Volume 53, Number 6 California Turtle & Tortoise Club .
theTortuga GazetteNovember December 2017Volume 53, Number 6California Turtle & Tortoise Club founded in 1964 and dedicated to Turtle & Tortoise Preservation, Conservation and EducationAdult female yellow-footed tortoise, Chelonoidis denticulata measuring 17 inches (43 ccentimeters) in carapace length and 11 inches (28 centimeters) in carapace width. Photo 2017 byKirk Weber, reprinted with permission.Yellow-footed Tortoise, Chelonoidis denticulata (Linnaeus, 1766)Formerly assigned to the genera Testudo and Geochelone,the yellow-footed tortoise currently belongs to the genus Chelonoidis,the species of South American tortoisesthat also include the Galápagos tortoise(C. nigra), the Chaco tortoise (C. chilensis), and the Red-footed tortoise (C.carbonaria).Also known as Carolus Linnaeusand Carl von Linné, Swedish botanistand zoologist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)The Brazilian Giant Tortoise by M. A. Cohenofficially described the yellow-footedtortoise in 1766, naming the speciesTestudo denticulata. Recognized for hisdevelopment of the scientific systemof binomial (two-name) nomenclature(naming technique), Linnaeus is knownas the Father of Taxonomy, the methodof scientifically classifying organisms.The yellow-footed tortoise, a member of the Testudinidae family oftortoises, is the largest mainland tortoise on the continent of South America.Closely related to the red-footed tortoise, C. carbonaria, the yellow-footedtortoise is the less studied of the two.The yellow-footed tortoise is the largerof the two species, has a less contrasting coloration on its carapace, and issympatric with its close relative, meaning the two species occur in the samegeographic areas. While the red-footedtortoise prefers open, savannah-grassland habitats, the yellow-footed tortoiseprefers canopied rainforest habitats.
2Table of ContentsFeatured SpeciesYellow-footed TortoiseChelonoidis denticulata1246The Brazilian Giant Tortoise by M. A. CohenTable of ContentsThe Turtle’s Garden: Six Traditional Holiday Plants with Toxic Propertiesby M. A. CohenNew York State DEC Eliminating Commercial Harvest of DiamondbackTerrapin —Closing Hunting Season AidsConservation of Diamondback TerrapinTurtle Species —NYSDEC press releases Three Species Gain Endangered Species Act Protection—CBD press release7Mike’s Turtle Net Picks by Michael J. Connor,PhDs Meetings and Programss Classified Advertisements8Tortoise Box: Plans and Instructionsby Mark Ratkovic12Ban Sought on Wild Turtle Trapping inArkansas — CBD press release14Readers’ Favorite Photographss Get your friendly tortoise today!by Michelle HooverCalifornia Turtle & Tortoise Club: a Society Dedicated to Turtle & Tortoise Preservation, Conservation and Education Since 1964. Promotingand Facilitating the Care, Rescue and Adoption of Native and NonnativeTurtles and Tortoises.The Tortuga Gazette (ISSN 1073-1334) is owned by the California Turtle& Tortoise Club Executive Board, which is incorporated in the State ofCalifornia as a Not-for-Profit Corporation and is tax-exempt under IRScode 501(c)(3).All material is copyright CTTC unless otherwise attributed. CTTCpolicy permits reproduction of articles by other not-for-profit groupsand educational institutions when permission is requested. Permissionis granted on a case-by-case basis and CTTC must be cited as the sourceof the material.Views expressed in the Tortuga Gazette are those of the contributorsand not necessarily those of the Editor or the California Turtle & Tortoise Club.Is your email address changing?Update your email address through yourMailChimp account, or send changes and corrections to tgdistribution@tortoise.orgTortuga GazetteOften called the yellowfooted tortoise, C. denticulataalso has several other common names, including theBrazilian giant tortoise, theSouth American forest tortoise, and yellow-foot.The “preferred Spanish vernacular name” of theyellow-footed tortoise ismorrocoy amarillo, while thelocal indigenous peopleswithin its range have namesfor the species in their ownlanguages (Pritchard andFemale yellow-footed tortoise enjoying a flower in her enclosure.Trebbau, 1984).The species name dentic- Photo 2017 by Kirk Weber, reprinted with permission.ulata derives from the Latinroot words denti-, meaningare large, and a somewhat hooked uptoothed, and latus, meaning the side.per jaw (Pritchard