Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring And Research Program (GEM)
Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring andResearch Program (GEM)July 9, 2002The GEM Program DocumentAbridged VersionExxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council441 W. 5th Ave., Suite 500Anchorage, AK te.ak.us907/278-8012
This publication was released bythe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council andproduced at a cost of 4.73 per copy.The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council conducts all programs and activities free from discrimination, consistent with the Americans withDisibilities Act. This publication is available in alternative communication formats upon request. Please contact the Trustee Council Office at907/278-8012 to make necessary arrangements. Any person who believes she or he has been discriminated against should write to: The EVOSTrustee Council, 441 W. 5th Ave., Suite 500, Anchorage, AK 99501; or O.E.O., U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe primary authors of the GEM Program Document are Molly McCammon,Phil Mundy, and Bob Spies. Editors for the document were Molly McCammon,Phil Mundy, Katharine Miller, and Bob Walker. Thanks to Bob Spies and JudyGriffin for editorial work on earlier versions. Cherri Womac has been instrumentalin proofing and formatting the entire document.A special appreciation goes to the National Research Council’s Committee toReview the Gulf of Alaska Ecosystem Monitoring Program: Michael Roman, Chair,Don Bowen, Andria A. Elskus, John J. Goering, George Hunt, Seth Macinko, DonalManahan, Brenda Norcross, J. Steven Picou, Thomas C. Royer, Jennifer Ruesink,and Karl Turekian. The committee was ably staffed by Chris Elfring, DavidPolicansky and Ann Carlisle.Many people made material or intellectual contributions to the GEM ProgramDocument. Because the number of contributors and advisors is so large, weapologize if we inadvertently left your name off this list.The efforts of the following are gratefully acknowledged: Alisa Abookire, KenAdams, Vera Alexander, Fred Allendorf, Paul Anderson, Peter Armato, ShannonAtkinson, Kerim Ayden, Jim Ayres, Michael Baffrey; Torie Baker, Kris Balliet, HalBatchelder, Bill Bechtol, Catherine Berg, Brock Bernstein, Chris Blackburn, JimBlackburn, John Blaha, Jim Bodkin, Dede Bohn, James Brady, Stephen Braund,Evelyn Brown, Patty Brown-Schwalenberg, Al Burch, Vern Byrd, Robin Carlson,Veronica Christman, Robert Clark, Dave Cobb, Ken Coyle, Ted Cooney, SethDanielson, Tom Dean, Robert DeVelice, Jane DiCosimo, Gary Drew, Janet DuffyAnderson, Doug Eggers, Gregg Erickson, Dave Eslinger, Gary Fandrei, CharlesFalkenberg, Bob Foy, Steve Frenzel, Carol Fries, Fritz Funk, Dan Gillikin, DavidGoldstein, Andy Gunther, Gary Gury, Ed Harrison, Bill Hauser, Robert Henrichs,Ken Holbrook, Anne Hollowed, Brett Huber, Gary Hufford, Charlie Hughey, DanHull, Joe Hunt, Henry Huntington, Steve Ignell, David Irons, Lisa Ka’aihue, TomKline, Gary Kompkoff, Jan Konigsberg, Gordon Kruse, Kathy Kuletz, Pat Lavin, PatLivingston, Lloyd Lowry, Allen Macklin, Tom Malone, Suzanne Marcy, RichardMarasco, Michael H. Martin, Paul McCollum, Walter Meganack, Jr., JenniferNielsen, Gordon Nelson, Pat Norman, Phil North, Worth Nowlin, Peter Q. Olsson,Gretchen Oosterhout, Ted Otis, Paul Panamarioff, Kent Patrick-Riley, CharlesPeterson, John Piatt, Josie Quintrell, Terry Reed, Bud Rice, Stanley Rice, JimRichardson, Evan Richert, Monica Riedel, George Rose, Dave Roseneau, SusanSaupe, Andy Schmidt, Carl Schoch, Sandra Schubert, Marianne See, Stan Senner,Bob Shavelson, Geoff Shester, Hugh Short, Jeff Short, Claudia Slater, Bob Small,Alan Springer, Stacy Studebaker, Arliss Sturgulewski, Joe Sullivan, KevinSummers, Gary Thomas, Glenn VanBlaricom, Shari Vaughan, Gale Vicki, Jia Wang,Sarah Ward, Tom Weingartner, Steve Weisberg, David Welch, Kent Wohl, BruceWright, and Kate Wynne.JULY 2002ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
GULF ECOSYSTEM MONITORING AND RESEARCH P ROGRAMACKNOWLEDGMENTSJULY 2002
