The Secretary General’s Annual Report 2014
The Secretary General’sAnnual Report 2014
The Secretary General’sAnnual Report 2014
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FOREWORDKeeping NATO strong2014 was a black year for European security. And aswe enter 2015, the terrorist attacks in Paris werea stark reminder of the threats and challenges weface. But we also saw millions standing up for our valuesand our open societies.2014 was the final year of our combat operation inAfghanistan, the largest in Alliance history. We did whatwe set out to do: to deny safe haven to internationalterrorists, to make Afghanistan stronger, and to make ourown nations safer.Our security environment has changed fundamentally.To the South, violent extremism is at our borders,spreading turmoil across Iraq and Syria and bringingterror to our streets. To the East, Russia has used militaryforce to annex Crimea, destabilise eastern Ukraine, andintimidate its neighbours.Today, the security of Afghanistan is fully in Afghan hands.While many challenges remain, we are determined tosupport Afghanistan to build on the gains that we havemade with great effort and sacrifice. That is why wehave launched a new mission, Resolute Support, totrain, advise and assist the Afghan National Defence andSecurity Forces. We will also continue to provide financialassistance for those forces, and intensify our politicaldialogue and our practical cooperation with Afghanistan.These threats challenge the international order we havebuilt since the fall of the Berlin Wall – an order thatembodies our democratic values and is vital for our wayof life.So, from my first day in office, my priorities have beento keep NATO strong, to work with partners to helpkeep our neighbourhood stable, and to keep the bondbetween Europe and North America rock-solid.At our Summit in Wales in September, NATO showedthat the transatlantic community is rising to thechallenge. We agreed the “Readiness Action Plan”. Thisis the most significant strengthening of our collectivedefence in decades, to assure all Allies, improve theresponsiveness and effectiveness of our forces, anddeter threats from wherever they may come. We areworking hard to implement the plan in full and on time.To do this, it is vital that we invest in our defence. We mustspend more and we must spend better. At Wales, NATOHeads of State and Government pledged to stop thecuts in defence spending, to aim to spend 2% of GrossDomestic Product on defence within a decade, and tospend that money more efficiently. I will continue to workwith Allies to keep that pledge.A key lesson from our missions and operations over the last20 years, from Afghanistan to Kosovo, is the need to workwith other nations and organisations. We are also reachingout to partners to enable them to better meet securitychallenges in their own regions. This includes countries likeUkraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia, which shareour values and have chosen a European path, as well asJordan, a key security player in the Middle East – becauseif our neighbours are more stable, we are more secure.We are also stepping up our cooperation with theEuropean Union. We share the same values and thesame challenges, so we must continue to complementand reinforce each other.Last year, the very foundations of the Euro-Atlantic ordercame under threat. But as this Annual Report makesclear, NATO’s response has been, and will remain, firm.NATO is adapting to the new security environment, as ithas done throughout its history. We will always protectour values and keep our nations safe.Jens StoltenbergNATO Secretary General3
In 2014, major changes in the security environment increased the threats faced by all NATO members. In Europe, Russiaillegally annexed Crimea, fuelled crisis and conflict in Ukraine and spurred tension along NATO’s eastern border. In NorthAfrica and the Middle East, extremist violence and instability spread. Across the world, cyber crime increased in volumeand sophistication.On 4-5 September, Heads of State and Government from the 28 NATO member countries as well as partners from over30 countries and leaders of international organisations gathered for a summit in Newport, Wales. The decisions made at theSummit will guide the work to keep NATO strong and able to deter and defend against any threat, with the right equipmentand skills, and with stronger partnerships.CHAPTER INATO on dutyNearly one billion people live in the 28 NATOmember countries. Every day, NATO is activelyengaged to provide for their collective defenceand to manage crises in Europe and beyond.Aggressive actions in the EastIn 2014, Russia and Russian-backed separatistsbegan a campaign of violence aimed at destabilisingUkraine as a sovereign state. Russia’s aggressiveactions disregard international law and violate securityarrangements and commitments that Russia hasmade, including the Helsinki Final Act. Russia’s recentactions have fundamentally challenged the vision of aEurope whole, free and at peace and are a threat tosecurity and stability in Europe and beyond.On 2 March 2014, the North Atlantic Council agreedthat “military action against Ukraine by forces of theRussian Federation is a breach of international lawand contravenes the principles of the NATO-RussiaCouncil and the Partnership for Peace”. One monthlater, NATO Foreign Ministers agreed to suspend all4practical civilian and military cooperation with Russiabut to maintain political contacts at and above thelevel of Ambassador to enable NATO and Russia toexchange views. Two meetings of the NATO-RussiaCouncil about events in and around Ukraine took placeat the ambassadorial level following this decision.For over 20 years, NATO has worked with Russia tobuild a strong and mutually beneficial partnership,including through the mechanism of the NATO-RussiaCouncil, based on the NATO-Russia Founding Actand the Rome Declaration. Prior to the suspensionof practical cooperation, NATO and Russia had beenworking together on a range of activities includingcounter-terrorism, counter-piracy and civil emergencyresponse, among others. But as NATO leadersconfirmed in Wales, the conditions for a cooperative,constructive relationship do not currently exist. NATO’srelationship with Russia will be contingent on aclear, constructive change in Russia's behaviour thatdemonstrates compliance with international law and itsinternational obligations and responsibilities.