and Trebbau, 1984).The root words combine to describeThe forelimbs of the species showthe serrated outer edges of the marprominent yellow to orange scales,ginal scutes of yellow-footed tortoisewhile the elephantine hind limbs arehatchlings.typically brown to brownish-black.Exhibiting some sexual dimorIdentificationphism, the male yellow-footed tortoiseNot as extensively studied as theyellow-foot tends to be larger than thered-footed tortoise, the yellow-footedfemale, with a more elongated caratortoise is likely more difficult to lopace, a concave plastron, and a longer,cate and observe, living as it does inthicker tail. As a rule, this generality isovergrown rainforests that are oftenaccepted by biologists, however, theimpenetrable.largest recorded individuals in the speThe species’ common name decies are ordinarily female.scribes the distinctive yellow- orWhile also having an elongatedorange-colored scales present on thecarapace, the female yellow-foot isfront surfaces of its forelegs. The yelusually smaller overall than the male,low-footed tortoise is the fifth largestwith a domed carapace and a flattortoise worldwide, the third largesttened plastron that is adapted for eggmainland tortoise, and the largestdevelopment. Biologists surmise thattortoise species in mainland Souththe longer, narrower carapace of theAmerica. Averaging 16 to 20 inches (40male enables him to move more easilyto 50 centimeters) in carapace lengththrough the dense rainforest under(King, 2011), massive individuals greatstory (ARKive, n.d.).er than 32 inches (82 centimeters) inConsiderable variation exists in thecarapace length are not unusual, espesize of mature yellow-footed tortoises,cially in the wild (Turtles of the World,with the smallest adults being aboutn.d.).one-half the size and only a fractionScutes that are brown toof the weight of the largest adultsbrownish-black with yellow- or or(Pritchard and Trebbau, 1984). Subange-colored centers comprise thespecies of C. denticulata have yet to beelongated carapace. The species’ plasidentified.tron, yellowish-brown in coloration,Range and Habitathas darker markings at the seams ofWith an extensive range thatthe scutes (ARKive, n.d.).spansmany northwestern statesComparatively small, the head ofonthecontinentof South America,C. denticulata displays scales coloredtheyellow-footedtortoise inhabitsyellow to orange on a brown or brownsoutheasternVenezuela,Guyana, Suish-black background, with a shaperiname,FrenchGuiana,theAmazonthat is longer than it is wide, eyes thatVolume 53, Number 6
3River basin in Brazil, southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, andnorthern Bolivia. The species also occurs in the twin-island Republic ofTrinidad and Tobago, located off thenorthern coast of South America.Favoring both deciduous and evergreen tropical rainforest ecosystems,C. denticulata thrives in high-humidityenvironments, and typically inhabitslocations adjacent to bodies of water.With low light levels found in the shadeof the rainforest canopy, these ecosystems feature a temperature range isrelatively narrow, varying from 66 to 95 F (19 to 35 C) (King, 2011).ReproductionSpecies ActivityThreatsExhibiting different periods of activity,male and female yellow-footed tortoisesare both diurnal, meaning they are bothactive during the day. Females and juveniles are active all year around, mainlyoccupied with the search for food. Incontrast, males are generally more activeduring the wetter months, when they areoccupied with searching for mates as wellas for food (King, 2011). This increase inmale activity coincides with the availability of fallen fruit, a high-energy food itemutilized during mating activities (ARKive,n.d.). Juveniles are immediately self-reliant when they emerge from their eggsand begin to forage upon absorption oftheir yolk sacs.No specific mating season for C. denticulata has been documented, andbiologists speculate that mating occurs atany time of year, although there is someevidence that mating peaks during therainy season.Given the year-round mating of thespecies, nesting is also likely to occurthroughout the year. C. denticulata laysone to several clutches of eggs, numbering one to 20 eggs per clutch, eachseason. The average number of eggs perclutch is four to eight, and the eggs usually incubate for 120 to 150 days (ARKive,n.d.).By far the greatest threat to adultC. denticulata is capture by