OVERVIEW OF THE GEM PROGRAM DOCUMENT(Abridged Version)This brief version of the GEM (Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring and Research)Program Document contains only the programmatic components (Chapters 1-5 inTable O.1 below) of the complete GEM Program Document. The completedocument, which contains all of the chapters described in Table O.1, is available onthe Trustee Council’s web site at www.oilspill.state.ak.us.Chapters 1 through 5 explain the basic motivations for the program, conceptualfoundation, tools and strategies for achieving program goals, and programimplementation and management. Chapters 6 through 9 present the factual basisfor the program including the scientific background behind the development ofessential program elements (Chapter 7) and detailed descriptions of two importantcomponents of the program: modeling (Chapter 8) and data management andinformation transfer (Chapter 9). Table O.1 identifies the question addressed byeach chapter and the products provided.Table O.1 Contents of the GEM Program DocumentTitleChapterQuestion AddressedProductsIncluded in this abridged version123VisionMission and goalsWhy do this and what do we hope toachieve?Geographic scope, funding and governanceConceptual FoundationCentral hypothesisHow do we think the ecosystem works?Habitat types and time-space scalesTools and StrategiesTools: Gap Analysis, Synthesis, Research,Monitoring, Modeling, and DataManagementWhat information do we need and howdo we get it?Strategies: Community Involvement andTraditional Knowledge, and ResourceManagement Applicability45Program ImplementationPotential questions by habitat typeWhere are we going to start and howwill we proceed? (This chapter isexpected to change over time.)Program implementation and partneringProgram ManagementProgram administrationWhat are the processes and policies formonitoring and research?Roles and responsibilities of the GEMcomponentsJULY 2002OVERVIEWi
GULF ECOSYSTEM MONITORING AND RESEARCH P ROGRAMTable O.1 Contents of the GEM Program DocumentTitleChapterQuestion AddressedProductsAvailable on the web at www.oilspill.state.ak.us6Introduction to the ScientificBackgroundLeading hypotheses in marine ecosystemsPrincipal ecological concepts and theoriesWhat are the theories and principles onwhich the conceptual foundation isbased?7Scientific Background: Physics, Biology,Human Uses and EconomicsComprehensive review of the currentstate of scientific knowledge of Gulf ofAlaska ecosystemsOverview of physical, chemical, andbiological characteristics of the Gulf ofAlaskaStatus of non-human populations, predators,and preyStatus of hum an activities and socio economics in the Gulf of Alaska8ModelingWhat is the role of modeling in GEM?9Data Management and InformationTransferModeling definitions and options for programimplementationData management and information transferoptions for program implementationWhat are the roles of data managementand information transfer in GEMimplementation?iiAAcronyms and Web linksBRecovery Status of Injured ResourcesCExxon Valdez Oil Spill Tribal and Community InvolvementDGEM DatabaseEGlossary of Existing Agency Programs and ProjectsFNorth Pacific Models of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center and Other SelectedOrganizationsGFish And Invertebrate Species From1996 NMFS Trawl Survey Of The Gulf Of AlaskaHCollected Research QuestionsOVERVIEWJULY 2002
CONTENTSChapterPageAcknowledgementsOverview of the GEM Program Document .iExecutive Summary .ES-11.Vision .11.1 Introduction .11.2 Mission .21.3 Goals.31.4 Geographic Scope .51.5 Funding and Governance .61.6 Building on Lessons of the Past.71.6.1Alaska Regional Marine Research Plan (1993). 71.6.2Bering Sea Ecosystem Research Plan (1998). 71.6.3GLOBEC (1991 to Present) . 81.6.4Scientific Legacy of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989to Present) . 81.6.5Trustee Council Commitment to TraditionalKnowledge and Community Involvement. .101.7 References . 132.Conceptual Foundation and Central Hypothesis . 152.1 Introduction to the GEM Conceptual Foundation . 152.1.1The Gulf of Alaska at a Glance .152.2 The Central Hypothesis and Habitat Types . 212.2.1Central Hypothesis by Habitat Type.242.3 References . 253.Tools and Strategies . 273.1 Introduction . 273.2 Program Tools . 283.2.1Gap Analysis .283.2.2Synthesis .293.2.3Research .303.2.4Monitoring .313.2.5Modeling .323.2.6Data Management and Information Transfer.333.3 GEM Program Strategies . 343.3.1Incorporating Community Involvement andTraditional Knowledge .343.3.2Potential for Resource Management Applicability .363.4 Conclusion. 363.5 References . 38JULY 2002CONTENTSiii