Assurance measuresWhile NATO does not have a permanent militarypresence in the eastern part of the Alliance, Allies have,since April 2014, taken action to demonstrate NATO’sresolve to deter and defend against threats and toprovide assurance for the eastern Allies. All 28 NATOmembers are contributing to these measures, whichprovide continuous air, land and maritime presence andmilitary activity on a rotational basis. These deploymentsare limited in scale, designed to reinforce defence, andare in line with NATO’s international commitments.Photo by Sarah Tate, JMTC PAO, US ArmyNATO’s Baltic Air Policing mission began 10 years agoto protect the safety and integrity of Allied airspace overEstonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Allies participate in thisWorking better together: military exercises, here led by US troops.Photo by Cpl Gabrielle DesRochers, Royal Canadian Air ForceThe impact of the violence and insecurity caused by Russiaand Russian-backed separatists has not been limited toUkraine. This violence can undermine the safety, stabilityand well-being of people around the world, as demonstratedby the tragic downing of Malaysia Airlines passenger flightMH17 in July. NATO supports the sanctions imposed bythe European Union (EU), the G7 and others as part ofan international effort to address Russia’s destabilisingbehaviour. Instability and unpredictability to the East andthe South also prompted NATO to enhance its collectivedefence to deter potential threats.Protecting NATO airspace: Allied aircraft patrolover the Baltics and Poland.mission on a rotational basis, and since the start of themission 14 Allies had deployed 34 contingents to protectthe integrity of NATO airspace over the Baltics. Giventhe increased instability in the region, this deploymentwas significantly enhanced during 2014. This includesmore aircraft policing the airspace of the Baltic Statesand Poland, additional aircraft based in Romania,and AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System)surveillance flights over Poland and Romania.To provide assurance at sea, NATO deployed a numberof multinational maritime forces. A Standing NATO MineCounter-Measures Group began patrolling the Baltic Seain April 2014 with seven ships from six countries. In theEastern Mediterranean, an enlarged Standing NATOMaritime Group began conducting maritime assurancemeasures in addition to counter-terrorism patrols inMay 2014, with five ships from as many countries.Military exercises provide important opportunities toimprove the ability of Allies and partners to work togetherand are a valuable demonstration of NATO’s readinessto respond to potential threats. As part of NATO’sefforts to assure eastern Allies and to adapt to changingenvironments, the number of exercises undertaken in2014 significantly increased. With 162 events under theMilitary Training and Exercise Programme – double theinitially planned number – and 40 national exercises in thecontext of the assurance measures, one exercise startedevery two days within the area of responsibility of NATO’s5
Photo by WO Cédric Artigues, Allied Maritime CommandSupreme Allied Commander Europe. These exercises tookplace on land, at sea and in the air over Alliance territory.Violent instability in the SouthFighting in Iraq and Syria cost thousands of lives in 2014and fuelled humanitarian and security challenges for theregion and the world. The so-called Islamic State of Iraqand the Levant (ISIL) poses a grave threat to the regionand serious challenges for NATO’s members and partners.The Assad regime has contributed to the emergence of ISILin Syria and its expansion beyond. NATO has condemnedthe violent and cowardly acts of ISIL. At the NATO Summitin Wales leaders expressed their collective outrageat the barbaric attacks against all civilian populations.They also affirmed that NATO would not hesitate to take allnecessary steps to ensure the collective defence of everyAlly, wherever and whatever the threat.Since early 2013, NATO has deployed Patriot missiles toaugment Turkey’s air defences against any missile threatfrom Syria. The Alliance is working to enhance cooperationin exchanging information on residents from NATOcountries who travel to Iraq and Syria to fight alongsideISIL. NATO is also working with partners in the region tohelp build defence and security capacity. This enhancedcooperation has begun in Jordan. At the end of 2014,Iraq requested assistance to build its defence capacity.Readiness Action PlanAt the Wales Summit, NATO agreed a plan to ensure