humans forfood. In some portions of its range, boththe meat and various organs of the species are considered to be delicacies andare sold in food markets. Forest-dwellingpeoples will capture yellow-footed tortoises for food or for sale when huntingother game.A secondary threat to the species iscollection for the pet trade. Some captivebreeding of C. denticulata occurs withinits range, and biologists report that atleast some of the animals in the pet tradeare captive-bred, probably reducing pressure on wild populations (ARKive, n.d.).ConservationThe Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Species (CITES)lists the yellow-footed tortoise as Appendix II, meaning that all internationaltrade in the species should be diligentlymonitored.The Red List of the InternationalUnion for the Conservation of Nature lists the yellow-footed tortoise as“vulnerable to extinction” with the annotation that the assessment “needsupdating” (The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 1996). ΩReferencesARKive. (n.d.). South American yellow-footed tortoise(Chelonoidis denticulata). [online] Available at: tortoise/chelonoidis-denticulata/King, A. (2011). Chelonoidis denticulata (Yellow-footedTortoise or Morocoy). [online] The Online Guide to theAnimals of Trinidad and Tobago. Available at: lonoidis denticulata.pdf.Pritchard, P. and Trebbau, P. (1984). The Turtles of Venezuela. 1st ed. Athens, Ohio: Society for the Study ofAmphibians and Reptiles, pp.221-232.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (1996). Chelonoidis denticulata. [online] Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9008/0 [Accessed 4 Sep. 2017].Turtles of the World. (n.d.). Geochelone denticulata. [online] Available at: http://turtles.linnaeus.naturalis.nl/linnaeus ng/app/views/species/taxon.php?id 8163Foods and FeedingAs an omnivore, the yellow-footed tortoise consumes an array offood items, including fruits, flowers, grasses, leaves, vines, roots, bark,mushrooms (both gilled and woodyvarieties), insects, snails, worms, andcarrion (ARKive, n.d.). While flowers arethe preferred food during the dry season, fallen fruits are preferred duringthe wet season, and other food itemsare consumed throughout the year(Turtles of the World, n.d.)Biologists who study the yellowfooted tortoise have observed thespecies engaged in geophagy (jee-ohfah-jee), the practice of consuming soil,sand, or pebbles. Scientists theorizethat ingesting these abrasive items aidsthe tortoise in digesting its food itemsbecause the tortoise often swallowsthem whole (ARKive, n.d.).Female yellow-footed tortoise. Photo 2017 by Kirk Weber, reprinted with permission.November December 2017Tortuga Gazette
4Six Traditional Holiday Plantswith Toxic PropertiestheTurtle’sGardenHollyt Jerusalem Cherryt Mistletoetplanting for cheloniansby M. A. CohenWith the winter holidays fastapproaching, it is important toprovide for the safety of petsand children in the household, as no onewants the season's festivities interruptedby a medical emergency.While this column is not intended todampen holiday spirits, it presents profiles of plant materials commonly utilizedas part of celebratory holiday decorations that contain toxic phytochemicals 1with the potential for harm to pets andchildren. The single most important precaution one can take against possibledanger is this: keep all toxic plants andplant parts completely out of the reachof pets, children, and—for that matter—uninformed adults. For purposesof this article, “plant part” includes visible parts, such as leaves, flowers, berries,seeds, and branches, as well as bulbs (visible or underground), roots, and plant sap.Derived from the Latin word toxicummeaning poison, “toxic” may indicate thata plant or plant part is poisonous, i.e., capable of causing death or serious illness.Additionally, ”toxic” may indicate that aless severe yet unpleasant reaction, suchas nausea, vomiting, or contact dermatitis, may result from ingestion of or contactwith the plant or its component parts.Under all circumstances, posting thephone number of the local Poison Control authority adjacent to your phone(s) isprudent. The phone number for the Poison Control Helpline is 1-800-222-1222.