Mexico - UT LANIC
MexicoFulbright-Hays Seminar2008By Galina Tchourilova
Map of xico.jpg
31 states of Mexico plus FederalDistrict (Mexico City)http://www.nativenetworks.si.edu/images/map mexico.gif
2 million square km (the 5th largest country in the Americas) population: 109 million capital: Mexico City (population: 19 million) climate: temperate to tropical government: Federal Presidential Republic president: Felipe Calderon independence from Spain: September 16, 1810http://www.world-flags-symbols.com/ img nations4/mexico flag.png
Topography and climate Two mountain ranges:Sierra Madre Oriental andSierra Madre OccidentalThe Tropic of Cancerdivides the country intotemperate and tropicalzones.Land north of the twentyfourth parallel experiencescooler temperatures duringthe winter months.South of the twenty-fourthparallel, temperatures arefairly constant year round.This gives Mexico one ofthe most diverse weathersystems in the world.
200,000 differentspeciesMexico ranks first inbiodiversity inreptiles (707 knownspecies), second inmammals (438species), fourth inamphibians (290species), and fourthin flora (26,000different species).Mexico is the secondcountry in the worldin ecosystems
Pre-Colombian periodMany great indigenous civilizations of the Americashad long faded by the time of the first permanentEuropean arrivals.Olmec (1500/1200 B.C.–400 B.C.) An earlyMesoamerican civilization, artistically andtechnologically advanced. Created massive stonesculptures and large ceremonial structures.Zapotec (600 B.C.–A.D. 400) Credited withdeveloping one of the earliest writing systems.Classic Maya (A.D. 250–900) One of the greatestcivilizations of the New World. Excelled inastronomy, mathematics, architecture, and farming.Toltec (A.D. 856–1200) Major military force with Tulaas the capital.Aztec (A.D.1300–1521) A powerful military group,founded Tenochtitlán as their capital, created greatstone sculptures, were destroyed by H. Cortés.
Preclassic/ Formative The first complexcivilization to develop inMesoamerica—theOlmec—inhabited thegulf coast region ofVeracruz throughout thePreclassic period. The main sites of theOlmec include SanLorenzo, La Venta, andTres Zapotes. Although specific datesvary, these sites wereoccupied from roughly1200 to 400 8.jp
Early Classic The Classic period ismarked by the riseand dominance ofseveral polities.Examples:Teotihuacán incentral Mexico andTikal in Guatemala.Monte Alban inOaxaca expanded andflourished during thisperiod.Teotihucan
Late Classic The Late Classic period (A.D.600 until A.D. 800/850[varies]) a period ofinterregional competitionamong the numerous regionalpolities in the Maya area.Caracol, Copán, Palenque wereimportant sites.In the Maya area, the LateClassic ended with the socalled “Maya collapse,” atransitional period of generaldepopulation of the southernlowlands and flourishing ofcenters in the northernlowlands.Palenque
Terminal Classic Generally applied to the Mayaarea, the Terminal Classicroughly spans the time betweenA.D. 800/850 and A.D. 1000.It correlates the rise toprominence of Puuc settlementsin the northern Maya lowlands.Major sites: Uxmal, Sayil,Labna, Kabah, and Oxkintok.Chichén Itzá was first settledduring the Early/Late Classictransition, but rose toprominence during the TerminalClassic.During its apogee Chichén Itzáecomically and politicallydominated the northernlowlands.Uxmal
Postclassic During the Postclassic period(beginning A.D. 900–1000,depending on area), the mainMaya centers were located in thenorthern lowlands.In central Mexico it correlateswith the rise of the Toltec attheir capital, Tula.Latter portion of the Postclassicis associated with the rise of theMexica and the Aztec empire.The Aztec politically dominatednearly all of central Mexico, theGulf Coast, Mexico’s southernPacific Coast, Oaxaca, andGuerrero.
