POLYMER SCIENCE: A COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE
POLYMER SCIENCE:A COMPREHENSIVEREFERENCE
POLYMER SCIENCE:A COMPREHENSIVEREFERENCEEDITORS-IN-CHIEFKrzysztof MatyjaszewskiCarnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USAMartin MöllerRWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyVOLUME 10POLYMERS FOR A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAND GREEN ENERGYVOLUME EDITORSJ. E. McGrath,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USAM. A. HicknerThe Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USAR. HöferEditorial Ecosiris, Düsseldorf, GermanyAMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORDPARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
ElsevierRadarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The NetherlandsThe Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USACopyright ª 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The followingChapter 4.08Chapter 4.17Chapter 7.18articles are US Government work in the public domain and is not subject to copyright:Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic EthersPolymerization of Cyclic Siloxanes, Silanes, and Related MonomersPolymer Dynamics in Constrained GeometriesNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) (0) 1865 843830;fax (þ44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevierwebsite at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material.NoticeNo responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein,Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verfication of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.A catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryA catalog record for this book is available from the Library of CongressISBN: 978-0-444-53349-4For information on all Elsevier publicationsvisit our website at books.elsevier.comPrinted and bound in Spain12 13 14 15 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Editorial: Claire ByrneProduction: Karen East and Kirsty HaltermanPublishing Assistants: Ashlie Jackman and Joanne WilliamsAssociate Project Manager: Sue Jakeman
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 10Volume EditorsixEditors-in-Chief: BiographiesxiEditors: BiographiesxiiiContributors of Volume 10xxiPrefacexxvForewordxixVolume 10Polymers for a Sustainable Environment and Green Energy10.01Introduction: Polymers for a Sustainable Environment and Green EnergyJE McGrath, MA Hickner, and R Höfer110.02Green Chemistry and Green Polymer ChemistryR Höfer and M Selig5Lipids10.03Lipid-Based Polymer Building Blocks and PolymersTW Abraham and R Höfer15Carbohydrate-Based Polymer Building Blocks & Biopolymers10.04Mono-, Di-, and Oligosaccharides as Precursors for Polymer SynthesisJ-P Pascault, R Höfer, and P Fuertes5910.05Celluloses and Polyoses/HemicellulosesT Heinze and T Liebert8310.06Nanochitins and Nanochitosans, Paving the Way to Eco-Friendly and Energy-SavingExploitation of Marine ResourcesRAA Muzzarelli15310.07Starch-Based Biopolymers in Paper, Corrugating, and Other Industrial ApplicationsD Glittenberg16510.08Guar and Guar DerivativesM-P Labeau19510.09Acacia GumF Thevenet20510.10Alginates: Properties and ApplicationsG Skjåk-Bræk and KI Draget213v
viContents of Volume 1010.11XanthanG Hublik22110.12Polylactic AcidR Hagen231Amino Acid Based Polymer-Building Blocks and Proteins as Biopolymers10.13GelatinTR Keenan23710.14Processing Soy Protein Concentrate as Plastic in Polymer BlendsF Chen and J Zhang249Lignin as Building Unit for PolymersE Windeisen and G Wegener255Lignin10.15Sustainable Use of Biomass10.16Natural FibersM Möller and C Popescu26710.17Natural RubberL Vaysse, F Bonfils, J Sainte-Beuve, and M Cartault28110.18Biocomposites: Long Natural Fiber-Reinforced BiopolymersU Riedel295Polymer Processing: Environmentally Benign & Safe10.19Performance Profile of Biopolymers Compared to Conventional PlasticsH-J Endres and A Siebert-Raths31710.20Processing of Plastics into Structural ComponentsC Bonten and E Haberstroh35510.21Processing and Performance Additives for PlasticsR Höfer36910.22Processing and Performance Additives for CoatingsR Höfer383Sustainable Manufacturing, Processing and Applications for Polymers and Polymer Systems10.23PaperMM Mleziva and JH Wang39710.24PolyurethanesG Avar, U Meier-Westhues, H Casselmann, and D Achten41110.25PolysiloxanesF Müller and S Silber44310.26Lubricant and Fuel Additives Based on PolyalkylmethacrylatesCD Neveu, R Sondjaja, T Stöhr, and NJ Iroff45310.27Aqueous Emulsion PolymersH Lutz, H-P Weitzel, and W Huster47910.28Water-Based Epoxy SystemsA Klippstein, M Cook, and S Monaghan51910.29Powder CoatingsG Crapper54110.30Radiation-Curing Polymer SystemsR Schwalm567