“Pharmacists, physicians, nurses and poison information providers answer thecalls to 1-800-222-1222 24 hours a day, 7days a week, 365 days a year.” Languageinterpreters are always available throughthe Poison Help line (California PoisonControl System, n.d.)Tortoises, because of their strong attraction to the color red, and to berries,fruits, and flowers, are at particular riskfor harm from the many plants describedphytochemical: any biologically active compoundfound in plants.1Tortuga Gazettein this article. Never assume your pets (orchildren) will recognize harmful substances and avoid them. Always err on the sideof caution, and protect vulnerable familymembers from harm.HollyEuropean holly, Ilex aquifolium, branches, leaves andberries. Photo 2005 by Jϋrgen Howaldt. Source: Creative Commons; license: CC BY-SA 2.0.Widely distributed throughout temperate and subtropical areas, the hollyfamily, Aquifoliaceae, comprises 500species worldwide. Holly branches,leaves, and berries are used extensivelyin Christmas decorations such as wreathsand garlands. While the bark, berries,leaves, and seeds of holly are all toxic, theberries of holly are most commonly eaten, posing a significant risk.The toxic phytochemical in holly,theobromine, is an alkaloid 2 that is present in many plants, including cacao, amajor component of chocolate. So, under no circumstances should people whohave dogs allow their pets to have accessto chocolate, as chocolate is poisonous todogs. The concentration of theobromineis much higher in holly berries than inchocolate, making the holly berries dangerous when ingested.alkaloid: a large group of nitrogen-containing organic compounds produced by plants that generallycause a strong physiological reaction; examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine, nicotine, caffeine,atropine and strychnine.2Amaryllis and Daffodilt Cyclament PoinsettiatJerusalem CherryAlso known as Christmas cherry, winter cherry, and numerous other commonnames, Jerusalem cherry belongs to theSolanaceae family, commonly known asthe nightshade family. A large plant family of considerable economic importance,the nightshade family consists of somemembers containing harmful alkaloids,as well as many members comprisingcommon food crops. Potatoes, tomatoes,eggplants, bell peppers, and chili peppers are all nightshade family members.Common garden ornamentals belongingto the Solanaceae family include Angel’sTrumpet (Brugmansia and Datura species)[toxic], Periwinkle (Vinca species) [toxic],and Petunia (Petunia species) [nontoxic].An evergreen shrub reaching a matureheight of 3 to 4 feet, S. pseudocapsicumis a native of Spain and has naturalizedthroughout the tropics and subtropicsworldwide (Brenzel, Ed., 2012)While it is toxic but not generally lifethreatening to humans, the nightshadefamily alkaloid solanocapsine is extremely poisonous to dogs, cats, and some birdspecies. Because there is ample scientificevidence that reptiles are closely relatedto birds, one can presume that solanocapsine is poisonous to reptiles.Jerusalem cherry, Solanum pseudocapsicum, photographed at Merrifield Garden Center, Fairfax VA USA.Photo 2006 by David J. Stang. Source: Creative Commons; license: CC BY-SA 4.0.The fruit of the Jerusalem cherry bearsa strong resemblance to the cherry tomato, both in its physical appearance and itsVolume 53, Number 6
5flavor, so there is a significant life-threatening risk to pets consuming the fruitof the Jerusalem cherry (Helmenstine,Ph.D., 2017).MistletoeBotanically speaking mistletoe is ahemiparasite, an oddity in the plant kingdom because it is a partial parasite. Bythe term “partial parasite” botanists arereferring to the fact that the mistletoespecies—there are several species—caneither grow as parasites on trees andshrubs or on their own roots in the earth(The Holiday Spot, n.d.).Commonly used as a decoration atChristmas, Phoradendron flavescens ( P. leucarpum) is an evergreen parasiteplant belonging to the Santalaceaefamily. Native to North America, the genus grows as a parasite in the WesternUnited States and on the East Coast.Ripe berries of the oak mistletoe, Phoradendrom leucocarpum, photographed near Agua Dulce, Los AngelesCounty, CA. Photo 2008 by Joe Decruyenaere. Source:Wikimedia Commons; license CC BY-SA 2.0.The Phoradendron species containphoratoxin, a toxic plant protein thatcauses a variety of dangerous symptomsranging from blurred vision to death.While all parts of the mistletoe plant arepoisonous, children and pets are mostlikely to eat the berries. Ingesting any partof the mistletoe plant can cause illness ina child and