The ancient Mayans had a complexpantheon of deities whom theyworshipped and offered humansacrifices.Maya Gods Rulers were believed to bedescendants of the gods and theirblood was the ideal sacrifice, eitherthrough personal bloodletting or thesacrifice of captives of royal blood. The Mayan vision of the universe isdivided into multiple levels, aboveand below earth, positioned withinthe four directions of north, south,east and west.Symbol of the WindGodYum Cimil, theDeath God. Many people connect the story ofthe Popol Vuh with a story ofExtraterrestrial gods who came toearth and made man in their ownimage. As in all creation myths, religions,and prophecies, the gods promiseto return one day.Feathered serpent,Quetzalcoatl.Chac, the Rain God
. In the lowlands of theYucatan Peninsula, groundwater was scarce during thedry season.All the Mayan settlementswere situated close tocenotes, natural water holesthat allowed for survival in aninhospitable tropical climate.Water in the undergroundrivers seeped through theporous limestone walls,filling them with water.This picture of the Sacred Cenote inChichén Itzá (59 meter in diameter)was used for sacrifices to the watergod. The excavation found 50skeletons along with gold, jade andother artifacts.
Maya architecture The Maya temple-pyramids areone of the most impressivearchitectural achievements.They were built by platforms,each new platform smaller insize, giving the pyramid astepped look.Outside was covered by a thinklayer of stucco, often paintedwith bright colors.Many burial chambers ofroyalty were found in the lowerplatform.One of the Maya contributionsis the corbel arch, which formedby projecting stone blocks outfrom each side until they almostmet, forming a peak (it isweaker than a true, Romanarch).
The ballgame The Mesoamerican ballgame was asport with ritual associations playedfor over 3000 years by nearly all preColombian peoples of Mesoamericawith different versions in differentplaces. Over 1300 ballcourts have beenfound throughout Mesoamerica.They vary in size, but they all featurelong narrow alleys, with side-wallsagainst which the balls couldbounce. In the most well-known version ofthe game, the players would strikethe ball with their hips, althoughsome versions allowed the use offorearms. The ball was made of solid rubber,and weighed up to 4 kg or more, withsizes that differed greatly. The game had important ritualaspects, and major formal ballgameswould be held as ritual events, oftenfeaturing human sacrifice.
Maya writing system The Maya hieroglyphic writing is arguablyone of the most visually striking writingsystems of the world. The Mayan script is logosyllabic combiningabout 550 logograms (which representwhole words) and 150 syllabograms (whichrepresent syllables). There were also about100 glyphs representing place names andthe names of gods. About 300 glyphs werecommonly used. Examples of the script have been foundcarved in stone and written on bark, wood,jade, ceramics, and a few manuscripts. Many syllables can be represented by morethan one glyph. The script was usually written in pairedvertical columns reading from left to rightand top to bottom in a zigzag pattern.
Maya languagesAbout 50 indigenous languages are spoken as their mother tongue by 7million people in Mexico. These are the examples of some of them:Tseltal Spisil winiketik te ya xbejk ajik ta k inalil ay jrerechotik, mayuk mach achukul ya xbejka, ya jnatik stojol te jpisiltik ay snopibal sok sbijil joltik, ja me k ux ya kaibatik ta jujun tul.Tsotsil Skotol vinik o ants ta spejel balumile k olem x-hayan i ko ol ta sch ulal isderechoetik i, skotol k ux-elan oyike oy srasonik y slekilalik, sventaskuxijik leknóo ta ju jun ju ju vo.Yucatec (yukatek) Tuláakal wíinik ku síijil jáalk'ab yetel keet u tsiikul yetel Najmal Sijnalil,beytun xan na'ata'an sijnalil yetel no'oja'anil u tuukulo', k'a'abet u bisikubabey láaktzilil yetel tuláakal u baatzile'.Translation (of all the above texts) All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They areendowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another ina spirit of brotherhood.(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Maya calendarThe Maya actually invented 3 calendars.The Sacred Count (tzolk’in) counteddays. It had 20 day names and 13numbers and was based on a cycle of260 days.The Haab was a solar calendar with 365days and was based on the orbit of theearth around the sun. It had 18 monthswith 20 days per month. The 5 extra daysmade up a short month, these days wereconsidered unlucky.The "long count", is a continuousrecord of days from a zero date(beginning of the times) that correlatesto Aug. 13, 3114 B.C. It calculates acycle that last for 1,872,000 days. Theend of this cycle corresponds toDecember 21, /maya-calendar.jpg
Mayan Math To carry out their calendar andastronomical calculations theydeveloped a sophisticatedmathematical system where unitsare written with dots and bars areused to represent five units.Because Maya used zeros, theywere able to calculate largenumbers.They discovered and used thezero as well as a vigesimalpositioning system, similar to thedecimal positioning system weuse b/e/e3/200pxMexico.MayaNumeralTable.01.png
The date December 21( in somesources the 23), 2012 A.D.(13.0.0.0.0 in the Long Count),represents an extremely closeconjunction of the Winter SolsticeSun with the crossing point of theGalactic Equator (Equator of theMilky Way) and the Ecliptic (pathof the Sun), what that the ancientMaya recognized as the SacredTree.It will come to resolution atexactly 11:11 am GMT.Mystery of theMayan calendarThis date represents the end ofthe Maya maya cartoon.JPG
The voladores. Five costumed men recreate a ceremonial ritual first started by the Totonac Indians from Veracruz. Theflyers begin by climbing the tall pole, then each of four of the men slip a foot into a loop at the end of a rope that is woundaround the top of the pole. The fifth team member performs a special dance to each of the four cardinal directions,dancing upon the top of the pole while playing a flute. At the right moment, the four flyers release themselves from thesmall cap on the pole and fall to earth, circling around the pole in expanding circles as the rope unwinds, eventuallytouching ground.