Contents of Volume 10viiPlastics after Use10.31Sustainable Management of Material and Energy ResourcesH Krähling and I Sartorius581Polymers in Energy Applications10.32Polymers in Energy ApplicationsMA Hickner and JE McGrath59710.33Poly(Perfluorosulfonic Acid) MembranesM Yandrasits and S Hamrock60110.34Alternative Hydrocarbon Membranes by Step GrowthB Bae, K Miyatake, and M Watanabe62110.35Alternative Proton Exchange Membranes by Chain-Growth PolymerizationEMW Tsang and S Holdcroft65110.36Polymers in Membrane Electrode AssembliesDS Kim, C Welch, RP Hjelm, YS Kim, and MD Guiver69110.37Morphology of Proton Exchange MembranesAM Osborn and RB Moore72110.38Polymer Electrolyte Membrane DegradationDA Schiraldi and D Savant76710.39Molecular and Mesoscale Modeling of Proton Exchange MembranesBF Habenicht and SJ Paddison77710.40Polymers for Thin Film Capacitors: Energy Storage – Li Conducting PolymersK Han and Q Wang81110.41Aromatic Poly(amides) for Reverse OsmosisWE Mickols83110.42Electrolyzer MembranesCK Mittelsteadt and JA Staser849
VOLUME EDITORSVolume 1 – Basic Concepts and Polymer PropertiesAR Khokhlov, Moscow State University, Moscow, RussiaF Kremer, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyVolume 2 – Polymer CharacterizationT Hashimoto, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki, JapanHW Spiess, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, GermanyM Takenaka, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanVolume 3 – Chain Polymerization of Vinyl MonomersGW Coates, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USAM Sawamoto, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanVolume 4 – Ring-Opening Polymerization and Special Polymerization ProcessesS Penczek, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, PolandR Grubbs, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USAVolume 5 – PolycondensationH-W Schmidt, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, GermanyM Ueda, Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, JapanVolume 6 – Macromolecular Architectures and Soft Nano-ObjectsAHE Müller, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, GermanyKL Wooley, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USAVolume 7 – Nanostructured Polymer Materials and Thin FilmsE Kumacheva, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaTP Russell, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USAVolume 8 – Polymers for Advanced Functional MaterialsK Müllen, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, GermanyCK Ober, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USAix
xVolume EditorsVolume 9 – Polymers in Biology and MedicineDA Tirrell, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USAR Langer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USAVolume 10 – Polymers for a Sustainable Environment and Green EnergyJE McGrath, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USAMA Hickner, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USAR Höfer, Editorial Ecosiris, Düsseldorf, Germany
EDITORS-IN-CHIEF: BIOGRAPHIESKrzysztof Matyjaszewski received his PhD degree in 1976 from the Polish Academy of Sciencesunder Prof. S. Penczek. Since 1985 he has been at Carnegie Mellon University where he iscurrently J. C. Warner University Professor of Natural Sciences and director of Center forMacromolecular Engineering. He is also Adjunct Professor at the University of Pittsburgh andat the Polish Academy of Sciences. He is the editor of Progress in Polymer Science and CentralEuropean Journal of Chemistry. He has coedited 14 books and coauthored more than 70 bookchapters and 700 peer-reviewed publications; he holds 41 US and more than 120 internationalpatents. His papers have been cited more than 50 000 times. His research interests includecontrolled/living radical polymerization, catalysis, environmental chemistry, and advancedmaterials for optoelectronic and biomedical applications.Dr. Matyjaszewski has received 2011 Wolf Prize, 2011 Prize of Société Chimique de France,2009 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award, 2004 Prize from the Foundation of PolishScience, and several awards from the American Chemical Society (including 2011 Hermann Mark Award, 2011 AppliedPolymer Science Award, 2007 Mark Senior Scholar Award, 2002 Polymer Chemistry Award, and 1995 Marvel CreativePolymer Chemistry Award). He is a member of US National Academy of Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, RussianAcademy of Sciences, and received honorary degrees from l’Institut Polytechnique, Toulouse, France; University of Athens,Greece; Russian Academy of Sciences; Lodz Polytechnic, Poland; and University of Ghent, Belgium.Martin Möller studied chemistry at Hamburg and Freiburg. He received his PhD degree in 1981from the University of Freiburg.He was a Feodor-Lynen Research Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at thePolymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA. After hishabilitation in 1989 at Freiburg University he was professor at the universities of Twente, Enschede,The Netherlands and Ulm, Germany. Since 2002 he is professor of Textile and MacromolecularChemistry at RWTH Aachen University, and since 2003 also the director of DWI-InteractiveMaterials Research Institute at RWTH Aachen University. He has served on the editorial boardof several polymer journals. His fields of interest include polymers self-organization of macromolecules, surface modification and activation, formation of functional nanostructures, andorganic–inorganic hybrid structures. Martin Möller has received the the Körber-Prize 2002. He isa member of the Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften (acatech) and of the Academy ofSciences of the state of North-Rhine Westphalia.xi