can seriously endanger a smallanimal (Helmenstine, Ph.D., 2017). If children or pets ingest mistletoe plant parts,the best course of action is to seek immediate medical advice.Amaryllis [Hippeastrum] andDaffodil [Narcissus]“Forcing,” a method of artificially accelerating the flowering of bulbs out ofseason, is popular for holiday decorating. Both members of the Amaryllidaceaefamily, Hippeastrum (amaryllis) and Narcissus (daffodil) are commonly forcedindoors for decoration and winter color.Both contain the toxic alkaloid lycorine,posing an ingestion risk. Bulbs, leaves andflowers all carry varying concentrations ofthe toxin lycorine.stars or butterflies,” according to the Sunset Western Garden Book. Flower colorsvary from white to pink, rose, red, lavender, and purple.Leaves and flowers arise from a tuber,a thickened, underground root or stem.The Cyclamen tuber contains triterpinoidsaponins, toxins that may cause nausea,vomiting, convulsions, or possibly paralysis (Helmenstine, Ph.D., 2017).Pets are more likely than children toingest Cyclamen tubers. However, if oneplant part is known to contain toxins, allparts of that plant should be viewed aspotentially dangerous.PoinsettiaAmaryllis/Hippeastrum. Photo 2016 by Amos OliverDoyle. Source: Creative Commons; license CC-BY-SA-4.0.Hippeastrum, one of many species andcultivars in the amaryllis family, is oftensold as an “exotic” amaryllis. A popularbulb for forcing, many flower colors andcolor combinations exist through the efforts of plant breeders.Known by the common names daffodil, narcissus, and jonquil, Narcissusspecies bear flowers in numerous colorsand color combinations as well as variousforms and heights.Upon ingestion of bulbs, leaves,or flowers, both amaryllis and daffodil species can cause digestive distress,abnormal heartbeat, or convulsions (Helmenstine, Ph.D., 2017).CyclamenA member of the Euphorbiaceae, theSpurge family, the poinsettia, Euphorbiapulcherrima, is one of the most popularholiday plants worldwide. While the species has the potential for toxic effects, itis less dangerous than other plant species profiles in this article (Helmenstine,Ph.D., 2017).Poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima. Photo by the US Department of Agriculture. Public domain.The poinsettia, like other euphorbias,produces a “milky” white sap containingt
California Turtle & Tortoise Club founded in 1964 and dedicated to Turtle & Tortoise Preservation, Conservation and Education The Brazilian Giant Tortoise by M. A. Cohen Adult female yellow-footed tortoise, Chelonoidis denticulata measuring 17 inches (43 ccentimeters) in carapace
Find the volume of each cone. Round the answer to nearest tenth. ( use 3.14 ) M 10) A conical ask has a diameter of 20 feet and a height of 18 feet. Find the volume of air it can occupy. Volume 1) Volume 2) Volume 3) Volume 4) Volume 5) Volume 6) Volume 7) Volume 8) Volume 9) Volume 44 in 51 in 24 ft 43 ft 40 ft 37 ft 27 .
Printable Math Worksheets @ www.mathworksheets4kids.com Find the volume of each triangular prism. 1) Volume 36 cm 25 cm 49 cm 2) Volume 3) Volume 4) Volume 5) Volume 6) Volume 7) Volume 8) Volume 9) Volume 27 ft 35 ft t 34 in 21 in 27 in 34 ft 17 ft 30 ft 20 cm m 53 cm 21
Number of unit cubes: Volume: 4 5 Number of unit cubes: Volume: 6 Number of unit cubes: Volume: 3 Number of unit cubes: Volume: Number of unit cubes: Volume: 7 Number of unit cubes: Volume: UNIT 8 LESSON 4 Cubic Units and Volume 179
Printable Math Worksheets @ www.mathworksheets4kids.com 1) Volume 2) Volume 3) Volume 4) Volume 5) Volume 6) Volume 7) Volume 8) 9) Volume Find the exact volume of each prism. 10 mm 10 mm 13 mm 7 in 14 in 2 in 5 ft 5
SF DOWNTOWN CA California 64,059 SF MISSION CA California 62,244 SONORA CA California 16,731 SOUTH SACRAMENTO CA California 54,689 SOUTHEAST FRESNO CA California 58,632 STOCKTON CA California 67,861 SUISUN CITY CA California 39,336 SUSANVILLE California 8,757 THOUSAND OAKS CA California 35,
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University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 93106 U.S.A. Checks in U.S. dollars should be made out to UC Regents with 5.00 added for overseas postage. If your institution is interested in an exchange agreement, please write the above address for information. Volume I: Volume 2: Volume 3: Volume 4: Volume 5: Volume 6 .
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