nah.gob.mxThe stucco head of a young Maya noblewith a deformed skull. Found in the burialchamber of Lord Pakal in the Temple ofthe Inscriptions of Palenque.One of the noteworthy aspects of manyMaya representations is the elongatedskull, the result of cranial deformationbegun at an early age. For the Maya,this would be a practice reserved fornoble children.Current research speculates that thistechnique dramatically increased thebrain capacity.
Mayan dentistry The skills they developedfor working on teeth werefor ritual or religiouspurposes. The Mayas were skilled inthe fabrication andplacement of carved stoneinlays in precisely preparedcavities in the front teeth. These inlays were made ofvarious minerals, includingjadeite, iron pyrites,hematite, turquoise, gThe teeth of this Mayan skull of the ninthcentury A.D. have numerous inlays ofjade and turquoise. Also note how theupper front teeth have been filed,particularly the decorative front two teeth.
By roughly 6000 B.C, huntergatherers of Mesoamerica began todevelop agricultural practices(cultivation of squash and chilies).The earliest example of maizecomes from Oaxaca, 4000 B.C.Beans, tomato and squash allbecome common by 3500 B.C.Cotton, yucca and agave wereexploited for fibers and textilematerials.By 2000 B.C. corn is the staplecrop in the region and wouldremain so up through moderntimes.Fruits (avocado, papaya, andguava) were important in the dailydiet of Mesoamerican cultures.Some animals, including the duck,deer, dogs, and turkey weredomesticated.Societies of this region did huntcertain wild species to complementtheir diet (deer, rabbit, birds andvarious types of insects).Food
Rise of fall of TenochtitlánMexicas (Aztecs) came to an islet where they saw an eagle devouring a snake on acactus (as was predicted by their god) and found a city in 1325.Tenochtitlán was perfectly laid out, being divided in four corners (four directions of theuniverse).The city had many canals and streets, the fertile soil from the lake gave threeharvests a year. By the time of Cortés’s arrival it was larger than any city in Spain.http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/03 02/rivera1 468x624.jpg
Diego Rivera: The Great City of Tenochtitlán, 1945,National Palace, Mexico g
Conquest (Spanish version)Meeting of Cortés andMoctezuma II.http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id 19358&rendTypeId 4The conquest of Tenochtitlán c0026s.jpg
Conquest (Mexican veraMural1.jpg
A very brief history of Mexico after the conquest Cortés defeats Moctezuma, destroys Tenochtitlán, builds Mexico City on thefoundation of the Aztecs’ temples, sets up the encomiendas (which give right of laboror tribute of the indigenous people). Conversion of indigenous people to Christianity.Nueva España includes most of the modern states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,California, Utah, and Colorado.1810: War of independence from Spain.Mexican Republic in 1824.From 1833: 22 years of political instability (presidency changed hands 36 times, 11 ofthese terms went to Santa Anna); Mexican-American war; Mexico ceded Texas,California, Utah, Colorado, and most of New Mexico and Arizona to the U.S.A.French Intervention (1861–1867): Mexico was deeply in debt; Napoleon III sends thetroops to help put Maximilian of Hapsburg on the Mexican throne.Porfirio Diaz serves 6 consecutive terms (33 years). Develops industry, but bans anyopposition and free press. Peasants lose their land, many resources went to foreignownership.Mexican revolution (1910–1921): Emiliano Zapata launches the cry, ¡Tierra yLibertad!; violent civil war costs estimated 2 million lives and shatters the economy.Periods of national reconstruction follow by periods of unrest; recession caused by theoil boom; 1985 Mexico City earthquake (10,000 people killed).Zapatista uprising. In 1994 2,000 indigenous peasant rebels took over 4 towns in thesouthern state of Chiapas. They protested decades of discrimination. They retreatedunder a truce to a base in Chiapas jungle, and their leader, Subcomandante Marcos,became a folk hero. The latest negotiations didn’t solve the problem.