thatthe Alliance is ready to respond swiftly and firmly to newsecurity challenges. This Readiness Action Plan (RAP)is the most significant reinforcement of NATO’s collectivedefence since the end of the Cold War. Through a rangeof assurance measures and adaptation measures, theRAP addresses risks and threats from the East and theSouth and provides the building blocks with which NATOcan respond to any challenge, current or future.The assurance measures in the RAP include thecontinuous air, land and maritime presence that began inApril 2014. At their meeting in December, NATO ForeignMinisters welcomed plans for continuing this presencethroughout 2015. Every NATO member is contributing tothese measures, in a spirit of solidarity summed up as6Faster response: elements of the NATO Response Forcetraining in the Mediterranean.“28 for 28”. This baseline for assurance and deterrence isflexible and can be adjusted in response to the evolvingsecurity situation.The RAP introduced a number of measures to adaptNATO’s strategic military posture. The NATO ResponseForce – a multinational force with land, air, maritimeand Special Operations Forces components – willbe enhanced, including by establishing a spearheadforce that will be able to deploy within days, particularlyat the periphery of NATO’s territory. This Very HighReadiness Joint Task Force (VJTF) will includeelements of all military services and Special OperationsForces, and will be tested through short-noticeexercises. In addition, the RAP calls for a number oflogistics enhancements, including the prepositioning ofequipment and supplies, to enhance NATO’s readinessto respond to any challenge to Allied security.The plan affirms the continued need for a robust andagile NATO Command Structure and the importance ofregional expertise and cooperation. It also prescribesenhanced training and exercise programmes thatwill focus on collective defence, and on practisingcomprehensive responses to complex civil-militaryscenarios from the strategic to the tactical level, includingso-called “hybrid” threats.The implementation of the RAP is a long-term effort thatbegan upon its agreement in September 2014. NATODefence Ministers oversee this process and will decidefurther details of the implementation at their meeting inFebruary 2015.
Operation Active EndeavourUnder Operation Active Endeavour, Allied ships arepatrolling the Mediterranean Sea, monitoring shippingto help deter, defend, disrupt and protect againstterrorist activity. The operation evolved out of NATO’simmediate response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks againstthe United States and has continued to adapt to meetevolving security risks.The experience that NATO has accrued in ActiveEndeavour has given the Alliance unparalleled expertisein the deterrence of maritime terrorist activity in theMediterranean Sea. This expertise is relevant to widerinternational efforts to combat terrorism and, in particular,the proliferation and smuggling of weapons of massdestruction, as well as enhanced cooperation with nonNATO countries and civilian agencies.Afghanistan2014 marked the final year of the International SecurityAssistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan, the largestoperation in the history of the Alliance. The aim of ISAFwas consistent throughout the operation: to ensure thatAfghanistan is never again a safe haven for internationalterrorists. The ISAF mission has concluded, and NATOremains committed to supporting Afghanistan in makingfurther progress towards becoming a stable, sovereign,democratic and united country.Afghanistan in the leadSince June 2013, the Afghan National Security Forces(ANSF) have been in the lead for combat operationsthroughout the country. The ANSF have demonstratedthat they are an effective force, providing security for andsustaining the confidence of the people of Afghanistan.With the end of ISAF on 31 December 2014, Afghan forcesnow hold full responsibility for security in Afghanistan.Many challenges remain, but throughout 2014, the Afghansproved their readiness to provide security across thecountry. For example, during June and July, the ANSF ledover 84,000 unilateral conventional operations, over seventimes as many as in 2012. More Afghan personnel are nowtraining their own recruits. And initiatives to improve theliving conditions and career opportunities in the Afghanarmy and police forces are showing tangible results,including those fostering opportunities for the participationof women, who number over 2,800 in the ANSF.In a