GULF ECOSYSTEM MONITORING AND RESEARCH P ROGRAM4.Program Implementation (Draft) .414.1 Introduction .414.2 Conclusions: Moving the GEM Program Forward .425.Program Management: Administration, Public andCommunity Advice and Involvement, ScientificGuidance, and Data Policies .455.1 Administration .455.1.1The Work Plan .455.1.2Proposal Development and Evaluation Process .465.1.3Reports and Publications .485.1.4Peer Review .485.1.5External Program Review .485.2 Public and Community Advice and Involvement .485.2.1Public Advisory Committee .495.2.2Public Advice .495.2.3Public and Community In volvement .495.3 Scientific Advice, Review and Management.505.3.1GEM Science Director .505.3.2Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee .505.3.3Subcommittees .515.3.4Work Groups .525.3.5Workshops .525.4 Data Management and Information Transfer .52Figuresiv1.1Map of the spill area showing the location of communities .52.1Overview of the GEM program structure showing the relationof key concepts to the habitat types, implementation tools, andthe schedule of implementa tion .162.2The physical and biological elements of the ecosystems of thenorthern Gulf of Alaska from the mountains surrounding thewatersheds to the oceanic waters offshore. .172.3Possible connections among specific mechanisms and agents ofchange in living marine-related resources.212.4Relations among major parts of the GEM conceptual foundation .222.5Scales of time and space corresponding to key elements andprocesses in ecosystems of the Gulf of Alaska . Illustrationprovided by John Piatt. .233.1GEM Structure .273.2The End-to-End Observing System in which the monitoringobservations are linked by data management and informationtransfer to end users, including modeling, synthesis, research,CONTENTSJULY 2002
GULF ECOSYSTEM MONITORING AND RESEARCH P ROGRAMand management applications. (Adapted from Tom Malone [U.S.Global Ocean Observing System Steering Committee 2000]) .323.3Diagram of the salmon fishery with life cycle stages, harvest,and habitat management decisions in geographic and temporalcontexts (Mundy 1998).375.1The organizational elements involved in GEM implementation.Modified in response to comments from the Nation al ResearchCouncil. .465.2GEM Proposal Evaluation Process .47TablesO.1Contents of the GEM Program Document. iJULY 2002CONTENTSv
GULF ECOSYSTEM MONITORING AND RESEARCH P ROGRAMviCONTENTSJULY 2002
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYOn March 24, 1989, the T/V Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef in PrinceWilliam Sound, spilling almost eleven million gallons of North Slope crude oil.The event was the largest tanker spill in U.S. history, contaminating approximately1,500 miles of Alaska’s coastline, killing birds, mammals and fish, and disruptingthe ecosystem in the path of the spreading oil. In 1991, the Exxon Corporationagreed to pay the United States and the State of Alaska 900 million over ten yearsto restore, replace, enhance, or acquire the equivalent of natural resources injuredby the spill, and the reduced or lost human services they provide (United States ofAmerica and State of Alaska 1991). Under the court-approved terms of thesettlement, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council (Trustee Council) was formedto administer the restoration funds, and in 1994 the Exxon Valdez Oil SpillRestoration Plan was adopted to guide the development and implementation of acomprehensive, interdisciplinary recovery and rehabilitation program.The knowledge and experience gained during years of biological and physicalstudies in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez oil spill confirmed that understandingthe sources of changes in marine resources and ecosystems requires putting thosechanges into an historical context. Toward this end, in March 1999 the TrusteeCouncil dedicated approximately 120 million for