Material interests convert politics into tourists’souvenirs (Zapatista toys)
History of Mexico (Diego jpg
Maya today Many Maya Indians still upholdvarious traditions and practices whichrelate back to earlier timesTraditional Maya houses (adobebricks or stones for walls, palm frondsfor the roof)Traditional clothing (use of thebackstrap loom, natural dyes)Traditional crafts (pottery) and foods(chili peppers, corn)Many groups still use the Mayancalendar to calculate the best time toplant and to harvestMany still use various dialects of theMayan languageSyncretism (despite the fact thatmajority consider themselvesCatholic, many rituals are a mixtureof ancient Maya practices andChristian traditions)
Regional costumes
90 % of Mexicans profess Catholicism
Nuestra Señora de GuadalupeA manifestation of the Virgin Mary whoappeared to an indigenous Mexican in 1531on a hill near Mexico City.It was a crucial link between Catholic andindigenous spirituality, and became thecountry’s patron and the most powerfulsymbol of Mexican Catholicism.
Mexico City
City of contrasts
What is Mexico?
Fascinatinghistory
Natural beauty
Rich flora and fauna
Traditions
Beautiful people
Mexico today
/mexico history com/http://www.jbschilling.com/history.htmlThe Maya, Arlette N. Braman, Wiley, 2003The Mayas, Susana Vogel, Monclem Ediciones, S.A. de C.V., MexicoAll images, unless otherwise noted, are property of Galina Tchourilova
.18.19.20.What civilization occupied the Yucatan peninsula?What was the most important crop for the Maya?What is the particularity of Maya glyphs?What is the mystery of the Maya calendar?What was the most popular game of the Maya?What was the capital of the Aztec Empire?What Spanish explorer conquered what is now central and southern Mexico? Hismilitary triumphs led to 300 years of Spanish domination of Mexico and CentralAmerica.What is the date of Mexico’s independence from Spain?Who served as president of Mexico 11 times? He often ruled as a dictator, but he wasalways overthrown.What territories did Mexico lose as the result of the Mexican-American war?Who ruled as emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867? His reign was part of FrenchEmperor Napoleon III's attempt to gain possessions and influence in North America.How long did the Mexican Revolution last?Who was Diego Rivera?What is the form of Mexican government?Mexico consists of how many states?What is the most practiced religion in Mexico?Why was the apparition of the Virgin Mary to an indigenous peasant so important forthe Mexican church?Have the Maya today completely lost their ancestral traditions?What is the population of Mexico City?Add one more thing that you found out from this presentation that was not mentionedearlier.
Maya centers were located in the northern lowlands. In central Mexico it correlates with the rise of the Toltec at their capital, Tula. Latter portion of the Postclassic is associated with the rise of the Mexica and the Aztec empire. The Aztec politically dominated nearly all of central
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o Children will make tortillas and hot chocolate. Lesson Eight: Music o Listen to marimba music on the CD, ” La Magia de Chiapas, Mexico, Marimba Nandayapa.” o View photos of the Nandayapa family’s marimba workshop. Emphasize that it is a family business. o Discuss resources used to make a m
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Mexico is one of the largest producers of petroleum and other liquids in the world. Mexico is the fourth-largest producer in the Americas after the United States, Canada, and Brazil. Mexico is an important partner in U.S. energy trade. In 2019, Mexico accounted for almost 600,000 barrels per day (b/d), or 9%, of all U.S. crude oil imports.
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ASME Section IX, 2019 Edition As published in the Welding Journal, September, 2019 (with bonus material. . .) UPDATED 12-19 Prepared by Walter J. Sperko, P.E. Sperko Engineering Services, Inc 4803 Archwood Drive Greensboro, NC 27406 USA Voice: 336-674-0600 FAX: 336-674-0202 e-mail: sperko@asme.org www.sperkoengineering.com . Changes to ASME Section IX, 2019 Edition Walter J. Sperko, P.E. Page .