land-locked country the size of Afghanistan, air poweris essential in order to provide security efficiently andeffectively. Efforts to rebuild the Afghan Air Force (AAF)began in 2007 and will continue through 2017. During2014, the Air Force planned and executed air operationsincluding emergency extraction, emergency casualtyevacuation, air reconnaissance and troop transport airliftwith limited ISAF support. In May, Mi-17 helicopters andC-130 transport aircraft from the AAF provided criticalhumanitarian aid and disaster-relief supplies to victimsof a landslide in Badakhshan province within hours ofthe disaster.The ANSF protected the Afghan population duringpolitical and cultural events across the country.During the presidential and provincial council elections,the ANSF planned and provided security throughout all34 provinces with limited ISAF support. Both in April forthe first round of elections and again in June for the runoff, the ANSF helped create the conditions that enabledover seven million voters to cast ballots at more than6,100 polling centres.Despite delays in the process, the country’s presidentialelections were a success, sending a clear signal from thepeople of Afghanistan about the course of their country’sfuture. This was the first peaceful transfer of authorityin Afghanistan’s modern history and shows how far thecountry has come.Concluding ISAFIn 2014, NATO’s role in Afghanistan continued to evolveas the ISAF operation came to a close. Over the course ofthe year, 73 bases were closed or transferred to the Afghanforces. Over 36,000 troops from 39 troop-contributingnations were redeployed. More than 25,000 pieces ofequipment were donated to the Afghan authorities.In September, the NATO Airborne Warning and ControlSystem (AWACS) fleet returned to Geilenkirchen,Germany. While in Afghanistan, the fleet conducted7
air surveillance, tactical air support and other valuableroles through more than 1,200 missions and 12,000flight hours.These include:With over 50 countries having participated, ISAF wasthe largest international coalition in recent history.Through the experience, all involved improved their abilityto act and operate together. This effort demonstratedpolitical solidarity among NATO Allies and partnersthroughout the years of the operation.-- an enduring partnership built on political consultationsand practical cooperation.A new chapterWith the completion of ISAF at the end of 2014,the nature and scope of NATO’s engagement withAfghanistan is changing. At the NATO Summit in Wales,leaders affirmed three parallel and mutually reinforcingstrands of activity that will comprise NATO’s relationshipwith Afghanistan in the years to come.-- the train, advise and assist mission, Resolute Support;-- financial assistance to the Afghan forces; andIn September 2014, NATO and Afghanistan signed a Statusof Forces Agreement (SOFA), which was later ratified bythe Afghan Parliament. The SOFA provides the legal basisfor the presence of NATO forces in Afghanistan to train,advise and assist the Afghan National Defence and SecurityForces (ANDSF) after 2014 through the new NATO-ledmission, Resolute Support. The mission is also endorsedby the international community at large, as reflected inUnited Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 2189,unanimously adopted on 12 December 2014.Resolute Support will include approximately 12,000personnel from Allied and partner countries. It will operateAfghanistan: Resolute Support Mission60 E65 E70 EUzbekistan75 ETa j i k i s t a nChinaTurkmenistanIslamicRepublic ofIranLaghmanTAAC-EKabulHeratTAAC-W35 N35 NMazar-e SharifTAAC-NRSM HQTAAC-CIndiaPakistan30 N0 37.5 7502550150 Kilometers100 MilesNational capital60 EBased on commercial data. Digital Map Data (C) Collins Bartholomew LTD (2013)The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by NATO.865 E70 ETrain, Adviseand Assist Commands30 NKandaharTAAC-SCountry boundary1st order admin divisionLine of control75 DisputedE boundaryProduced by NATO HQ, SITCEN - Geospatial SectionDecember 2014
with one hub in Kabul and four spokes in Mazar-e Sharif,Herat, Kandahar and Laghman. At each of the Train,Advise and Assist Commands (TAACs), a frameworknation will play a coordinating role. Other Allies andpartners will contribute with personnel and equipment.While Resolute Support is not a combat mission, it is notwithout risk. Afghan forces are providing security in thecountry and are successfully responding to attacks withbravery and professionali
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