EDITORS: BIOGRAPHIESAlexei R. Khokhlov was born in 1954 in Moscow, Russia. He graduated from Moscow StateUniversity in 1977, received his PhD in 1979 and Doctor of Science in 1983. He is Full Professorand Head of the Chair of Physics of Polymers and Crystals. He is a Member of Russian Academyof Sciences (2000), Chairman of Polymer Council of Russian Academy of Sciences (2002) andLaureate of the Russian National Award (2007).Friedrich Kremer is Professor of Molecular Physics, Materials Research Spectroscopy, Institute ofExperimental Physics I, University of Leipzig, Germany. His research interests include broadbanddielectric spectroscopy, time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and experiments with optical tweezers. In 2005 he was awarded with the Karl Heinz Beckurts – Prize; in2011 he received the Wolfgang-Ostwald-Prize from the German Colloid Society.Takeji Hashimoto received his MS degree in 1969 and PhD in 1971 (with Prof. R. S. Stein) fromthe University of Massachusetts. He was appointed as an assistant professor at Kyoto University,Japan, in 1971, and was promoted as a full professor in 1994. He was director of the HashimotoPolymer Phasing Project, ERATO (Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology), supported byJST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), from 1993 to 1998. He served as a group leader andinvited researcher for the project ‘Neutron Scattering and Structure-Functionality of Soft Matters’at the Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAEA),Tokai, from 2003 to 2005. Since his retirement from Kyoto University in March 2005, he hasbeen a professor emeritus of Kyoto University, and served as a full-time visiting researcher atASRC, JAEA, Tokai, from 2005 to 2008 and as a group leader for the physical science and lifescience group. He has been a visiting scientist at JAEA, Tokai, since 2008 and a visiting professorat the School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan, since 2009.He has received several awards including the Society of Polymer Science Japan Award (1986), the High Polymer Physics Award(Ford Prize) from the American Physical Society (1987), the award for Young Rheologist from the Society of Rheology, Japan(1989), the Society of Fiber Science Japan Award (1990), the Osaka Science Award (1992), the Turner Alfrey Award fromxiii
xivEditors: BiographiesMidland Molecular Institute, Midland Section of ACS (1997), the Fraser Price Memorial Award from the University ofMassachusetts (1997), the Chemical Society of Japan Award (2003), the Japanese Society for Neutron Science Award (2004),and Society of Polymer Science Japan Award for Outstanding Achievement in Polymer Science and Technology (2006).Hans Wolfgang Spiess, born in 1942, received his doctoral degree in physical chemistry in 1968from the University of Frankfurt with H. Hartmann. After a postdoctoral stay at Florida StateUniversity (with R. K. Sheline), he returned to Germany in 1970 and joined the Max PlanckInstitute for Medical Research (with K. H. Hausser), taking part in the rapid development ofnovel NMR techniques for studying molecular motion in liquids and solids. In 1978, he finishedhis habilitation in physical chemistry at the University of Mainz in the group of H. Sillescu.Subsequently, he held professorships of physical chemistry at the University of Münster (1981–82)and macromolecular chemistry at the University of Bayreuth (1983–84). In 1984, he wasappointed a director of the newly founded Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research inMainz. His research interests include the development of magnetic resonance techniques forelucidating the structure, dynamics, phase behavior, and order of synthetic macromolecules andsupramolecular systems. He applies these methods to the study of new polymer materials torelate their microscopic and macroscopic behavior. Spiess has served as chairman of the European Polymer Federation(1991–92) and as chairman of the Capital Investment Committee of the German Science Foundation (1994–96). From 1999till 2005, he has been a member of the Scientific Council of the Federal Republic of Germany. His achievements have beenhonored by several distinctions, including the Leibniz Prize of the German Research Foundation in 1987, the EuropeanAmpere Prize, the Liebig Medal of the German Chemical Society, the Award of the Society of Polymer Science (Japan) in2002, the Walther Nernst Medal of the German Bunsen Society for Physical Chemistry in 2007, and the Paul J. FloryResearch Prize in 2010. He is doctor honoris causa of the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1997), and of AdamMickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland (1998).Mikihito Takenaka received both the master’s degree in engineering in 1988 and the doctor’sdegree in engineering in 1993 with Prof. Takeji Hashimoto from Kyoto University. In 1997, hewas