long-term monitoring andecosystem-based research within the area affected by the 1989 oil spill, which isgenerally the northern Gulf of Alaska, including Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet,Kodiak Island, and the Alaska Peninsula. This new program is called the GEM(the Gulf of Alaska Ecosystem Monitoring and Research) Program, and its missionis to:Sustain a healthy and biologically diverse marine ecosystem in thenorthern Gulf of Alaska and the human use of the marine resourcesin that ecosystem through greater understanding of how itsproductivity is influenced by natural changes and human activities.The Trustee Council identified five major goals necessary to accomplish thismission: Detect: Serve as a sentinel (early warning) system by detecting annual andlong-term changes in the marine ecosystem, from coastal watersheds to thecentral gulf; Understand: Identify causes of change in the marine ecosystem, includingnatural variation, human influences, and their interaction; Inform: Provide integrated and synthesized information to the public,resource managers, industry and policy makers in order for them torespond to changes in natural resources;JULY 2002EXECUTIVE SUMMARYES-1
GULF ECOSYSTEM MONITORING AND RESEARCH P ROGRAM Solve: Develop tools, technologies and information that can help resourcemanag
This brief version of the GEM (Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring and Research) Program Document contains only the programmatic components (Chapters 1-5 in Table O.1 below) of the complete GEM Program
Key words: ecosystem, Exxon Valdez oil spill, Gulf of Alaska, intertidal, long-term monitoring, nearshore, oceanography, pelagic, Prince William Sound, program management, science coordination, science synthesis Project Data: Data collected for Gulf Watch Alaska program projects that contributed to this report are available through the Alaska Ocean Observing System (AOOS) Gulf of Alaska
EcoSystem Bus and supports system programming All EcoSystem Bus programming is completed by using the EcoSystem Programmer, GRAFIK Eye QS Control Unit with EcoSystem Lighting Control System, or QuantumTM Software EcoSystem Bus Wiring EcoSystem Ballast Bus terminals only acc
politics of the Arab world. In the Maghreb, U.S. and Gulf state interests overlap to the extent that all players want stability, but each state has its own definition of what stability means. The U.S. and the Gulf states all support the Moroccan and Algerian regimes, but intra-Gulf rivalries are helping destabilize Libya, where different Gulf-
Program, which supports an integrated and holistic understanding of the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem. NOAA will coordinate with federal agencies, the Gulf's RESTORE Centers of Excellence, the Gulf States themselves, and other restoration groups to integrate robust science into restoration decision‐making
Funding Model for a Care Ecosystem Program 27 Section 4: Care Ecosystem Protocols 31 . Alliance for Aging Research, Administration on Aging, MetLife Foundation. (2012). Care Ecosystem Toolkit 7 . The Care Ecosystem has evidence-based protocols designed to support a PWD and the needs
1999: Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management Ecosystem Principles Advisory Panel 2013: Implementing Ecosystem-Based Management – A Report to the National Ocean Council Ocean Research Advisory Panel 2014: Ecosystem Sciences and Management Working Group – Exploration of EBF
telemetry 1.24 Service P threshold_migrator 2.11 Monitoring P tomcat 1.30 Monitoring P trellis 20.30 Service P udm_manager 20.30 Service P url_response 4.52 Monitoring P usage_metering 9.28 Monitoring vCloud 2.04 Monitoring P vmax 1.44 Monitoring P vmware 7.15 Monitoring P vnxe_monitor 1.03 Monitoring vplex 1.01 Monitoring P wasp 20.30 UMP P .
In accepting this appointment, you confirm that you are able to allocate sufficient time to meet the demands of your role as described in this letter. We ask that the agreement of the Chairman of Anglian Water Services Limited (the “Chairman”) be sought, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed, before accepting additional commitments that might impact on the time you are .
