559.1.3Reflection from perfect conductors . 2569.1.4Reflection from transmissive boundaries. 2589.2Waves incident on planar boundaries at angles . 2609.2.1Introduction to waves propagating at angles . 2609.2.2Waves at planar dielectric boundaries . 2639.2.3Evanescent waves . 2669.2.4Waves in lossy media. 2699.2.5Waves incident upon good conductors . 2729.2.6Duality and TM waves at dielectric boundaries . 2749.3Waves guided within Cartesian boundaries. 2789.3.1Parallel-plate waveguides . 2789.3.2Rectangular waveguides . 2839.3.3Excitation of waveguide modes . 2869.4Cavity resonators . 2889.4.1Rectangular cavity resonators . 2889.4.2Perturbation of resonator frequencies . 2899.5Waves in complex media . 2919.5.1Waves in anisotropic media . 2919.5.2Waves in dispersive media. 2959.5.3Waves in plasmas. 297Chapter 10: Antennas and Radiation .30110.1 Radiation from charges and currents . 30110.1.1Introduction to antennas and radiation. 30110.1.2 Electric fields around static charges .
Electromagnetics and Applications - MIT OpenCourseWare . Preface - ix -
Chapter 1 Electromagnetics and Optics 1.1 Introduction In this chapter, we will review the basics of electromagnetics and optics. We will briefly discuss various laws of electromagnetics leading to Maxwell's equations. The Maxwell's equations will be used to derive the wave equation which forms the basis for the study of optical fibers in .
surveys given to the students at the end of each MATLAB assignment. The Electromagnetics Concept Inventory was also used. KEYWORDS computers and education, computer-assisted instruction and learning, computer exploration in electromagnetics, electromagnetics teac
6.013 Electromagnetics and Applications Lecture 1 Prof. Markus Zahn Page 7 of 7 Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission. Title: Microsoft Word - 6.013 Lecture 1 - Zahn 2005
electromagnetics education and surveys and experiences in teaching/learning electromagnetic fields and waves are pre-sented in [1]–[6]. Generally, there is a great diversity in the teaching of undergraduate electromagnetics courses, in content, scope, and pedagogical philosophy. Some electromagnetics courses
Electromagnetics Inductors and the Wave Equation Inductors Capacitors deal with voltage and store energy in an electric field. Inductors, on the other hand, deal with . To see how the wave equation behaves, let's use Matlab to simulate an LC circuit. To start with, let's
Domain Method for Electromagnetics with MATLAB Simulations, ACES Series on Computational Electromagnetics and Engineering, SciTech Publishing Inc. an Imprint of the IET, Second Edition, Edison, NJ, 2015. [2] R.C. Booton, Computational Methods for Electromagneticsand Microwaves, Wiley, 1992, pp. 59-73
1. Numericals based on solving Engg. Electromagnetics problems using MATLAB for tutorials are available in CD accompanied with the book of “Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics by Sunil Bhooshan” 2. Matlab Experiments manual for Electromagnetics by Dr. M.H. Bakr SR. NO. LIST OF PRACTICALS 1. INTR
ACCOUNTING 0452/22 Paper 2 October/November 2018 1 hour 45 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction .
