The Victorian Age 1832-1900
The Victorian Age1832-1900Introductory NotesBritish Literature
Quotes from the Times ―Youth is a blunder; manhood astruggle; old age a regret‖Benjamin Disraeli, Coningsby ―’Tis better to have loved andlost/ Than never to have loved atall‖ Alfred, Lord Tennyson, ―InMemoriam, A.H.H.‖ A man’s reach should exceedhis grasp,/ Or what’s a heavenfor?‖ Robert Browning, ―Andreadel Santo‖TennysonBrowning
General Info About the Time Enormous changes occurred inpolitical and social life in England andthe rest of the world The scientific and technicalinnovations of the IndustrialRevolution, the emergence of modernnationalism, and the Europeancolonization of much of Africa, theMiddle East, and the Far Eastchanged most of Europe Far-reaching new ideas created thegreatest outpouring of literaryproduction the world has ever seen
Queen Victoria (1819-1901)Reign: 1837-1901 She had the longest reign in Britishhistory Became queen at the age of 18; shewas graceful and self-assured. Shealso had a gift for drawing andpainting Throughout her reign, she maintaineda sense of dignity and decorum thatrestored the average person’s highopinion of the monarchy after a seriesof horrible, ineffective leaders 1840-Victoria married a Germanprince, Albert, who became not king,but Prince-consort After he died in 1861, she sank into adeep depression and wore blackevery day for the rest of her life
The Growth of the British Empire England grew to become the greatest nation onearth Empire included Canada, Australia, NewZealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa,Kenya, and India England built a very large navy and merchantfleet (for trade and colonization)
The Growth of the British Empire(continued) Imported raw materials such as cotton and silkand exported finished goods to countries aroundthe world By the mid-1800s, England was the largestexporter and importer of goods in the world. Itwas the primary manufacturer of goods and thewealthiest country in the world Because of England’s success, they felt it wastheir duty to bring English values, laws, customs,and religion to the ―savage‖ races around theworld
The British Empire Many Between 1853 and1880, large scaleimmigration to Britishcolonies In 1857, Parliament tookover the government ofIndia and Queen Victoriabecame empress of India. Many British people sawthe expansion of empireas a moral responsibility. Missionaries spreadChristianity in India, Asia,and Africa.
The Industrial Revolution Factory systems emerged The shift in the English economy movedaway from agriculture and toward theproduction of manufactured goods Great Exhibition of 1851-Prince Alberthoused in the Crystal Palace (made ofglass and iron) exhibited hydraulicpresses, locomotives, machine tools,power looms, power reapers, andsteamboat engines
The Crystal PalaceErected to display theexhibits of modernindustry and science atthe 1851 Great Exhibition One of the first buildingsconstructed according tomodern architecturalprinciples The building symbolizedthe triumphs of Victorianindustry
The Early Victorian Period1830-1848 In 1830, the Liverpool andManchester Railway opened,the first public railway line inthe world. By 1850, railway linesconnected England’s majorcities By 1900 , England had 15,195lines of railroad and anunderground rail systembeneath London. The train transformedEngland’s landscape,supported the growth ofcommerce, and shrank thedistance between cities.
The Time of Troubles1830’s and 1840’s UnemploymentPovertyRiotingSlums in large citiesWorking conditionsfor women andchildren were terrible
Working Conditions for Women– Bad workingconditions andunderemploymentdrove thousands ofwomen intoprostitution.– The only occupation atwhich an unmarriedmiddle-class womancould earn a living andmaintain some claimto gentility was that ofa governess.
Social and Political Reform 1832-First Reform Act-extended the voteto most middle-class men 1833-Britain abolished slavery/FactoryAct-regulated child labor in factories 1834-Poor Law-Amendment applied asystem of workhouses for poor people 1871-Trade Union Act-made it legal forlaborers to organize to protect their rights
Religious Movement in VictorianEngland Evangelical Movement: emphasized aProtestant faith in personal salvationthrough Christ. This movement sweptthrough England. Led to the creation ofthe Salvation Army and YMCA. Oxford Movement (Tractarians): sought tobring the official English Anglican Churchcloser in rituals and beliefs to RomanCatholicism
Other Thoughts John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)philosopher who created two ideas Utilitarianism: the object of moralaction was to bring about the greatestgood for the greatest amount of people Liberalism: governments had the right torestrict the actions of individuals onlywhen those actions harmed others, andthat society should use its collectiveresources to provide for the basicwelfare of others. Also encouraged equalrights for women
Other Thoughts. Charles Lyell (1797-1875): Showed that geological featureson Earth had developedcontinuously and slowly overimmense periods of time Charles Darwin (1809-1882):Introduced the survival of thefittest theoryLyellDarwin
Other Thoughts Herbert Spencer (1820-1903): AppliedDarwinism to human society: as in nature,survival properly belongs to the fittest, thosemost able to survive. Social Darwinism wasused by many Victorians to justify socialinequalities based on race, social or economicclass, or gender Adam Smith- 18th century economist, heldthat the best government economic policy wasto leave the market alone—to follow a laissezfaire or “let it be” policy of little or no gov’tintervention
The 1890’s Breakdown of Victorianvalues Mood of melancholy The beginning of themodern movement inliterature Aubrey Beardsley’sdrawings
The Role of Women The Woman QuestionChanging conditions of women’swork created by the IndustrialRevolutionThe Factory Acts (1802-78) –regulations of the conditions oflabor in mines and factoriesThe Custody Act (1839) – gave amother the right to petition thecourt for access to her minorchildren and custody of childrenunder seven and later sixteen.The Divorce and MatrimonialCauses Act – established a civildivorce courtMarried Women’s Property Acts
Educational Opportunities forWomen First women’s collegeestablished in 1848 inLondon. By the end ofVictoria’s reign,women could takedegrees at twelveuniversity colleges.
Victorian Women and the Home Victorian society waspreoccupied with the verynature of women. Protected and enshrinedwithin the home, her rolewas to create a place ofpeace where man couldtake refuge from thedifficulties of modern life.
Literacy, Publication, and Reading By the end of the century,literacy was almost universal. Compulsory national educationrequired to the age of ten. Due to technologicaladvances, an explosion ofthings to read, includingnewspapers, periodicals, andbooks. Growth of the periodical Novels and short fiction werepublished iin serial form. The reading public expectedliterature to illuminate socialproblems.
Victorian Literature Four types of writing werepopular during the VictorianEra: Realist Naturalist The Novel Poetry
Realism The attempt to produce in art and literaturean accurate portrayal of reality Realistic, detailed descriptions of everydaylife, and of its darker aspects, appealed tomany readers disillusioned by the―progress‖ going on around them. Themes in Realist writing includedfamilies, religion, and social reform
Naturalism Based on the philosophical theory thatactions and events are the results not ofhuman intentions, but of largelyuncontrollable external forces Authors chose subjects and themescommon to the lower and middle classes Attentive to details, striving for accuracyand authenticity in their descriptions
The Victorian Novel The novel was the dominant formin Victorian literature.Victorian novels seek to representa large and comprehensive socialworld, with a variety of classes.Victorian novels are realistic.Major theme is the place of theindividual in society, the aspirationof the hero or heroine for love orsocial position.The protagonist’s search forfulfillment is emblematic of thehuman condition.For the first time, women weremajor writers: the Brontes.Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot.The Victorian novel was aprincipal form of entertainment.
The Novel Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre Charles Dickens: Many of hisnovels were published in serialform. His comic and sentimentaldescriptions of the lives of peoplein diverse occupations and socialclasses made Dickens the mostpopular Victorian novelist. AChristmas Carol, GreatExpectations, David CopperfieldEmily BronteCharlotte BronteCharles Dickens
Victorian Poetry Victorian poetry developed in thecontext of the novel. Poets sought newways of telling stories in verseAll of the Victorian poets show thestrong influence of the Romantics, butthey cannot sustain the confidence theRomantics felt in the power of theimagination.Victorian poets often rewrite Romanticpoems with a sense of belatedness.Dramatic monologue – the idea ofcreating a lyric poem in the voice of aspeaker ironically distinct from thepoet is the great achievement ofVictorian poetry.Victorian poetry is pictorial; poets usedetail to construct visual images thatrepresent the emotion or situation thepoem concerns.Conflict t between private poetic selfand public social role.
Poetry Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892): Mostpopular Victorian poet. He wrote narrativepoems Robert Browning (1812-1889): raised thedramatic monologue to new heights—making it a vehicle for deep psychologicalprobing and character study Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861):with Robert, one of literature’s greatestlove affairs. Wrote love sonnets valued fortheir lyric beauty
1848:1850:1851:1860:1876:1877:1886:1888:1901:Women begin attending University of LondonLife Insurance introducedGold discoveredFlorence Nightingale founds school for nursesAlexander Graham Bell patents the telephoneThomas Alva Edison patents the phonographWimbledon opensJack the Ripper stalks London’s East EndQueen Victoria dies
Images of the Victorian Period
The Victorian Novel The novel was the dominant form in Victorian literature. Victorian novels seek to represent a large and comprehensive social world, with a variety of classes. Victorian novels are realistic. Major theme is the place of the individual in society, the aspir
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Victorian houses would have looked like this. Most houses would have been a lot smaller than Preston Hall- many poor families lived in tiny houses or tenements (flats) where there may have only been one or two rooms. Victorian Homes Museum from Home Victorian Era 1837-1901 When we talk about the Victorian era, or Victorian times, we are
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