appointed as an assistant professor of the Department of Polymer Chemistry in KyotoUniversity. He was promoted to associate professor in 2011. His research scope includes thedynamics of phase transitions of polymer alloys and the directed self-assembling of blockcopolymer thin films.Geoffrey W. Coates was born in 1966 in Evansville, Indiana. He received a BA degree in chemistryfrom Wabash College in 1989 and a PhD in organic chemistry from Stanford University in 1994.His thesis work, under the direction of Robert M. Waymouth, investigated the stereoselectivity ofmetallocene-based Ziegler–Natta catalysts. Following his doctoral studies, he was an NSFPostdoctoral Fellow with Robert H. Grubbs at the California Institute of Technology. Duringthe summer of 1997, he joined the faculty of Cornell University as an assistant professor ofchemistry. He was promoted to associate professor in 2001 and to professor in 2002. He wasappointed to the first Tisch University Professorship in 2008.The research focus of the Coates Group is the development of new catalysts for the synthesisof macromolecules as well as small molecules. Professor Coates’ research concentrates ondeveloping new methods for reacting commodity feedstocks in unprecedented ways. His currentresearch centers on the development of homogeneous catalysts for olefin polymerization,heterocycle carbonylation, epoxide homo- and copolymerization, and utilization of carbondioxide in polymer synthesis.
Editors: BiographiesxvProfessor Coates is an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow and has received awards from the ACS (A. C. Cope Scholar Award,Affordable Green Chemistry Award, A. K. Doolittle Award, Carl S. Marvel – Creative Polymer Chemistry Award, and AkronSection Award), NSF (CAREER), MIT Technology Review Magazine (TR 100 Award), Research Corporation (InnovationAward), Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation (Young Investigator Award), David and Lucile Packard Foundation(Fellowship in Science and Engineering), and Dreyfus Foundation (Camille and Henry Dreyfus New Faculty and CamilleDreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards). In 2006, he received the Stephen and Margery Russell Distinguished Teaching Award atCornell University and became a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2011, he wasidentified by Thomson Reuters as one of the world’s top 100 chemists on the basis of the impact of his scientific research. He isa member of the editorial advisory boards of the Journal of Polymer Science, Chemical Reviews, and ChemCatChem. He is amember of the editorial board of Dalton Transactions and is an associate editor for Macromolecules.Mitsuo Sawamoto was born in 1951 in Kyoto, Japan. He received a BS (1974), an MS (1976),and PhD degrees (1979) in polymer chemistry from Kyoto University, Japan. After a postdoctoral research at the Institute of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA(1980–81), he joined the faculty of Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japanin 1981 as a research instructor and is currently Professor of Department of Polymer Chemistry,Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan since 1994.He served as President of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan from 2008–10, and iscurrently an executive member of the Science Council of Japan, a titular member of IUPACPolymer Division, and one of the Editors of the Journal of Polymer Science, Part A, PolymerChemistry. He is also the principal investigator of a research project “Sequence-RegulatedMacromolecules” (2006–10; Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research: Creation of Novel AcademicDisciplines) and the project leader of the Kyoto University Global Center of Excellence (GCOE)Project “Integrated Materials Science” (2007–11), both granted by the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, and Sports,Japan via the Japan Society for Promotion of Science.With over 350 original papers and over 30 reviews, he has received, among others, Award of the Society of Polymer Science,Japan (1992), Divisional Research Award of the Chemical Society of Japan (1999), and Arthur K. Doolittle Award of PMSEDivision, the American Chemical Society (2002). His research interest includes development of novel precision polymerizations and catalysis (living cationic polymerization with Lewis-acid catalysts (1984) and
POLYMER SCIENCE: A COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Krzysztof Matyjaszewski Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Martin Mo ller RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany VOLUME 10 POLYMERS FOR A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT AND GREEN ENERGY VOLUME EDITORS J. E. McGrath
Polymer Indexing Reference Manual – contains Polymer Indexing Code List, Polymer Indexing Molecular Formula List and Polymer Indexing Chemical Aspects Graphical Definitions. Polymer Indexing System Description – provides a detailed description of the Enhanced Polymer Index. CPI Plasdoc Coding Systems - provides details of the
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